Actin dynamics at intracellular membranes: the Spir/formin nucleator complex

The assembly of actin monomers into filaments is a highly regulated basic cellular function. The structural organization of a cell, morphological changes or cell motility is dependent on actin filament dynamics. While within the last decade substantial knowledge has been acquired about actin dynamics at the cell membrane, today only little is known about the actin cytoskeleton and its functions at intracellular endosomal and organelle membranes. The Spir actin nucleators are specifically targeted towards endosomal membranes by a FYVE zinc finger membrane localization domain, and provide an important link to study the role of actin dynamics in the regulation of intracellular membrane transport. Spir proteins are the founding members of a novel class of actin nucleation factors, which initiate actin polymerization by binding of actin monomers to one or multiple Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (WASp) homology 2 (WH2) domains. Although Spir proteins can nucleate actin polymerization in vitro by themselves, they form a regulatory complex with the distinct actin nucleators of the formin subgroup (Fmn) of formins. A cooperative mechanism in actin nucleation has been proposed. Ongoing studies on the function and regulation of the Spir proteins in vesicle transport processes will reveal important insights into actin dynamics at intracellular membranes and how this regulates the highly directed and controlled routes of intracellular membrane trafficking.     

Molecular basis of actin nucleation factor cooperativity: crystal structure of the Spir-1 kinase non-catalytic C-lobe domain (KIND)•formin-2 formin SPIR interaction motif (FSI) complex

The distinct actin nucleation factors of the Spir and formin subgroup families cooperate in actin nucleation. The Spir/formin cooperativity has been identified to direct two essential steps in mammalian oocyte maturation, the asymmetric spindle positioning and polar body extrusion during meiosis. Understanding the nature and regulation of the Spir/Fmn cooperation is an important requirement to comprehend mammalian reproduction. Recently we dissected the structural elements of the Spir and Fmn family proteins, which physically link the two actin nucleation factors. The trans-regulatory interaction is mediated by the Spir kinase non-catalytic C-lobe domain (KIND) and the C-terminal formin Spir interaction motif (FSI). The interaction inhibits formin nucleation activity and enhances the Spir activity. To get insights into the molecular mechanism of the Spir/Fmn interaction, we determined the crystal structure of the KIND domain alone and in complex with the C-terminal Fmn-2 FSI peptide. Together they confirm the proposed structural homology of the KIND domain to the protein kinase fold and reveal the basis of the Spir/formin interaction. The complex structure showed a large interface with conserved and positively charged residues of the Fmn FSI peptide mediating major contacts to an acidic groove on the surface of KIND. Protein interaction studies verified the electrostatic nature of the interaction. The data presented here provide the molecular basis of the Spir/formin interaction and give a first structural view into the mechanisms of actin nucleation factor cooperativity.     

Spire, an actin nucleation factor, regulates cell division during Drosophila heart development

The Drosophila dorsal vessel is a beneficial model system for studying the regulation of early heart development. Spire (Spir), an actin-nucleation factor, regulates actin dynamics in many developmental processes, such as cell shape determination, intracellular transport, and locomotion. Through protein expression pattern analysis, we demonstrate that the absence of spir function affects cell division in Myocyte enhancer factor 2-, Tinman (Tin)-, Even-skipped- and Seven up (Svp)-positive heart cells. In addition, genetic interaction analysis shows that spir functionally interacts with Dorsocross, tin, and pannier to properly specify the cardiac fate. Furthermore, through visualization of double heterozygous embryos, we determines that spir cooperates with CycA for heart cell specification and division. Finally, when comparing the spir mutant phenotype with that of a CycA mutant, the results suggest that most Svp-positive progenitors in spir mutant embryos cannot undergo full cell division at cell cycle 15, and that Tin-positive progenitors are arrested at cell cycle 16 as double-nucleated cells. We conclude that Spir plays a crucial role in controlling dorsal vessel formation and has a function in cell division during heart tube morphogenesis.     

