红腹缢管蚜空间分布型及抽样技术研究

对红腹缢管蚜的空间分布型及抽样技术进行了研究。 11组样本各项指标均符合聚集分布的检定标准。应用 Taylor幂法则、Iwao回归分析法 ,测定出红腹缢管蚜的空间格局是基本成份为个体群的聚集分布 ,聚集强度随种群密度的升高而增加。聚集原因是昆虫本身行为和环境因素综合影响的结果。应用 Iwao提出的 N=t2D2 (α+1x +β- 1) )公式 ,确定了在一定精确水平下的理论抽样数。当 t=1,m0 =2时 ,序贯抽样的上、下限为 :T(n) =2 n± 6 .8577n。     

白三叶草生长期西花蓟马的空间分布型变化

利用聚集度指标检验和比较频次法对白三叶草Trifolium repens生长期间西花蓟马Frankliniella occidentalis的空间分布型变化进行研究,结果如下：聚集度指标检验分析表明西花蓟马在白三叶草上的空间分布为聚集分布;利用频次拟合分析表明白三叶草上大部分生长期内其分布型为负二项分布,其聚集程度与虫口密度有关系,其空间分布不会因为一些人为干扰而改变。     

空间分布型的形成过程研究

具合影个研究了广义空间分布型和复合空间分布型的形成问题,解释了空间分布型的形成机理,并给出了１１种广义空间分布型和９种复事空间分布型;同时提出了空间分布型的３种判定方法：扩散系数法、空间相关法和参数变动法,它们以可用于区分常见的空间分布型,也可以用于判定分布型的形成过程;为研究空间分布型的形成机理和变化规模提供了有力的手段。以马尾松毛虫的空间分布型的研究结果表明,马尾松毛虫幼虫的空间分布型是复合负     

北京地区红脂大小蠹空间分布型与抽样技术研究

对北京地区红脂大小蠹Dendroctonus valens LeConte空间分布型进行了研究。结果表明红脂大小蠹成聚集分布,其聚集原因是由红脂大小蠹本身的聚集行为或聚集行为与环境的异质性共同作用引起。同时,应用Iwao统计方法,提出了最适理论抽样数和最佳序贯抽样模型。     

白音华矿区草地群落主要物种组成及空间分布

以内蒙古白音华矿区周边草地为对象,研究了矿区草地植物群落的主要物种组成及其空间分布特征。结果表明: 草地群落共出现55种植物,优势种为大针茅、黄囊苔草和糙隐子草,常见种有羊草、冰草和知母等,该6个物种的累计相对重要值为79.6%,其密度分别为 26.6、204.7、105.4、107.1、68.2和55.1株·m^-2。对6个主要物种的种群密度通过半方差函数进行模型拟合, 其种群分布分别符合指数模型、指数模型、指数模型、球状模型、线性模型和高斯模型;对其空间分布格局进行分析,各种群的结构比分别为59.2%、97.2%、89.1%、94.5%、62.6%和72.1%,表明黄囊苔草、糙隐子草和羊草种群的空间自相关性程度均较高, 主要受结构性因素影响, 而大针茅、冰草和知母种群主要受随机性因素影响。对分形维数进行分析发现, 大针茅、黄囊苔草、糙隐子草和冰草种群分布格局较简单,空间依赖性较强,而羊草和知母种群分布格局较复杂,空间依赖性较弱,结合2D及3D图看, 大针茅和知母呈现出梯度扩散,而黄囊苔草、糙隐子草、羊草和冰草则主要呈现斑块化分布,表明矿区草地群落主要物种的空间分布与开矿无显著关联性。     

中国草地植被生物量及其空间分布格局

 草地生态系统是陆地生态系统分布最广的生态系统类型之一,它在全球变化中的作用越来越受到重视。利用中国草地资源清查资料,并结合同期的遥感影像,建立了基于最新修正的归一化植被指数(NDVI)的我国草地植被生物量估测模型,并利用该模型研究了我国草地植被生物量及其空间分布特征。结果表明：草地植被地上生物量与当年最大NDVI值具有很好的相关关系,两者可以用幂函数很好地拟合(R2=0.71, p<0.001)。我国草地植被总地上生物量为146.16 TgC(1 Tg=1012 g),主要集中在北方干旱、半干旱地区和青藏高原;总地下生物量为898.60 TgC,是地上生物量的6.15倍;而总生物量是1 044.76 TgC,占世界草地植被的2.1%～3.7%,其平均密度约等于315.24 gC·m-2,低于世界平均水平。我国草地植被单位面积地上生物量水平分布趋势为：东南地区高,西北地区低,与水热条件的分布趋势一致;从垂直分布看,在海拔1 350 m和3 750 m处分别出现了波谷和波峰,与我国特有的三级阶梯地势有着密切的关系。此外,我国草地植被生物量为森林的1/4左右,显著大于世界平均水平,说明我国草地在碳平衡中的贡献相对较大。     

