NaCl对小麦苗叶片脯氨酸氧化酶活性和游离脯氨酸累积的影响

在含NaCl营养液中培养的小麦幼苗较之无NaCl营养液中的幼苗。其脯氨酸氧化酶活性降低,而游离脯氨酸含量则升高;培养液的渗透势越低,培养时间越长,则脯氨酸氧化酶的活性越低,且游离脯氨酸的含量越高。去除胁迫后酶活性恢复,脯氯酸含量下降。不同渗透剂对氧化酶活性抑制强弱顺序为MgCl_2>NaCl>甘露醇,引起脯氨酸累积效应的强度顺序为MgCl_2>NaCl>甘露醇。超微结构显示,高NaCl浓度下部分线粒体结构受损伤,膜和嵴部分消失。     

NaCl和等渗聚乙二醇对苹果属植物游离脯氨酸含量的影响

测定了不同耐盐性苹果属植物珠眉海棠、小金海棠和山定子幼苗各部位的游离脯氨酸含量,结果表明,NaCl胁迫下苹果属植物游离脯氨酸含量增加均大于等渗PEG处理,NaCl和等渗PEG处理对耐盐种的游离脯氨酸含量影响较小,高盐度下盐敏感种的游离脯氨酸含量持续大量增加。     

苜蓿悬浮细胞对盐胁迫的反应和适应

苜蓿悬浮细胞能够适应200mmol/L NaCl及其以下盐浓度的胁迫,适应细胞中游离脯氨酸、还原糖和Na~ 积累增加。400mmol/LNaCl对细胞生长明显抑制。细胞对盐胁迫的反应和适应中PM-ATPase和TM-ATPase起到重要作用,在适应细胞中两者的活力都明显增加。PM-ATPase活力的增加可受CHX的明显抑制。     

NaCl胁迫对花棒叶片光合特性及游离氨基酸代谢的影响

为了解盐胁迫对花棒生理特性的影响,研究了不同浓度NaCl胁迫下花棒叶片的光合气体交换、叶绿素荧光以及游离氨基酸的变化.结果表明:低浓度NaCl胁迫下,花棒叶片的光系统Ⅱ通过耗散过剩激发能,避免了光伤害.此时气孔限制是导致光合速率降低的主要原因.随着NaCl胁迫的加剧,叶片的光保护机制不足以避免过氧化引起的伤害,导致光系统Ⅱ受损.200 mmol·L-1 NaCl处理下,非气孔限制成为抑制光合作用的主要原因.NaCl胁迫下,花棒叶片中主要游离氨基酸的积累与代谢发生变化.低浓度NaCl胁迫时,叶片中的脯氨酸、谷氨酸、天冬氨酸和丙氨酸等主要游离氨基酸含量显著积累;随着NaCl浓度进一步升高,叶片中的天冬氨酸和谷氨酸含量减少,脯氨酸的合成与积累增加.     

一氧化氮参与调节盐胁迫下脱落酸诱导的小麦幼苗叶片脯氨酸的累积

不同浓度(0.01～5.00mmol/L)的外源一氧化氮(NO)供体硝普钠(SNP)以浓度依赖性的性式诱导150mmol/L NaCl胁迫下小麦(Triticum aestivum L.cv.Yangmai 158)幼苗叶片脯氨酸的累积。其中0.1 mmol/L的SNP效果最明显,而结合采用NO清除剂c-PTIO和血红蛋白的处理均分别逆转了该效应。研究结果还发现:0.1 mmol/L SNP诱导的脯氨酸累积还可能有利于盐胁迫下小麦幼苗的保水性;0.1 mmol/L的SNP显著激活了内源ABA的合成,而结合血红蛋白的处理则证实,在外源ABA诱导脯氨酸累积的过程中NO可能作用于ABA信号分子的下游,但NO和ABA信号分子在此诱导反应中不存在累积效应。进一步研究脯氨酸合成和降解的酶促反应途径,发现外源NO处理前4天内可能主要是通过提高Δ~1-吡咯啉-5-羧酸合成酶(P5CS)的活性来促进脯氨酸的合成,以后直至第8天主要是通过抑制脯氨酸脱氢酶(ProDH)的活性来抑制脯氨酸的降解;ABA对于P5CS和ProDH活性的调节能力弱于NO。此外,Ca~(2 )在NO诱导的盐胁迫下小麦叶片脯氨酸累积的信号分子途径中起重要的介导作用。     

