湿地养分截留功能的空间模拟Ⅱ．模型的完善和应用

对以实验数据为基础建立的初步空间模型进行了验证,并用Maunder和Mauring的线性回归模型对苇田子模型进行了修正。模拟结果显示,辽河三角洲8hm^2苇田每年灌期大约可以去除3200－4000t总氮和80t的活性磷,但这权相当于其潜力的1／10。因此,运用河口湿地作为富含营养物质河水主海前的最后过滤屏障,对于防止近海水体的富营养化具有重要意义。     

湿地养分截留功能的空间模拟Ⅰ.模型的概念和方法

运用河口湿地来削减氮磷入海通量,防止近海水体富营养分,首先对辽河三角洲湿地净化系统进行了理论分析,并建立了相应的概念模型,然后依靠野外实验数据,为湿地的营养物去除功能建立了一个空间模型,该模型包括两大部分：一是灌渠子系统,二是苇田子系统,前者使用的是一个非线性回归模型,后者则以分率为基础的简单模型,该模型在个别灌区试运行后,推到整个苇田研究区。     

种群增长的分段指数模型及其参数估计

本文给出了种群增长的分段指数模型其中N（t）是在时刻t种群的密度,No=N（t0）,r0和rl是群群的内禀增长率,t0是转变点,H（t-t0）=1,t≥t0,H（t-t0）=0,t＜t0．利用非线性模型的正割法（DUD,Doesn’tusederivatives）,可同时确定模型的所有参数（包括交点t0在内）．并用于描述长爪沙鼠种群动态．     

高原鼠兔体重生长动态模型的数值拟合

介绍了高原鼠兔室外体重生长的分段Logistic-指数饱和模型W（t）=K／{1 {[K—W（t0）]／W（t0）exp{-[r1（t-t0）]}t≤tc;W（t）=W．-exp{-r2（t-tc）}[Wa-W（tc）]t≥tc,其中W（t）是在时刻t鼠兔的体重,K是体重饱和量,r1和r2是体重的瞬时增长率,tc是转变点,W（t）在t=tc连续。利用非线性模型的正割法（DUD,Doesn'tusederivatives）,可同时确定模型的所有参数（包括转变点tc在内）。并分别得到描述高原鼠兔室外体重生长动态的模型为高原鼠兔（室内）体重生长的分段直线-直线-对数-指数饱和模型为     

关于一类时滞人口模型的全局吸引性

给出了保证时滞人口模型N'(t)=r(t)N(t) t≤0的每一正解N(t)趋于正平衡点 N*=1(t→∞)的一族充分条件．改进了Joseph和Yu的相关结果．     

一个造血模型的持久生存

考虑下述造血模型dN(t)/dt=-δN(t)-βθ^nN(t)/θ^n N^n(t) 2βθ^nN(t-τ）/θ^n N^n(t-τ)e^γτ,t≥0,其中δ、β、θ、γ、τ∈（0, ∞）,n∈（1, ∞）,得到持久生存的充分条件。     

带年龄结构的非线性共生模型的稳定性

在[1]中讨论了一般形式的非线性共生模型的稳定性,其中N_1(t)和N_2(t)分别表示 dN_1(t)/dt=f(N_1(t),N_2(t))N_1(t), dN_2(t)/dt=g(N_1(t),N_2(t))N_2(t) (1) t时刻种群1和2的个体总数。这里我们把这个模型按自然方式推广到带年龄结构的两种群共生模型 (?)+μp+f(N_1(t),N_2(t))P_i=0, p(0,t)=integral from n=0 to m_i b_i(r)p(r,t)dr, p_i(r,0)=p_0(r), N(t)=integral from n=0 to m_i p_i(r,t)dr,i=1,2。 (2)     

单种群生长的广义Logistic模型

描述单种群生长的一般Logistic模型其中r>0为种群的内禀生长率,K>0为环境容纳量。它通常被称为Verhulst-Pearl模型,其基本特征是描述了种群的S型生长(如图1),当种群的初始值x_o相似文献   

秃病蚤蒙冀亚种与长爪沙鼠密度的状态空间模型

 给出了一个描述秃病蚤蒙冀亚种Nosopsyllus laeviceps kuzenkovi与长爪沙鼠M eriones unguiculatus密度的状态空间模型,模型为x_t+1=-0.336x_t+0057y _t+0107z_t, y_t+1=0.586x_t-0369y_t-0274z_t, z_t+1=0.189x _t+0247y_t-0309z_t, 其中x_t,y_t和z_t分别为t月份的沙鼠密度, 巢秃病蚤 和体秃病蚤指数。结果表明,模型能够较好地描述野外秃病蚤蒙 冀亚种与长爪沙鼠间的关系,并发现沙鼠密度显著地影响巢秃病蚤指数。     

