小麦在拉萨生态条件下一些生育特点的分析

 1982—1985年,在拉萨进行了小麦生态试验。辽春6号属于强春性品种,泰山4号属于强冬性品种。小麦在拉萨抽穗晚,成熟迟,各生育期和全生育期明显加长、千粒重增大是其主要生育特点。温度较低、日长较短是使参试品种生育期长的重要原因。抽穗至成熟期间的昼夜温差大、夜温低和太阳辐射强烈综合作用,是使小麦在拉萨的千粒重增大的重要原因。     

冬小麦品种DS1号生育进程的温光效应

DS1号是适于 2 2 .5 kg/hm2 播种量的秋播冬小麦品种。为了掌握其温光反应特性 ,为确定它的适宜种植范围提供试验依据 ,2 0 0 1年和 2 0 0 2年 ,用这个小麦品种在人工气候箱内进行了 8种不同温光组合的生态模拟试验。参试品种是 DS1号。每台气候箱的体积为 5 0× 5 0× 1 0 0 cm3。试验过程中 ,箱内相对湿度是70 %～ 78%。光照强度为 90 0 0 lx。试验结果显示 ,在不同处理中 ,出苗至抽穗过程中 ,≥ 5℃积温和天数差异极大。结果表明 ,低温不是唯一的春化条件。在 8种不同的处理中 ,植株抽穗前 ,表现了不同的温光效应。在生育前期 5℃的处理中 ,可以完成春化 ,与之配合的 1 6h光照的长日条件或 8h光照的短日条件均可。在2 0℃和 8h光照的处理中 ,未表现出短日春化效应 ,或抽穗期显著拖长。短日春化可能要有一定的光照强度相配合。生育前期或直至抽穗前 ,在 2 0℃和 1 6h长日条件下 ,可以通过“非春化途径”完成抽穗前的生育进程 ,出苗～生理拔节和出苗～抽穗阶段并不拖长或略长     

不同磷效率小麦品种的磷吸收特性

在丰磷、缺磷条件下,对不同磷效率小麦品种的磷吸收特性进行研究。缺磷条件下,不同磷效率品种成熟期的植株全磷量和生育中后期（挑旗-成熟期）植株磷累积量均以磷高效品种最高,中效品种次之,低效品种最低。不同磷效率品种拔节期、挑旗期和成熟期的磷利用效率差异较小。表明磷高效小麦品种在缺磷条件下子粒产量形成能力的提高。与生育中后期植株具有相对较强的磷素吸收能力有关。缺磷条件下,不同磷效率品种在生育中后期的根系TTC还原力和可溶蛋白含量也以高效品种最高,中效次之,低效最低。表明磷高效小麦品种植株生育中后期根系具有较强的生理功能,是其在缺磷务件下吸磷量增加、产量相对明显提高的重要生理基础。研究表明,不同磷效率小麦品种在磷胁迫条件下的根系酸性磷酸化酶（APase）活性存在显著差异,并在小麦磷吸收效率的调控中具有重要作用。     

北京地区夏播小麦的生态条件及生育表现

本文探讨了小麦在异常种植条件下的生长发育表现,从面揭示其温光反应规律。 1982—1985年连续三年在北京地区进行的小麦夏播生态试验证明:强春性小麦品种在北京晚夏播种,能很快地顺利出苗,并能抽穗成熟。在高温和长日条件下,它们的生育进程快,植株低矮,千粒重低。在生育早期未出现低温效应,可不发生田间春化反应。此外夏播小麦在科研与生产上都具有一定意义,浮小麦和麦苗都有利用价值。     

大豆植株发育过程中不同部位的硝态氮含量和硝酸还原酶活力的变化

同一时期的大豆品种长农5号植株中硝态氮含量是,主茎大于叶柄大于叶片,前二者中硝态氮含量随着生育进程逐渐减少,生育前期由基部向上逐渐增加,鼓粒期以后各节位间无明显变化。营养生长期间,叶片中硝态氮含量较高,不同生殖生长期间或同一时期的不同节位变化不明显。硝酸还原酶活力是成熟叶片中低,幼嫩叶片中高,且随着生育进程逐渐降低。     