The Spir actin organizers are involved in vesicle transport processes

The p150-Spir protein, which was discovered as a phosphorylation target of the Jun N-terminal kinase, is an essential regulator of the polarization of the Drosophila oocyte. Spir proteins are highly conserved between species and belong to the family of Wiskott-Aldrich homology region 2 (WH2) proteins involved in actin organization. The C-terminal region of Spir encodes a zinc finger structure highly homologous to FYVE motifs. A region with high homology between the Spir family proteins is located adjacent (N-terminal) to the modified FYVE domain and is designated as "Spir-box." The Spir-box has sequence similarity to a region of rabphilin-3A, which mediates interaction with the small GTPase Rab3A. Coexpression of p150-Spir and green fluorescent protein-tagged Rab GTPases in NIH 3T3 cells revealed that the Spir protein colocalized specifically with the Rab11 GTPase, which is localized at the trans-Golgi network (TGN), post-Golgi vesicles, and the recycling endosome. The distinct Spir localization pattern was dependent on the integrity of the modified FYVE finger motif and the Spir-box. Overexpression of a mouse Spir-1 dominant interfering mutant strongly inhibited the transport of the vesicular stomatitis virus G (VSV G) protein to the plasma membrane. The viral protein was arrested in membrane structures, largely colocalizing with the TGN marker TGN46. Our findings that the Spir actin organizer is targeted to intracellular membrane structures by its modified FYVE zinc finger and is involved in vesicle transport processes provide a novel link between actin organization and intracellular transport.     

Actin Monomers Activate Inverted Formin 2 by Competing with Its Autoinhibitory Interaction

INF2 is an unusual formin protein in that it accelerates both actin polymerization and depolymerization, the latter through an actin filament-severing activity. Similar to other formins, INF2 possesses a dimeric formin homology 2 (FH2) domain that binds filament barbed ends and is critical for polymerization and depolymerization activities. In addition, INF2 binds actin monomers through its diaphanous autoregulatory domain (DAD) that resembles a Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein homology 2 (WH2) sequence C-terminal to the FH2 that participates in both polymerization and depolymerization. INF2-DAD is also predicted to participate in an autoinhibitory interaction with the N-terminal diaphanous inhibitory domain (DID). In this work, we show that actin monomer binding to the DAD of INF2 competes with the DID/DAD interaction, thereby activating actin polymerization. INF2 is autoinhibited in cells because mutation of a key DID residue results in constitutive INF2 activity. In contrast, purified full-length INF2 is constitutively active in biochemical actin polymerization assays containing only INF2 and actin monomers. Addition of proteins that compete with INF2-DAD for actin binding (profilin or the WH2 from Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein) decrease full-length INF2 activity while not significantly decreasing activity of an INF2 construct lacking the DID sequence. Profilin-mediated INF2 inhibition is relieved by an anti-N-terminal antibody for INF2 that blocks the DID/DAD interaction. These results suggest that free actin monomers can serve as INF2 activators by competing with the DID/DAD interaction. We also find that, in contrast to past results, the DID-containing N terminus of INF2 does not directly bind the Rho GTPase Cdc42.     

Membrane Targeting of the Spir·Formin Actin Nucleator Complex Requires a Sequential Handshake of Polar Interactions

Spir and formin (FMN)-type actin nucleators initiate actin polymerization at vesicular membranes necessary for long range vesicular transport processes. Here we studied in detail the membrane binding properties and protein/protein interactions that govern the assembly of the membrane-associated Spir·FMN complex. Using biomimetic membrane models we show that binding of the C-terminal Spir-2 FYVE-type zinc finger involves both the presence of negatively charged lipids and hydrophobic contributions from the turret loop that intrudes the lipid bilayer. In solution, we uncovered a yet unknown intramolecular interaction between the Spir-2 FYVE-type domain and the N-terminal kinase non-catalytic C-lobe domain (KIND) that could not be detected in the membrane-bound state. Interestingly, we found that the intramolecular Spir-2 FYVE/KIND and the trans-regulatory Fmn-2-FSI/Spir-2-KIND interactions are competitive. We therefore characterized co-expressed Spir-2 and Fmn-2 fluorescent protein fusions in living cells by fluorescence cross-correlation spectroscopy. The data corroborate a model according to which Spir-2 exists in two different states, a cytosolic monomeric conformation and a membrane-bound state in which the KIND domain is released and accessible for subsequent Fmn-2 recruitment. This sequence of interactions mechanistically couples membrane binding of Spir to the recruitment of FMN, a pivotal step for initiating actin nucleation at vesicular membranes.     