红地球葡萄霜霉病系统型病株的田间分布型和抽样技术研究

为搞清红地球葡萄（Red Globe Grape）霜霉病（Plasmopara vaticola）的发生流行规律,以及在生产实践中为提高田间抽样的准确度,运用聚集度指数（K、CA、I＆和M^＊／X、λ）分析研究了红地球葡萄霜霉病系统型病株的田间分布型．结果表明：红地球葡萄霜霉病病株在葡萄园中的空间分布呈聚集型,分布的基本型是嵌纹分布和核心分布,适合率分别为75％和76．67％。二项分布的适合率为8．33％．在此分布型的基础上,通过调查病叶平均数,比较平行线、“W”字型、“Z”字型抽样方式,最后肯定平行线法最好．     

大袋蛾幼虫空间分布型及其应用研究

大袋蛾幼虫在桐粮间作的泡桐林中,为聚集分布,对其进行抽样时宜采用“Z字形”或“品字形”调查法,其最适抽样数,最大抽样数,其防治的上下限并可用有虫株率对平均密度进行简易估计,其公式为:     

山区林地七星瓢虫成虫空间分布型的研究

经过山区林地的抽样调查,确定了七星瓢虫Coccimella septempunctata L.成虫的空间分布型属于聚集分布,其分布的基本成分是个体群,基本成分的分布是均匀的,个体群内的分布是随机的,个体群较松散,个体群的平均大小是2m~2。     

空间自相关与分布型指数研究

本文介绍了地学统计学（ｇｅｏｓｔａｔｉｓｔｉｃｓ）中关于自相关函数、方差图的基本概念。提出了扩散性指数Ｉｚ,当Ｉｚ从０→１变化时,种群的空间分布由均匀→随机→聚集。Ｉｚ可反映不同方向上种群分布情况。以松毛虫种鲜调查资料为例,介绍了这些新概念的应用。结果表明,空间分布型与空间位置、方向有关。当研究昆虫种间空间分布型时,不考由空间位置是不全面的。     

我国不同产地红车轴草异黄酮含量的测定

本文通过HPLC法首次对产于我国11省的红车轴草中7种主要异黄酮单体含量进行了测定,结果表明,7种异黄酮总量变化范围为0.105%~1.725%。7种异黄酮单体含量随产地变化较显著,德鸢尾素、红车轴草素、毛蕊异黄酮、芒柄花素、大豆黄素、染料木素和鸡豆黄素A的含量变化范围分别为:0~0.189%、0~0.066%、0.020%~0.076%、0.004%~0.948%、0~0.089%、0.020%~0.073%和0~0.424%。     

Plant regeneration from hypocotyl and petiole callus of Trifolium pratense L.

Red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) seedlings were screened for the ability to regenerate plantlets from hypocotyl-derived callus tissue. Media sequences described by Beach and Smith (1979) and Collins and Phillips (1982) and a variation using media from both sequences were tested. Plantlets were regenerated from three out of 642 genotypes. In all three cases, callus was initiated on B5C medium and regeneration was accomplished on SPL medium. Attempts to regenerate plants from petiole-derived callus tissue have so far been successful only with regenerants of clone F49. Petiole callus from epicotyl-derived F49 plants proved to be non-regenerative. Pollen viability varied significantly among individuals regenerated from callus cultures of clone F49. Root tip squashes from F49 regenerants revealed the normal diploid chromosome number (2n=14). The frequency of regeneration within progeny from reciprocal crosses between F49 regenerants and several non-regenerative genotypes was 29%.Abbreviations 2,4-D 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid - BAP benzylaminopurine - KN kinetin - NAA -naphthaleneacetic acid     

大孔吸附树脂对红车轴草异黄酮吸附分离特性的研究

通过比较14种大孔吸附树脂对红车轴草异黄酮的吸附率和解吸率,筛选出适合红车轴草异黄酮分离的树脂,并对其动态吸附特性进行研究。结果表明,AB-8树脂对红车轴草异黄酮不仅吸附量大,而且解吸率高,适合红车轴草异黄酮的分离富集。AB-8树脂分离红车轴草异黄酮的工艺参数为:上柱液浓度0.79~1.11 mg/mL,pH 4.24,流速2 BV/h。以4倍树脂床体积的80%乙醇以2 BV/h流速进行洗脱,可基本上将红车轴草异黄酮从树脂上解吸下来,异黄酮回收率为93.72%。     

Inheritance of somatic embryogenesis in red clover (Trifolium pratense L.)