我国1950s～1990s推广的玉米品种叶片

自1950s以来,我国玉米（Zea maysL.）产量以年递增幅度为126kg.hm-2.a-1的速率迅速提高。在高肥力自然光照条件下,通过对我国1950s、1970s、1990s等3个年代玉米主要推广品种的光合特性研究表明：当代品种叶片光合速率高且高值持续期长,光合色素叶绿素a、叶绿素b、类胡萝卜素等的含量高且持续时间长,与光合有关的蒸腾速率（E）、细胞间隙CO2浓度（Ci）、气孔导度（gs）等也有较大改良,中下部叶片尤其明显;在生育后期,当代品种具有更高的光合优势。在品种更替过程中光合色素的组成比率没有显著变化,随品种更替生育后期当代品种细胞间隙CO2浓度低的原因不是气孔限制,而是叶片同化CO2能力增强的结果。我国玉米产量的大幅度提高在很大程度上应归功于叶片光合性能的改良。     

光周期对燕麦生育时期和穗分化的影响

盆栽试验研究了不同光周期对不同熟期燕麦品种的穗分化进程和生育时期影响及生理生态机制。试验材料包括早熟品种白燕8号,中熟品种白燕2号以及晚熟品种坝莜3号,跟踪测定了叶片保护酶活性、膜脂过氧化作用和质膜透性等生理指标的动态变化。结果表明,晚熟品种坝莜3号对光周期反应敏感,短日照(8h)条件下,其穗分化只能到二棱期,未能正常抽穗;早熟品种白燕8号在短日照条件下可完成穗分化、抽穗开花,但3个品种生育时期和穗分化时间均延长。随着光周期延长,各燕麦品种单株小穗数和穗重均增加。光周期对穗分化进程的影响机制可从叶片保护酶活性、膜脂过氧化作用和质膜透性等指标中得到证明,白燕8号在8h短日照处理下SOD,POD活性均高于白燕2号和坝莜3号,而MDA含量和相对电导率低于另两个品种。MDA含量和相对电导率与光周期呈显著正相关。燕麦早熟性与光周期不敏感性具有一定相关性,且燕麦光周期适应性调控机理可能与保护酶活性、膜脂过氧化作用和质膜透性等生理变化密切相关。     

蓖麻油不皂化物雌激素效应及其抗生育活性相关性研究

为了探讨蓖麻油不皂化物是否具有激素效应,以及蓖麻油不皂化物与蓖麻油的抗生育活性的关联性,分别用剂量为100 mg/kg·d、 200 mg/kg·d、 500 mg/kg·d的蓖麻油不皂化物灌胃小鼠来检测其抗生育活性,并通过幼鼠子宫实验和E-SCREEN实验来检测蓖麻油不皂化物是否具有雌激素效应.结果 表明:蓖麻油不皂化物对成年小鼠具有明显的抗生育效果.在未成熟小鼠子宫实验中,当灌胃剂量为500 mg/kg·d时,表现出明显的雌激素效应;但是E-SCREEN实验结果中,蓖麻油不皂化物却未表现出雌激素效应.结论 :虽然在E-SCREEN实验中蓖麻油不皂化物不表现出雌激素效应,但是在动物个体实验中,其表现出的雌激素样作用同其抗生育作用具有一定的联系性.     

播期对不同类型品种直播稻生长特性的影响

以具有代表性的3种类型水稻品种为材料,通过分期播种试验,对不同播期条件下直播稻物质生产和产量形成进行了分析。结果表明:随着播期的推迟,3种类型品种水稻产量均显著下降,但变化程度不一;全生育期显著缩短;群体茎蘖消长动态逐渐趋于不平缓,此现象并随播期的推迟而加剧;叶面积指数在生长前期逐渐上升,生长中后期则相对下降;各阶段光合势呈降低的趋势;干物质累积在拔节期递增,在抽穗期和成熟期则递减,收获指数递减;各阶段群体生长率下降趋势显著。对直播稻安全适宜播期进行综合评价表明,该地区宜推广中熟中粳和迟熟中粳品种,可以使用早熟晚粳品种;各类品种在前茬滕茬时间允许的条件下尽可能早播,易取得高产,但从生育安全性来考虑,中熟中粳品种最迟要在6月下旬播种,迟熟中粳品种最迟要在6月中下旬播种,早熟晚粳品种最迟要在6月中旬播种。     