气液双升式反应器动物细胞培养及批式生长动力学模型

初步研究了气液双升式动物细胞反应器微载体培养 Bowes细胞和悬浮培养 M4G3杂交瘤细胞的生长条件 ,在不加入消泡剂和保护剂的情况下 ,批式培养 Bowes细胞的最大密度为 2 .6×1 0 6/ml,批式培养 M4G3细胞的最大密度为 1 .5× 1 0 6/ml。基于细胞生长的密度效应 ,建立了动物细胞生长动力学模型 :　　 μ=0　　 t相似文献   

Modelling of manure production by pigs and NH3, N2O and CH4 emissions. Part I: animal excretion and enteric CH4, effect of feeding and performance

A mathematical model was developed from literature data to predict the volume and composition of pig's excreta (dry and organic matter, C, N, P, K, Cu and Zn contents), and the emission of greenhouse gases (CH4 and CO2) though respiration and from the intestinal tract, for each physiological stage (post-weaning and fattening pigs and lactating and gestating sows). The main sources of variation considered in the model are related to animal performances (feed efficiency, prolificacy, body weight gain, etc.), to water and nutrient intakes and to housing conditions (ambient temperature). Model predictions were validated by using 19 experimental studies, most of them performed in conditions close to those of commercial farms. Validation results showed that the model is precise and robust when predicting slurry volume (R2 = 0.96), slurry N (R2 = 0.91), P (R2 = 0.95) and to a lesser extent dry matter (R2 = 0.75) contents. Faeces and urine composition (minerals and macronutrients) can also be precisely assessed, provided the composition and the digestibility of the feed are well known. Sensitivity analysis showed strong differences in CH4 emission and excretion amounts and composition according to physiological status, animal performance, temperature and diet composition. The model is an efficient tool to calculate nutrient balances at the animal level in commercial conditions, and to simulate the effect of production alternatives, such as feeding strategy or animal performance, on excreta production and composition. This is illustrated by simulations of three feeding strategies, which demonstrates important opportunities to limit environmental risks through diet manipulations.     

Effect of meal viscosity and nutrients on satiety, intragastric dilution, and emptying assessed by MRI

The relationship between the intragastric distribution, dilution, and emptying of meals and satiety was studied using noninvasive magnetic resonance imaging techniques in 12 healthy subjects with four polysaccharide test meals of varying viscosity and nutrient content as follows: 1) low-viscosity nonnutrient, 2) low-viscosity nutrient, 3) high-viscosity nonnutrient, and 4) high-viscosity nutrient. Increasing the nutrient content of the high-viscosity meal delayed gastric emptying from 46 +/- 9 to 76 +/- 6 min (P < 0.004), whereas increasing viscosity had a smaller effect. The volume of secretions within the stomach 60 min after ingestion was higher for the high-viscosity nutrient meal (P < 0.04). A simple model to calculate the total volume of secretion added to the test meal is presented. Color-coded dilution map images showed the heterogeneous process of progressive gastric dilution of high-viscosity meals, whereas low-viscosity meals were uniformly diluted. Fullness was found to be linearly related to total gastric volumes for the nutrient meals (R(2) = 0.98) and logarithmically related for the nonnutrient meals (R(2) = 0.96). Fullness was higher for high- compared with low-viscosity meals (P < 0.02), and with the nutrient meals this was associated with greater antral volumes (P < 0.05).     

Dynamics of dissolved oxygen isotopic ratios: a transient model to quantify primary production,community respiration,and air–water exchange in aquatic ecosystems

Dissolved O(2) is an important aquatic ecosystem health indicator. Metabolic and gas exchange (G) rates, which control O(2) concentration, are affected by nutrient loading and other environmental factors. Traditionally, aquatic metabolism has been reported as primary production:community respiration (P:R) ratios using diel measurements and interpretations of dissolved O(2) and/or CO(2) concentrations, and recently using stable isotopes (delta(18)O, Delta(17)O) and steady state assumptions. Aquatic ecosystems, such as rivers and ponds, are not at steady state and exhibit diel changes, so steady state approaches are often inappropriate. A dynamic O(2) stable isotope model (photosynthesis-respiration-gas exchange; PoRGy) is presented here, requiring a minimum of parameters to quantify daily averaged P, R, and G rates under transient field conditions. Unlike steady state approaches, PoRGy can address scenarios with 100% O(2) saturation but with delta(18)O-O(2) values that are not at air equilibrium. PoRGy successfully accounts for isotopic G when applied to an oxygen isotope equilibration laboratory experiment. PoRGy model results closely matched the diel O(2) and delta(18)O-O(2) data from three field sites with different P:R:G ratios and various P, R and G rates. PoRGy provides a new research tool to assess ecosystem health and to pose environmental impact-driven questions. Using daily averaged rates was successful and thus they can be used to compare ecosystems across seasons and landscapes.     