NaCl胁迫对超大甜椒种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

以超大甜椒种子和幼苗为材料,采用水培法研究低、中、高浓度(50、150、250 mmol·L-1)NaCl胁迫对其种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响.结果显示:(1)低浓度NaCl处理促进种子萌发,而中、高浓度NaCl处理抑制种子萌发;NaCl处理第18天时,高浓度NaCl处理植株全部死亡,其余各处理植株苗高、叶面积、地上部鲜重和干重均随处理浓度升高而下降,但低浓度NaCl能刺激超大甜椒的根系生长.(2)低、中浓度NaCl处理时,植株叶绿素含量未受到大的影响,类胡萝卜素含量却随胁迫时间延长微量升高;在盐胁迫7 d的周期内,低、中浓度NaCl处理植株MDA含量、SOD活性和可溶性糖含量均随浓度升高及时间延长显著增加,脯氨酸含量在低浓度下变化不明显而中浓度下显著升高;在高浓度NaCl处理3 d中,MDA含量急剧升高,SOD活性先升高后下降,脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量显著增加.研究发现,NaCl胁迫浓度越高对超大甜椒种子萌发和幼苗生长的抑制效应越明显;低中浓度NaCl处理幼苗能通过自身的抗氧化酶清除系统和渗透调节物质来抵抗胁迫引起伤害,类胡萝卜素可能也有一定的抗胁迫作用,而高浓度NaCl处理增加了膜脂过氧化程度,严重影响了活性氧和渗透调节物质的正常代谢.     

NaCl胁迫下海马齿(Sesuvium portulacastrum L.)植株内游离脯氨酸的合成积累途径

以海马齿(Sesuvium portulacastrum L.)为材料,测定了在6个NaCl胁迫水平上(0、0.2、0.4、0.6、0.8、1.0mol· L-1)的植株内游离脯氨酸的含量及其δ-OAT、PSCS、POD、SOD等酶的活性.结果表明:在NaCl胁迫下,海马齿植株内游离脯氨酸积累量比CK显著地增多了14.5％～33.5％,δ-OAT和P5CS活性分别比对照(CK)增强3.1％～10.1％和26.7％ ～46.1％,因此,在NaCl胁迫下海马齿植株内游离脯氨酸合成积累的两个途径均被启动和发生合成积累作用,并表现出以Glu→Pro途径为主,Orn→Pro途径为辅;在5个NaCl胁迫水平上,海马齿植株内游离脯氨酸有显著的积累效应,在0.6 mol·L-1处理水平时达到积累量的高峰值.同时,δ-OAT、P5CS、POD、SOD等酶的活性呈现出与游离脯氨酸积累量有大致相同的变化趋势.     

UV-B辐射增强对NaCl胁迫下小麦幼苗生理生态的影响

研究了0.4w·m-2的紫外线-B(UV-B)辐射对0.8%NaCl胁迫下冬小麦"小偃926"(TriticumaestivumL.xiaoyan-926)幼苗的生长、光合作用、水分状况、黄酮含量和膜脂过氧化等几方面的影响。结果表明,UV-B辐射和NaCl胁迫单独或复合处理下小麦幼苗的株高、生物量、含水量、净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度和光合色素含量均显著降低,膜脂过氧化产物丙二醛含量和叶片相对电导率则升高,但NaCl胁迫条件下增加UV-B辐射(复合处理)与单独NaCl胁迫相比,上述指标多数均无显著差异(除复合处理下类胡萝卜素含量显著降低外)。两胁迫因子单独或复合处理均明显提高了小麦幼苗黄酮含量及三种抗氧化酶(SOD、POD和CAT)活性,且复合处理的促进效应最大。脯氨酸含量在单独UV-B辐射下明显降低,在单独NaCl胁迫和复合处理下显著升高,且复合处理下增幅最大。结果说明UV-B辐射不会明显加剧NaCl胁迫下小麦幼苗的伤害,这可能与NaCl胁迫提高了小麦幼苗黄酮含量、脯氨酸含量和抗氧化酶活性有关。     