不同穗型冬小麦品种根系时空分布特征及其碳氮代谢的研究

在大田柱栽试验条件下,对2种穗型冬小麦品种根系的时空变化及其碳氮代谢进行了研究。结果表明,2种穗型冬小麦品种的单株根系干重、根重密度随生育时期逐渐增加,均在抽穗期达到最大值;不同土壤深度的根系活力随生育时期的变化不一致,2品种0～20 cm根系活力的变化趋势从越冬期逐渐下降,在抽穗期达到较低值后缓慢上升,并于灌浆期出现一个小的峰值;根系中可溶性糖含量、含氮量均从越冬期开始下降,在抽穗期达到最低值, 随后在开花期又出现一个峰值后缓慢下降。2种穗型冬小麦品种相比,重穗型小麦品种的根系各项指标略高于多穗型品种;在不同土层深度之间,各项指标总体趋势为随着土层深度加深逐渐下降,但是在不同生育时期,各土层之间出现有个别波动现象。     

白肉灵芝三个新品种的选育报告

‘云白灵芝’3个新品种由采自云南不同地区的野生白肉灵芝菌株,经常规育种系统选育获得,属白肉灵芝Ganoderma leucocontextum。3个品种的子实体菌肉洁白、质软,弹射孢子粉少,形态特征差异大。菌丝生长适宜温度18-23 ℃,子实体发育最适温度15-23 ℃,菌丝长速快,发菌期、出菇期短,是中低温型早熟新品种。3个品种均适宜熟料袋栽覆土栽培,干芝产量和品质均高于对照品种。     

Effects of Photoperiod, Temperature and Radiation on the Rate of Leaf Appearance in Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) under Field Conditions

Effects of radiation on the phyllochron of nine quinoa (Chenopodiumquinoa Willd.) cultivars growing under field conditions werequantified. Rate of change of photoperiod had no effect on phyllochron.Radiation responses differed markedly between cultivars, rangingfrom insensitive in the most tropical cultivars (Nariñoand Ecu-621) to 0.55 °Cd mol PPFD m^-2 d^-1in the Peruviancultivar Amarilla de Maranganí. Cultivars reported ashaving the highest photoperiod sensitivity and longest phyllochronwere insensitive to radiation, while cultivars insensitive tophotoperiod from the Bolivian and Peruvian altiplano (Kanckolla,Blanca de Julí and Sajama) or moderately sensitive tophotoperiod from central Chile (Faro and Baer) were affectedby radiation. It is suggested that variation in phyllochronsensitivity to radiation could be associated with differencesin photoassimilate demand per unit time to sustain leaf growth.A model based on phyllochron responses to radiation and temperatureproduced an important improvement in the quality of predictionswhen compared with a model based on responses to photoperiodand temperature for seven of the nine cultivars evaluated. Thisis the first instance in which a quantitative relationship betweenincident radiation and the phyllochron in natural environmentshas been established, allowing the inclusion of this factorin predictions of the rate of leaf appearance in the field.Copyright 2001 Annals of Botany Company Chenopodium quinoa, quinoa, phyllochron, radiation, photoperiod, rate of change of photoperiod     

Control of Continuous Irradiation Injury on Potatoes with Daily Temperature Cycling

Two controlled-environment experiments were conducted to determine the effects of temperature fluctuations under continuous irradiation on growth and tuberization of two potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) cultivars, Kennebec and Superior. These cultivars had exhibited chlorotic and stunted growth under continuous irradiation and constant temperatures. The plants were grown for 4 weeks in the first experiment and for 6 weeks in the second experiment. Each experiment was conducted under continuous irradiation of 400 micromoles per square meter per second of photosynthetic photon flux and included two temperature treatments: constant 18°C and fluctuating 22°C/14°C on a 12-hour cycle. A common vapor pressure deficit of 0.62 kilopascal was maintained at all temperatures. Plants under constant 18°C were stunted and had chlorotic and abscised leaves and essentially no tuber formation. Plants grown under the fluctuating temperature treatment developed normally, were developing tubers, and had a fivefold or greater total dry weight as compared with those under the constant temperature. These results suggest that a thermoperiod can allow normal plant growth and tuberization in potato cultivars that are unable to develop effectively under continuous irradiation.     