Cortactin interacts with WIP in regulating Arp2/3 activation and membrane protrusion

BACKGROUND: Modulation of actin cytoskeleton assembly is an integral step in many cellular events. A key regulator of actin polymerization is Arp2/3 complex. Cortactin, an F-actin binding protein that localizes to membrane ruffles, is an activator of Arp2/3 complex. RESULTS: A yeast two-hybrid screen revealed the interaction of the cortactin Src homology 3 (SH3) domain with a peptide fragment derived from a cDNA encoding a region of WASp-Interacting Protein (WIP). GST-cortactin interacted with WIP in an SH3-dependent manner. The subcellular localization of cortactin and WIP coincided at the cell periphery. WIP increased the efficiency of cortactin-mediated Arp2/3 complex activation of actin polymerization in a concentration-dependent manner. Lastly, coexpression of cortactin and WIP stimulated membrane protrusions. CONCLUSIONS: WIP, a protein involved in filopodia formation, binds to both actin monomers and cortactin. Thus, recruitment of actin monomers to a cortactin-activated Arp2/3 complex likely leads to the observed increase in cortactin activation of Arp2/3 complex by WIP. These data suggest that a cortactin-WIP complex functions in regulating actin-based structures at the cell periphery.     

Toxoplasma gondii profilin acts primarily to sequester G-actin while formins efficiently nucleate actin filament formation in vitro

Apicomplexan parasites employ gliding motility that depends on the polymerization of parasite actin filaments for host cell entry. Despite this requirement, parasite actin remains almost entirely unpolymerized at steady state; formation of filaments required for motility relies on a small repertoire of actin-binding proteins. Previous studies have shown that apicomplexan formins and profilin exhibit canonical functions on heterologous actins from higher eukaryotes; however, their biochemical properties on parasite actins are unknown. We therefore analyzed the impact of T. gondii profilin (TgPRF) and FH1-FH2 domains of two formin isoforms in T. gondii (TgFRM1 and TgFRM2) on the polymerization of T. gondii actin (TgACTI). Our findings based on in vitro assays demonstrate that TgFRM1-FH1-FH2 and TgFRM2-FH1-FH2 dramatically enhanced TgACTI polymerization in the absence of profilin, making them the sole protein factors known to initiate polymerization of this normally unstable actin. In addition, T. gondii formin domains were shown to both initiate polymerization and induce bundling of TgACTI filaments; however, they did not rely on TgPRF for these activities. In contrast, TgPRF sequestered TgACTI monomers, thus inhibiting polymerization even in the presence of formins. Collectively, these findings provide insight into the unusual control mechanisms of actin dynamics within the parasite.     

Actin pedestal formation by enteropathogenic Escherichia coli is regulated by IQGAP1, calcium, and calmodulin

During infection, enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) injects effector proteins into the host cell to manipulate the actin cytoskeleton and promote formation of actin pedestals. IQGAP1 is a multidomain protein that participates in numerous cellular functions, including Rac1/Cdc42 and Ca(2+)/calmodulin signaling and actin polymerization. Here we report that IQGAP1, Ca(2+), and calmodulin modulate actin pedestal formation by EPEC. Infection with EPEC promotes both the interaction of IQGAP1 with calmodulin and the localization of IQGAP1 and calmodulin to actin pedestals while reducing the interaction of IQGAP1 with Rac1 and Cdc42. IQGAP1-null fibroblasts display a reduced polymerization of actin in response to EPEC. In addition, antagonism of calmodulin or chelation of intracellular Ca(2+) reduces EPEC-dependent actin polymerization. Furthermore, IQGAP1 specifically interacts with Tir in vitro and in cells. Together these data identify IQGAP1, Ca(2+), and calmodulin as a novel signaling complex regulating actin pedestal formation by EPEC.     

Effect of capping protein on the kinetics of actin polymerization

Acanthamoeba capping protein increased the rate of actin polymerization from monomers with and without calcium. In the absence of calcium, capping protein also increased the critical concentration for polymerization. Various models were evaluated for their ability to predict the effect of capping protein on kinetic curves for actin polymerization under conditions where the critical concentration was not changed. Several models, which might explain the increased rate of polymerization from monomers, were tested. Two models which predicted the experimental data poorly were (1) capping protein was similar to an actin filament, bypassing nucleation, and (2) capping protein fragmented filaments. Three models in which capping protein accelerated, but did not bypass, nucleation predicted the data well. In the best one, capping protein resembled a nondissociable actin dimer. Several lines of evidence have supported the idea that capping protein blocks the barbed end of actin filaments, preventing the addition and loss of monomers [Cooper, J. A., Blum, J. D., & Pollard, T. D. (1984) J. Cell Biol. 99, 217-225; Isenberg, G. A., Aebi, U., & Pollard, T. D. (1980) Nature (London) 288, 455-459]. This mechanism was also supported here by the effect of capping protein on the kinetics of actin polymerization which was nucleated by preformed actin filaments. Low capping protein concentrations slowed nucleated polymerization, presumably because capping protein blocked elongation at barbed ends of filaments. High capping protein concentrations accelerated nucleated polymerization because of capping protein's ability to interact with monomers and accelerate nucleation.     