ABA和NaCl对碱蓬多胺和脯氨酸代谢的影响

比较了 5 0 μmol/L的ABA和 4 0 0mmol/L的NaCl对碱蓬植株内脯氨酸 (Pro)和多胺 (PAs)含量和代谢关键酶活性的影响。结果表明 :ABA处理能诱导碱蓬植株吡咯啉 5 羧酸合成酶 (P5CS)、鸟氨酸脱羧酶(ODC)、多胺氧化酶 (PAO)和脯氨酸脱氢酶 (ProDH)活性上升 ,Pro和游离多胺含量增加。ABA NaCl处理促进碱蓬植株体内Pro和PA的积累。与NaCl处理相比 ,ABA NaCl处理后碱蓬植株P5CS活性显著上升 ,ProDH活性变化不明显 ,ODC活性极显著上升 ,PAO和转谷酰胺酶 (TGase)活性上升 ,从而使Pro和游离多胺含量均显著上升 ,游离态多胺 (Spd PAx) /Put提高 ,结合态多胺总量上升。ABA NaCl处理对碱蓬植株体内Pro和PAs合成的促进与其对生长速率的促进效应相一致     

NaCl预处理对盐胁迫下苜蓿中Na~ ,Cl~-和脯氨酸累积分布的影响

NaCl胁迫下,苜蓿的根、茎和叶片中Na~ 和Cl~-显著累积,60％以上的离子分布在液泡中;100mmol/L NaCl或 0.1mmol/L ABA预处理后,液泡中离子的累积显著增加。在200mmol/L NaCl下,体内脯氨酸显著增加,95％以上分布在细胞质中;100mmol/L NaCl预处理后,体内脯氨酸含量及其在细胞质中的累积增加。耐盐性较强的肇东品种和耐盐性较弱的松江品种在Na~ ,Cl~-和脯氨酸的累积和分布上有差异。     

Effects of exogenous spermine on sweet sorghum during germination under salinity

Seedlings of Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench were subjected to 180 mM NaCl with or without 0.25 mM spermine (SPM) for 7 d. NaCl treatment resulted in the inhibition of growth and increased the content of free proline, soluble protein and malondialdehyde (MDA). Additionally, it also enhanced the activity of catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POX) in both shoots and roots, while decreased that of glutathione reductase (GR). When exogenous spermine was added to the test solution, the growth of sweet sorghum seedlings was improved, and a smaller increase in the free proline and MDA contents was observed. The addition of spermine also partially increased the activities of POX and GR, but had no effects on soluble protein content or the activity of CAT.     

Light Induced Enhancement in Proline Levels Under Stress is Regulated by Non-Photosynthetic Events

Vigna radiata (L.) seedlings (5-d-old) were exposed to different concentrations of NaCl in light and in dark. The content of proline in the shoots increased with an increase in NaCl concentration, in light as well as in dark. But, irrespective of the concentration of NaCl, proline accumulation in the shoots was higher in light than in dark. Pretreatment of seedlings with dichlorophenyl dimethyl urea (DCMU) did not make any significant difference in light promoted stress induced proline accumulation. As DCMU is a potent inhibitor of photosynthetic electron transport, the light reaction of photosynthesis was not responsible for the observed light promotion of stress induced proline accumulation. In another set of experiments, 5-d-old green as well as etiolated seedlings were exposed to NaCl stress in the presence of different concentrations of sucrose. Irrespective of the concentration of sucrose used, proline content in shoots of stressed seedlings was higher in light than in dark. Although, sucrose enhanced NaCl stress induced increase in proline content in dark by about 32 %, this enhancement was not comparable to the 286 % increase in proline content brought about by light. These results showed that certain factors other than photosynthesis play a role in light promotion of stress induced proline accumulation.     