不同产地瓠瓜品种ITS序列的遗传多样性分析

对国产29个瓠瓜也Lagenariasiceraria（Molina）Standl.页品种的ITS序列进行了扩增及测序,并结合引自GenBank的国产9个瓠瓜品种以及国外6个瓠瓜品种和3个同属种类的ITS序列,对它们的ITS序列长度和GC含量以及变异位点进行比较,在此基础上构建系统发育树并对47个样本间的遗传关系进行研究。结果显示：供试47个样本的ITS序列均由ITS1、5.8SrDNA及ITS2组成,各样本间的ITS序列长度、GC含量以及变异位点差异明显。国产38个瓠瓜品种的ITS序列（包括ITS1、5.8SrDNA及ITS2）长度为619-627bp、GC含量为58.00%-63.32%;国外9个样本的ITS序列长度为591-626bp,GC含量为54.17%-63.26%。序列比对结果显示：国产38个瓠瓜品种的ITS序列同源率为84.6%-100.0%,包含221个变异位点;其中,来源于山东的品种‘砧木2’（‘ZhenmuNo.2’）的ITS序列包含的变异位点最多,与其他品种间的同源率也最低。在系统发育树上,国产38个瓠瓜品种可分为3个分支,来源于山东的品种‘砧木2’和来源于河南的品种‘西瓜砧木1’（‘XiguazhenmuNo.1’）各自聚为第1和第2分支;其余36个品种聚为第3分支。而供试的47个样本则可分为2个分支和5个亚组,第1分支可分为2个亚组,包括国产品种‘砧木2’和产自日本的2个品种;第2分支包含的44个样本则进一步分为3个亚组,国产品种‘西瓜砧木1’和产自法国的品种‘白花瓠瓜’（‘White-floweredgourd’）各自聚为第1和第2亚组,其余的42个样本聚为第3亚组。研究结果表明：供试的不同产地瓠瓜品种间存在丰富的遗传变异和地理分化现象,其ITS序列差异与地理分布有一定关系。     

Cadmium accumulation and its effects on metal uptake in maize (Zea mays L.)

The effects of different concentrations of Cd on growth of maize (Zea mays L.) and metal uptake were investigated. Cd accumulations in roots and shoots and the interactions among other metals (Mn, Fe, Cu and Zn) were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). The concentrations of cadmium chloride (CdCl(2).2.5H2O) used ranged from 10(-4) M to 10(-6) M. Cd had stimulatory effects during the first 5 days on root length of Nongda No. 108 at 10(-6) M and 10(-5) M Cd concentrations. Seedlings exposed to 10(-4) M Cd solution exhibited substantial growth reduction, and root growth even stopped. Root growth of Liyu No. 6 was stimulated at concentrations of 10(-5) M and 10(-6) M Cd during the entire experiment (15 days). Cadmium inhibited root growth of Liyu No. 6 at 10(-4) M Cd after 10 days of treatment. The Cd accumulation in roots and shoots of the two cultivars increased significantly (P < 0.05) with increasing Cd concentration and duration of treatment. Cadmium concentrated mainly in the roots, and small amounts were transferred to shoots. The proportion of Cd in the roots of Nongda No. 108 decreased with increases in Cd concentrations and duration of treatment, except for the group exposed to 10(-4) M Cd. In Liyu No. 6, the proportion of Cd in the root decreased progressively with an increase in Cd concentrations. Liyu No. 6 has a greater ability to remove Cd from solution and accumulate it when compared with Nongda No. 108. Liyu No. 6 can be considered a Cd-hyperaccumulator, according to the current accepted shoot concentration that defines hyperaccumulation as 0.01% (w/w) for cadmium. This cultivar, producing many roots and a high biomass and with great ability to accumulate Cd can play an important role in the treatment of soils stressed by Cd.     