红棕象甲幼虫空间格局研究

【背景】红棕象甲是外来危险I生有害生物,近十年来在我国南方严重危害棕榈科植物。[方法】为了确定其调查抽样方法、准确获得虫情,应用聚集度指标法和回归模型分析法等,对红棕象甲幼虫的空间格局进行了研究。【结果】在lwao模型中,α=0．4208〉0,β=1.5133〉1,这说明了红棕象甲幼虫的种群空间格局的分布图式为聚集型;用马占山重新解释的Taylor幂法则分析表明,红棕象甲幼虫的空间格局归属于聚集型,个体之间相互吸引。【结论与意义】红棕象甲幼虫在林内呈聚集型分布,分布的基本成分为个体群;运用1wao法确定了林间最适理论抽样数和序贯抽样模型,为该虫的监测与防治提供了依据。     

Mycorrhizal respiration: implications for global scaling relationships

Most plant species form mycorrhizas, yet these are neglected by plant physiologists. One consequence of this neglect is reduced ability to predict plant respiration, because respiration rate (R) in mycorrhizal roots might be higher than in non-mycorrhizal roots owing to increased substrate availability associated with enhanced nutrient uptake, coupled with increased respiratory product demand. Other predictions include that mycorrhizal colonization will affect scaling of R with tissue nitrogen concentrations; that mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal root R differ in their response to nutrient supply; and that the impact of colonization on R is related to fungal biomass. Failure to examine properly the role of colonization in determining root R means that current interpretations of root and soil respiration data might be flawed.     

套作棉根际与非根际土壤酶活性和养分的变化

在棉麦两熟双高产条件下研究了棉花根际与非根际土壤酶活性和养分含量的变化.结果表明,套作棉土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶、蛋白酶及过氧化氢酶活性随生育进程的变化趋势与单作棉表现一致,但整个生育期套作棉根际与非根际土壤各种酶活性均明显高于单作棉.套作棉根际与非根际土壤养分含量在麦棉共生期低于单作棉或差异较小,而在麦收后则显著高于单作棉.套作棉土壤养分含量随生育进程的变化趋势与单作棉大体相同,但一些养分的吸收高峰晚于单作棉.无论套作棉还是单作棉,根际土壤酶活性和养分含量高于非根际.土壤各养分含量与土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶和蛋白酶活性呈显著(P=0.0,n=32)或极显著(P=0.01,n=32)相关,与土壤过氧化氢酶活性相关不显著.     

Qualitative behavior of a variable-yield simple food chain with an inhibiting nutrient

A simple food chain which consists of nutrient, prey and predator in which nutrient is growth limiting at low concentrations but growth inhibiting at high concentrations is investigated in this study. It is assumed that the nutrient concentration is separated into internal and external nutrient concentration and only the internal nutrient level is capable of catalyzing cell growth. It is shown that the dynamics of the system depend on thresholds R(0) and R(1). With inhibition, there exist initial conditions for which the predator becomes extinct but not the prey when R(0)<1. If R(0),R(1)1, the system is uniformly persistent even in the inhibited environment.     

盐碱草地植物种群分布与土壤营养关系的一种分析方法——土壤营养位分析

基于对松嫩盐碱草地植物种群分布特点及影响植物种群分布格局的生态环境因素的分析,提出了盐碱草地植物种群分布与土壤营养关系的一种分析方法--土壤营养位分析。给出了土壤营养位的计测方法,并讨论了土壤营养位效能指标的选择和土壤营养轴上测定指标的处理。     

基于TM影像的表层土壤有机碳空间格局

土壤有机碳是土壤肥力的核心指标之一,理解其空间分布格局对促进精准农业的发展和科学施肥具有重要意义.本研究旨在检验TM影像结合地面采样数据分析黑龙江省黑土分布区表层土壤有机碳空间分布格局的可行性.结果表明:1)表层土壤有机碳浓度与TM5波段呈显著正相关(r=0.553,P＜0.01),与TM4、TM5波段影像像素值之间满足二次多项式回归关系(R2=0.6791,P＜0.05);2)回归模型对表层土壤有机碳空间分布格局具有较好的预测效果(R2=0.7097,P＜0.05);3)海拔高于200 m的地区表层土壤有机碳浓度显著高于海拔低于200 m的地区(P＜0.05).     

养分循环研究数据管理概念模型的构建

近年来,农田生态系统NPK养分循环研究已经积累了大量的数据,迫切需要建立可长期保存数据、并为养分循环研究全局决策服务的数据管理系统,本文描述了用于养分循环数据管理的概念模型的设计,并说明构建模型的过程,最后给出依据该模型建立数据库系统应用实例。结果表明,依据模型建立的数据库系统可提供按照时间、地点、专题查询的功能,能够管理野外观测数据、专题图和研究报告等多种类型数据,并快速提取和分析数据。