The formin homology 1 domain modulates the actin nucleation and bundling activity of Arabidopsis FORMIN1

The organization of actin filaments into large ordered structures is a tightly controlled feature of many cellular processes. However, the mechanisms by which actin filament polymerization is initiated from the available pool of profilin-bound actin monomers remain unknown in plants. Because the spontaneous polymerization of actin monomers bound to profilin is inhibited, the intervention of an actin promoting factor is required for efficient actin polymerization. Two such factors have been characterized from yeasts and metazoans: the Arp2/3 complex, a complex of seven highly conserved subunits including two actin-related proteins (ARP2 and ARP3), and the FORMIN family of proteins. The recent finding that Arabidopsis thaliana plants lacking a functional Arp2/3 complex exhibit rather modest morphological defects leads us to consider whether the large FORMIN family plays a central role in the regulation of actin polymerization. Here, we have characterized the mechanism of action of Arabidopsis FORMIN1 (AFH1). Overexpression of AFH1 in pollen tubes has been shown previously to induce abnormal actin cable formation. We demonstrate that AFH1 has a unique behavior when compared with nonplant formins. The activity of the formin homology domain 2 (FH2), containing the actin binding activity, is modulated by the formin homology domain 1 (FH1). Indeed, the presence of the FH1 domain switches the FH2 domain from a tight capper (Kd approximately 3.7 nM) able to nucleate actin filaments that grow only in the pointed-end direction to a leaky capper that allows barbed-end elongation and efficient nucleation of actin filaments from actin monomers bound to profilin. Another exciting feature of AFH1 is its ability to bind to the side and bundle actin filaments. We have identified an actin nucleator that is able to organize actin filaments directly into unbranched actin filament bundles. We suggest that AFH1 plays a central role in the initiation and organization of actin cables from the pool of actin monomers bound to profilin.     

Role for the Abi/wave protein complex in T cell receptor-mediated proliferation and cytoskeletal remodeling

BACKGROUND: The molecular reorganization of signaling molecules after T cell receptor (TCR) activation is accompanied by polymerization of actin at the site of contact between a T cell and an antigen-presenting cell (APC), as well as extension of actin-rich lamellipodia around the APC. Actin polymerization is critical for the fidelity and efficiency of the T cell response to antigen. The ability of T cells to polymerize actin is critical for several steps in T cell activation including TCR clustering, mature immunological synapse formation, calcium flux, IL-2 production, and proliferation. Activation of the Rac GTPase has been linked to regulation of actin polymerization after TCR stimulation. However, the molecules required for TCR-mediated actin polymerization downstream of activated Rac have remained elusive. Here we identify a novel role for the Abi/Wave protein complex, which signals downstream of activated Rac, in the regulation of actin polymerization and T cell activation in response to TCR stimulation. RESULTS: Here we show that Abi and Wave rapidly translocate from the T cell cytoplasm to the T cell:B cell contact site in the presence of antigen. Abi and Wave colocalize with actin at the T cell:B cell conjugation site. Moreover, Wave and Abi are necessary for actin polymerization after T cell activation, and loss of Abi proteins in mice impairs TCR-induced cell proliferation and IL-2 production in primary T cells. Significantly, the impairment in actin polymerization in cells lacking Abi proteins is due to the inability of Wave proteins to localize to the T cell:B cell contact site in the presence of antigen, rather than the destabilization of the components of the Wave protein complex. CONCLUSIONS: The Abi/Wave complex is a novel regulator of TCR-mediated actin dynamics, IL-2 production, and proliferation.     