The Distribution of Japonica Rice Cultivars in the Lower Region of the Yangtze River Valley is Determined by Its Photoperiod-sensitivity and Heading Date Genotypes

There are generally four recognized classes of japonica rice cultivars grown in the lower region of the Yangtze River valley. The geographical distribution of the four classes is latitude-dependent. Variation for heading date (HD) among 29 japonica rice cultivars grown in the lower region of the Yangtze River valley and belonging to the four classes was characterized, and their sensitivity to variations in photoperiod and temperature was analyzed. All of the cultivars were sensitive to both photoperiod and temperature. A regression analysis showed that HD is closely correlated with photoperiod sensitivity (PS). The PS of the four classes increased gradually from the medium maturing middle (MMM) types, through the late maturing middle (LMM) and early maturing late (EML) types to the medium maturing late (MML) types. Crosses with tester lines established that almost all of the cultivars carry the dominant early-heading allele at Ef-1, the photoperiod insensitive allele e_2 and the PS alleles E_1 or E_1~t. Most of the MMM, LMM and MML types carry the insensitive allele e_3, while EML types have either E_3 or E_3~t. At Se-1, MMM and LMM types have Se-1~e, some EML types have Se-1~e and others Se-1~n, while the MML types are mostly Se-1~n. The PS of some MMM, LMM and EML types is reduced by the presence of hd2. These results show that the distribution of the four rice cultivar classes from high latitude to low latitude regions depended on a gradual increase in PS, which is mainly determined by its HD genotypes.     

The effect of temperature on eyespot (Cercosporella herpotrichoides) in wheat seedlings

When seedlings of the winter wheat cultivars Cappelle-Desprez, Champlein and Hybrid 46 were artificially infected with mycelial inoculum of Cercosporella herpotrichoides Fron, the number of leaf sheaths penetrated by the pathogen increased with temperature over the range 6-18^oC. Rate of growth of the pathogen on agar also increased with temperature over this range. Temperature had little effect on differences between cultivars in number of leaf sheaths penetrated.     

不同核桃品种耐寒特性综合评价

为加速核桃抗寒育种进程,提高栽培效率,进一步扩大核桃种植区域,以鲁果8号、N13-1、鲁果12号、N17-24、泰勒和香玲6个核桃品种(系)为试验材料,在-15℃、-20℃、-25℃、-30℃和-35℃下,分别测定其组织含水量、质膜相对透性、膜脂过氧化、保护酶活性、渗透调节物质等指标,分析其耐寒能力.结果表明:不同核桃品种(系)枝条的自由水/束缚水比值差异较大.低温处理后枝条的相对电导率和丙二醛含量增加;超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性呈现“升-降-升-降”的趋势,过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性先升高后降低;可溶性蛋白和脯氨酸含量增加,但不同品种(系)之间的变化幅度较大.低温处理后恢复生长,N17-24和鲁果12号的萌芽率显著高于其他品种(系).运用隶属函数法进行抗寒性综合评判,得出6个核桃品种(系)的抗寒顺序为:N 17-24＞鲁果12号＞N13-1＞鲁果8号＞泰勒＞香玲.     

STAMINATE BLOOM DATE AND TEMPERATURE RESPONSES OF POLLEN GERMINATION AND TUBE GROWTH IN TWO WALNUT (JUGLANS) SPECIES

Pollen was collected from ten cultivars of Juglans regia and three cultivars of the later-blooming species, J. nigra. Extensive phenological data were available for these cultivars. Cultivars were chosen on the basis of staminate bloom date to include the earliest and latest blooming individuals available and a representative range throughout the bloom season. Mean staminate bloom dates for the cultivars examined covered a period of 46 days over which time mean daily temperatures rose 6 C. In order to determine if adaptations to temperature were expressed by the gametophyte generation, pollen was subjected to controlled temperatures from 5 to 40 C in 2 to 4 C increments and analyzed for germination percentages and pollen tube elongation. A positive relationship was found for pollen germination percentage and mean staminate bloom date such that earlier blooming individuals showed lower minimum temperature thresholds for germination, and optimum temperature for pollen germination was positively correlated with mean staminate bloom date. Differences in pollen tube growth, determined separately from hydration and germination responses, were less clear. Most J. regia clones had lower minium temperature thresholds for growth than the J. nigra clones, but there was no clear relationship to earliness of bloom within the species. No differences were discerned in optimum temperatures for pollen tube growth either between the two species or within species.     

Consumption of hydrocarbons by psychrotolerant degrader strains

Oil-oxidizing microorganisms have been sampled in various regions of Siberia and used in strain associations, which degrade n-alkanes of oil from various fields by 64-92% after 6 days of growth in a wide temperature range. These strains are salt-tolerant and psychrotolerant. They are compatible with aboriginal soil microflora. Promising results have been obtained in experiments on growing plants on oil-polluted soil purified with a biodegrader of this series.