高粱苗对干旱的反应和调节适应能力

本实验在人工气候室的人工光照室内进行。利用不同低渗透势的培养液模拟土壤干旱条件,观察较抗旱的高粱品种“晋杂5号”在此条件下的生长、生理和代谢的变化。实验表明植株水势、脯氨酸量,总游离氨态氮量在外界渗透势为–2.5巴时就会发生显著变化,鲜重和相对透性在–5.0巴时开始发生显著变化;而干重则在–10.0巴时才发生明显变化。对于干旱的变化敏感性顺序为水势、脯氨酸量,总游离氨态氮量>相对透性、鲜重>干重。表明干旱首先引起植物水分状况和某些代谢过程的变化,最后才是干物质的积累。“晋杂5号”幼苗在干旱条件下具有一定的调节适应能力,表现在渐进干旱处理时受到的抑制小于同样程度的突然干旱处理。另外,在一定的干旱范围内随时间延长,生长、生理代谢变化,有趋于缓和或恢复的趋势。本文分析并讨论了脯氨酸含量的对数(log PRO),相对透性的对数(log RP),鲜重和干重的日相对生长率(RGR)和植株水势(φ)之间的关系。     

The effects of benzyladenine, cycloheximide, and cordycepin on wilting-induced abscisic Acid and proline accumulations and abscisic Acid- and salt-induced proline accumulation in barley leaves

Benzyladenine inhibits proline accumulation in wilted, abscisic acid (ABA)-treated, and salt-shocked barley leaves. It does not affect ABA accumulation or disappearance in wilted leaves. Inhibition of proline accumulation in salt-shocked leaves was observed both when benzyladenine was added at the beginning of or after salt treatment. Cycloheximide (CHX) and cordycepin inhibited both ABA and proline accumulations in wilted barley leaves and proline accumulation in ABA-treated leaves. In salt-shocked leaves, cordycepin inhibited proline accumulation when added after salt treatment but before proline began to accumulate but not when added after the onset of proline accumulation. CHX delayed the accumulation of proline in salt-shocked leaves but, after a period of time, proline accumulated in the CHX-treated leaves at rates comparable to the salt-treated control. This delay and subsequent accumulation was observed when CHX was added before, during, and after salt treatment. However, the earlier in the salt treatment period that CHX was given, the longer was the observed delay. These results are interpreted to indicate that gene activation is involved in proline accumulation in response to wilting, to ABA, and to salt in barley leaves. This gene activation is in addition to the gene activation that is required for ABA accumulation in wilted leaves. If ABA accumulation is required for proline accumulation in wilted barley leaves, then two sets of gene activation are involved in wilting-induced proline accumulation. All of our results are consistent with this possibility but do not prove it. The inhibition of proline accumulation by benzyladenine is probably neither due to an effect on gene activation nor to an effect on the ABA level.     

Biochemical indicators of water stress in sunflower seedlings

The free proline and chlorophyll contents, and the chlorophyllase, peroxidase and nitrate-reductase activities were determined in sunflower seedlings grown under controlled conditions and submitted to water stress induced by 14 % polyethyleneglycolj (M_r = 4000) or isotonic NaCl solution. Combined free proline content and peroxidase activity may be used for detection of the factor inducing water stress.     

Effect of salinity and tryptophan on growth and some metabolic changes in wheat and sorghum plants

During the germination, wheat and sorghum plants tolerated salinity up to 10 mM NaCl. Seedling growth and dry matter production remained more or less unchanged up to 10 mM NaCl in case of wheat and up to 5 mM NaCl in case of sorghum. The water content of test plant species exhibited nearly constant values irrespective of the salinity level applied. The proline and carbohydrate content increased with elevating NaCl, while free amino acids content decreased. Irrigating of seedlings with tryptophan had non significant effect at all salinity levels used.     