Mass spectrometric analysis identifies a cortactin-RCC2/TD60 interaction in mitotic cells

Cortactin is an F-actin binding protein that functions as a scaffold to regulate Arp2/3 mediated actin polymerization in lamellipodia and invadopodia formation as well as functioning in cell migration and endocytosis of many different cell types. In light of the fact that regulated actin polymerization is critical for many cellular processes we launched a search for novel cortactin interactions with cellular proteins that might indicate heretofore undescribed biological activities supported by cortactin. Using a modified stable isotope labeling in cell culture (SILAC) approach in HEK293 cells and Flag-tagged cortactin (F-cortactin) as bait, we identified a limited set of cortactin interactions including several proteins which have not previously been identified as cortactin associated proteins. Among these were serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A subunit beta (PP2A-beta) and RCC2/TD60, a Rac guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) required for completion of mitosis and cytokinesis. The interaction between cortactin and RCC2/TD60 was verified in cell lysates immunoprecitated with anti-RCC2/TD60 antibody. Furthermore, cortactin was localized by immunofluorescence in the equatorial plane of dividing HeLa cells in the region where RCC2/TD60 has previously been localized thus providing support for a complex containing cortactin and RCC2/TD60 complex that may play a functional role in cells undergoing mitosis.     

Isolation and properties of two actin-binding domains in gelsolin

Gelsolin is a Ca2+-sensitive 90-kDa protein which regulates actin filament length. A molecular variant of gelsolin is present in plasma as a 93-kDa protein. Functional studies have shown that gelsolin contains two actin-binding sites which are distinct in that after Ca2+-mediated binding, removal of free Ca2+ releases actin from one site but not from the other. We have partially cleaved human plasma gelsolin with alpha-chymotrypsin and identified two distinct actin-binding domains. Peptides CT17 and CT15, which contain one of the actin-binding domains, bind to actin independently of Ca2+; peptides CT54 and CT47, which contain the other domain, bind to actin reversibly in response to changes in Ca2+ concentration. These peptides sequester actin monomers inhibiting polymerization. Unlike intact gelsolin, neither group of peptides nucleates actin assembly or forms stable filament end caps. CT17 and CT15 can however sever actin filaments. Amino acid sequence analyses place CT17 at the NH2 terminus of gelsolin and CT47 at the carboxyl-terminal two-thirds of gelsolin. Circular dichroism measurements show that Ca2+ induces an increase in the alpha-helical content of CT47. These studies provide a structural basis for understanding the interaction of gelsolin with actin and allow comparison with other Ca2+-dependent actin filament severing proteins.     

The WASP and WAVE family proteins

All eukaryotic cells need to reorganize their actin cytoskeleton to change shape, divide, move, and take up nutrients for survival. The Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (WASP) and WASP-family verprolin-homologous protein (WAVE) family proteins are fundamental actin-cytoskeleton reorganizers found throughout the eukaryotes. The conserved function across species is to receive upstream signals from Rho-family small GTPases and send them to activate the Arp2/3 complex, leading to rapid actin polymerization, which is critical for cellular processes such as endocytosis and cell motility. Molecular and cell biological studies have identified a wide array of regulatory molecules that bind to the WASP and WAVE proteins and give them diversified roles in distinct cellular locations. Genetic studies using model organisms have also improved our understanding of how the WASP- and WAVE-family proteins act to shape complex tissue architectures. Current efforts are focusing on integrating these pieces of molecular information to draw a unified picture of how the actin cytoskeleton in a single cell works dynamically to build multicellular organization.     

Direct involvement of yeast type I myosins in Cdc42-dependent actin polymerization

The generation of cortical actin filaments is necessary for processes such as cell motility and cell polarization. Several recent studies have demonstrated that Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (WASP) family proteins and the actin-related protein (Arp) 2/3 complex are key factors in the nucleation of actin filaments in diverse eukaryotic organisms. To identify other factors involved in this process, we have isolated proteins that bind to Bee1p/Las17p, the yeast WASP-like protein, by affinity chromatography and mass spectroscopic analysis. The yeast type I myosins, Myo3p and Myo5p, have both been identified as Bee1p-interacting proteins. Like Bee1p, these myosins are essential for cortical actin assembly as assayed by in vitro reconstitution of actin nucleation sites in permeabilized yeast cells. Analysis using this assay further demonstrated that the motor activity of these myosins is required for the polymerization step, and that actin polymerization depends on phosphorylation of myosin motor domain by p21-activated kinases (PAKs), downstream effectors of the small guanosine triphosphatase, Cdc42p. The type I myosins also interact with the Arp2/3 complex through a sequence at the end of the tail domain homologous to the Arp2/3-activating region of WASP-like proteins. Combined deletions of the Arp2/3-interacting domains of Bee1p and the type I myosins abolish actin nucleation sites at the cortex, suggesting that these proteins function redundantly in the activation of the Arp2/3 complex.     