 Red clover genotypes capable of regenerating plantlets in vitro from non-meristematic tissue-derived callus are rare. Selection for genotypes capable of somatic embryogenesis identified a clone comprised of a group of plantlets regenerated from a hypocotyl-derived callus culture on L2-based media and another group of plantlets originating from crown divisions of the epicotyl-derived plant. The callus-derived plants of this clone were highly regenerative when reintroduced to callus culture, but the epicotyl-derived plants produced nonregenerative callus cultures. F₁, F₂ and BC₁ populations were evaluated to determine the mode of inheritance of the regeneration trait. Reciprocal crosses did not differ, indicating a lack of maternal effects. Results were compatible with genetic control of regeneration by two complementary genes. We propose the genotype Rn1-Rn2- for regenerative plants. Three petiole segment explants were sufficient to evaluate regenerative ability in seedlings. Regenerative ability was often associated with abnormal leaf morphology in a few to several leaves. Received: 17 February 1998 / Accepted: 7 April 1998     

红车轴草中(6aR,11aR)-三叶豆紫檀苷对马铃薯腐烂茎线虫的麻醉活性研究

从红车轴草(Trifolium pratense L.)根乙醇提取物中分离得到了黄酮苷类化合物(6aR,11aR)-三叶豆紫檀苷,并运用核磁共振波谱学技术鉴定了其化学结构。采用实验室活体生物试验方法,研究了(6aR,11aR)-三叶豆紫檀苷对马铃薯腐烂茎线虫的麻醉活性。结果表明,该化合物对马铃薯腐烂茎线虫二龄幼虫有一定的麻醉活性,麻醉作用的强度与其浓度及作用时间密切相关。     

红车轴草的化学成分及药理作用研究进展

对红车轴草所含的化学成分、药理作用研究和保健品开发现状作一综述。     

Leaf area index, canopy structure and photosynthesis of red clover (Trifolium pratense L.)

Abstract. The influence of leaf age, total leaf area and its dispersion in space on canopy photosynthesis were studied using microswards of red clover ( Trifolium pratense L.) which were established in the greenhouse. Two varieties, Renova (flowering) and Molstad (non-flowering), were sown in separate plastic boxes at densities of 225, 400 and 625 plants per m².
Vertical distribution of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), leaf area, leaf age and ¹⁴CO₂-fixation were determined periodically. Net photosynthesis and dark respiration of canopies were measured. Maximum photosynthetic capacity of individual leaves was measured on plants taken from the intact canopy or from plants where shading of the growing leaves had been prevented.
Net photosynthetic rate of canopies increased linearly with leaf area index (LAI) up to an LAI of 3.5 and then declined at higher LAI, independent of variety and sowing density. Below the optimum LAI, net photosynthesis depended mainly on interception of PAR. Decrease in canopy photosynthesis above the optimum LAI was due to a higher proportion of old leaves with decreased photosynthetic capacity, and not to an increase in respiring plant parts. It is concluded that LAI and position of leaf age categories in the canopy are more important than vertical distribution of leaf area in determining canopy photosynthesis of red clover.     

草问荆（木贼科）的地理分布

通过整合全球植物志文献资料,结合调查中国科学院植物研究所植物标本馆（PE）、北京林业大学森林植物标本馆（BJFC）和中国科学院沈阳应用生态研究所植物标本馆（IFP）馆藏腊叶标本,以及进行野外观测,获取了草问荆的地理分布数据。采用地理绘图软件MapInfo Professional 8．0,绘制草问荆在中国及世界的资源分布图,首次提供了其在中国的详细分布资料,为深入理解和开发草问荆资源提供了必要的生物学基本数据。     

Flowering and gibberellins in a mutant red clover (Trifolium pratense L.)

Relationships between gibberellins and floral initiation were investigated in a conditional non-flowering mutant of red clover, Trifolium pratense. Untreated mutant plants will not flower under long-days, but will do so when certain GAs are applied. Gibberellins, A₃, A₁, A₇, and A₅ all resulted in both stem elongation and flowering whilst GA₄ produced the elongation only. Applications of GA₂₀, GA₈ and GA₁₃ under long-days had no detectable effect. Thus, by combining the use of the mutant with the application of different GAs, the correlation between the processes of stem elongation and floral initiation, which is normally strongly expressed in this species, was broken. Endogenous gibberellins shown to be present in normal plants were also found in the mutant genotype. Gibberellins alone were not sufficient to initiate floral development in the mutant, there being an essential element of interaction with long-days. These results are discussed in relation to the nature of the lesion in the mutant and the signal provided by the applied gibberellin.