盐胁迫下小麦苗叶片吡咯-5-羧酸还原酶活性和游离脯氨酸积累

受NaCl、KCl或MsCl_2胁迫的小麦幼苗,当外部溶液的渗透势由—160 kPa下降到—900 kPa时,叶片吡咯—5—羧酸还原酶(PSC)活性增高;渗透势由—900 kPa降低到—1500kPa,酶活性下降;胁迫 1d和 2d的幼苗,还原酶活性显著增加;3～6d酶活性无大变化。游离脯氨酸含量随溶液渗透势下降和培养时间的延长而提高。胁迫解除后酶活性和脯氨酸含量均降低。受NcCl胁迫义在ABA影响下的幼苗,P5C还原酶活性和脯氨酸含量高于仅受NaCl胁迫的幼苗。     

Contribution of putrescine degradation to proline accumulation in soybean leaves under salinity

Proline accumulation was studied in the leaves of Glycine max (L.) Merr. subjected to salt stress in the presence of aminoguanidine (AG, a specific inhibitor of diamine oxidase, DAO) and exogenous putrescine (Put). Both DAO activity and proline content were increased while endogenous Put content was decreased in soybean leaves under 50 to 150 mM NaCl. There was a negative correlation between proline accumulation and endogenous Put content. The addition of AG during NaCl stress inhibited DAO activity, caused Put accumulation and a 15 to 20 % decrease in proline content. Application of 1 mM Put to NaCl solution markedly increased proline content. The promotive effect of Put application could be alleviated by the treatment with Put plus AG. Moreover an application of AG had no effect on proline accumulation in soybean seedlings grown under normal condition. These results indicate that the quantitative contribution of Put degradation to proline formation is 15 to 20 %.     

Relationships between polyamines, ethylene, osmoprotectants and antioxidant enzymes activities in wheat seedlings after short-term PEG- and NaCl-induced stresses

Contents of ethylene, osmoprotectants, levels and forms of polyamines (PAs) and activities of antioxidant enzymes in the leaves and roots were investigated for five wheat cultivar seedlings (differing in drought tolerance) exposed to osmotic stress (?1.5 MPa). Stress was induced by 2-day-long treatment of plants with polyethylene glycol 6000 (PEG) or NaCl added to hydroponic cultures. Nawra, Parabola and Manu cv. (drought tolerant) showed a marked increase in osmoprotectors (proline and soluble carbohydrates, mainly glucose, saccharose and maltose), free PAs (putrescine Put, spermidine Spd and spermine Spm) and Spd-conjugated levels, in both leaves and roots, after PEG-treatments. Radunia and Raweta (drought sensitive) exhibited smaller changes in the content of these substances. The analysis of enzymes involved in proline metabolism revealed the glutamate as a precursor of proline synthesis in PEG-induced stress conditions. The increase in the activity of antioxidative enzymes, especially catalase and peroxidases, was characteristic for tolerant wheat plants, but for sensitive ones, a decrease in superoxide dismutase and an increase in mainly glutathione reductase activities were observed. After NaCl-treatment smaller changes of all biochemical parameters were registered in comparison with PEG-induced stress. Exceptions were the higher values of ethylene content and a significant increase in saccharose, raffinose and maltose levels (only in stress sensitive plants). The proline synthesis pathway was stimulated from both glutamate and ornithine precursors. These results suggest that the accumulation of inorganic ions in NaCl-stressed plants may be involved in protective mechanisms as an additional osmoregultor. Thus, a weaker stressogenic effect as determined as water deficit by leaf relative water content and relative dry weight increase rate and differences in metabolite synthesis in comparison with PEG stress was observed. Proline seems to be the most important osmo-protector in osmotic stress initiated by both PEG and NaCl. The synthesis of sugars and PAs may be stimulated in a stronger stress conditions (PEG).