H2O2-treated actin: assembly and polymer interactions with cross-linking proteins.

During inflammation, hydrogen peroxide, produced by polymorphonuclear leukocytes, provokes cell death mainly by disarranging filamentous (polymerized) actin (F-actin). To show the molecular mechanism(s) by which hydrogen peroxide could alter actin dynamics, we analyzed the ability of H2O2-treated actin samples to polymerize as well as the suitability of actin polymers (from oxidized monomers) to interact with cross-linking proteins. H2O2-treated monomeric (globular) actin (G-actin) shows an altered time course of polymerization. The increase in the lag phase and the lowering in both the polymerization rate and the polymerization extent have been evidenced. Furthermore, steady-state actin polymers, from oxidized monomers, are more fragmented than control polymers. This seems to be ascribable to the enhanced fragility of oxidized filaments rather than to the increase in the nucleation activity, which markedly falls. These facts; along with the unsuitability of actin polymers from oxidized monomers to interact with both filamin and alpha-actinin, suggest that hydrogen peroxide influences actin dynamics mainly by changing the F-actin structure. H2O2, via the oxidation of actin thiols (in particular, the sulfhydryl group of Cys-374), likely alters the actin C-terminus, influencing both subunit/subunit interactions and the spatial structure of the binding sites for cross-linking proteins in F-actin. We suggest that most of the effects of hydrogen peroxide on actin could be explained in the light of the "structural connectivity," demonstrated previously in actin.     

Fission yeast Sop2p: a novel and evolutionarily conserved protein that interacts with Arp3p and modulates profilin function.

Profilins bind to monomeric actin and also interact with ligands such as phosphoinositide 4,5-bisphosphate, the proline-rich protein VASP and a complex of four to six polypeptides identified in Acanthamoeba that includes two actin-related proteins. Here, we report the identification and characterization of an essential gene from Schizosaccharomyces pombe, sop2+, a mutation in which rescues the temperature-sensitive lethality of a profilin mutation, cdc3-124. The sop2-1 mutant is defective for cell elongation and septation, suggesting that it is involved in multiple cortical actin-requiring processes. Consistent with a role in actin cytoskeletal function, negative interactions have been identified between sop2-1 and act1-48, a mutant allele of actin. Sop2p is a novel 377 amino acid polypeptide with similarity to proteins of the beta-transducin repeat family. Sop2p-related proteins have been identified by sequencing projects in diverse species, and we have isolated a human cDNA highly related to sop2+, SOP2 Hs, which functionally complements the sop2-1 mutation. Sop2p proteins from all species contain peptide sequences identical or highly similar to two peptide sequences from an Acanthamoeba beta-transducin repeat protein present in the profilin binding complex. Biochemical analyses demonstrate that Sop2p is present in a complex which also contains the actin-related protein, Arp3p. Immunofluorescence studies reveal the presence of Sop2p in (i) punctate structures distributed throughout the cell, (ii) cables that extend the length of the cell, and (iii) a medial band in a small percentage of septating cells. Collectively these data demonstrate the interaction of Sop2p with Arp3p, profilin and actin.     

IQGAP1 regulates Salmonella invasion through interactions with actin, Rac1, and Cdc42

To infect host cells, Salmonella utilizes an intricate system to manipulate the actin cytoskeleton and promote bacterial uptake. Proteins injected into the host cell by Salmonella activate the Rho GTPases, Rac1 and Cdc42, to induce actin polymerization. Following uptake, a different set of proteins inactivates Rac1 and Cdc42, returning the cytoskeleton to normal. Although the signaling pathways allowing Salmonella to invade host cells are beginning to be understood, many of the contributing factors remain to be elucidated. IQGAP1 is a multidomain protein that influences numerous cellular functions, including modulation of Rac1/Cdc42 signaling and actin polymerization. Here, we report that IQGAP1 regulates Salmonella invasion. Through its interaction with actin, IQGAP1 co-localizes with Rac1, Cdc42, and actin at sites of bacterial uptake, whereas infection promotes the interaction of IQGAP1 with both Rac1 and Cdc42. Knockdown of IQGAP1 significantly reduces Salmonella invasion and abrogates activation of Cdc42 and Rac1 by Salmonella. Overexpression of IQGAP1 significantly increases the ability of Salmonella to enter host cells and required interaction with both actin and Cdc42/Rac1. Together, these data identify IQGAP1 as a novel regulator of Salmonella invasion.