辽东山区林参复合经营土壤质量评价

林参复合经营是辽东山区典型的林下经济模式之一,而林下参的生长对于环境条件要求很高,其中,土壤质量是制约人参生长的重要因素之一,并对人参产业的健康发展至关重要。目前,阔叶混交林、针阔混交林和蒙古栎纯林是辽东山区广泛分布的林参复合经营林分类型,选择3种林分下立地特征相似、人参种植年限不同的样地,测定土壤物理、化学和生物学因子共25项指标,采用方差分析、主成分分析、相关分析等统计学方法和专家经验法构建了林参复合经营土壤质量评价最小数据集(MDS),并利用模糊数学法对不同样地土壤质量进行了定量评价。结果表明,研究区林参复合经营土壤质量评价最小数据集包括容重、pH、有机质、速效K、全Zn、微生物量N、酸性磷酸酶和细菌共8项指标。此外,土壤质量值由高到低依次为针阔混交林对照样地(0.764)蒙古栎纯林对照样地(0.745)针阔混交林14a人参样地(0.614)蒙古栎纯林20a人参样地(0.385)阔叶混交林12a人参样地(0.361)阔叶混交林对照样地(0.354)阔叶混交林6a人参样地(0.323)阔叶混交林9a人参样地(0.308)阔叶混交林3a人参样地(0.230),说明林分类型特征和人参种植年限对土壤质量会产生不同程度影响。今后,在辽东山区林参复合经营发展过程中,可以该最小数据集为基础,充分考虑土壤质量状况,并适当进行管理,以保障人参健康生长,促进人参产业可持续发展。     

吉林野山参与世界各地人参根中氨基酸含量的特征性研究

<正> 人参(Panax ginseng C.A.Meyer)系五加科(Ariliaceac)植物的干燥根,是驰名中外的珍贵药材,其中包括园参、野山参、移山参、朝鲜人参(高丽参)、日本人参(东洋参)。除此以外,同属于五加科人参属植物的还有产于美国、加拿大的西洋参(Panax quinquefolium L)。野山参由于突出的药理作用,加之样品奇缺,价格最为昂贵。目前世界各国有关野     

药用植物人参愈伤组织的诱导培养与悬浮细胞体系建立

人参(Panax ginseng C.A Meyer)是五加科人参属植物,其主要药效活性成分为人参皂苷,具有广泛的药理作用。为建立人参愈伤组织诱导培养体系,以探索实现工程化细胞大规模生产人参皂苷的有效途径。本研究以人参根切片作为外植体,成功诱导出质地松疏、生长迅速、易于分散、启动较早的淡黄色透明状的愈伤组织,建立了适合于长期继代培养的人参细胞系,为深入开展人参干细胞分化及人参皂苷生物合成分子调控研究提供了理想的模型与基础。     

羽叶三七根茎的三萜皂甙成分及其化学分类学意义

羽叶三七(Panax japonicus C. A. Meyer var. bipinnalifidus (Scem.) Wu et Feng)又称疙瘩七,产我国西北部至西南部山区,是人参届植物中分布海拔和纬度均较高的一个种类。在陕西省秦岭地区主要产于南北坡海拔2100—2900米的针叶林下阴湿处。民间以其根茎入药,具有清热解毒、顺气健胃、活血祛瘀、滋补强壮之效。作为国产人参属植物皂甙成分系统研究的一个部分,本文报告秦岭产羽叶三七根茎的皂甙成分,并讨论其化学分类学意义。     

竹节参根和根状茎形态发育的初步研究

竹节参(Panax japonicus C. A. Meger)是五加科人参属中一种重要的药用植物,为多年生宿根草本,以根状茎、肉质根入药。具有止血疗伤、除劳补虚之功效。由于竹节参与另一种人参属植物珠子参(Panax transitiorius Hoo)在形态上较接近,因     

人参氨基酸成分的分析

<正> 人参(Panax ginseng C.A.Meyer)为五加科人参属的多年生宿根草木植物,在我国已有三百多年的栽培历史。人参根部入药,是驰名中外的贵重药材和滋补佳品。     

三七中氨基酸的分析

<正> 三七(又名田七、人参三七)为五加科人参属植物Panax notoginseng(Burk)F.H.chen其根、茎、叶、花均可入药,其块状根茎为中药三七,具有固正扶本,滋补强壮等功用。对其进行的化学成研究主要在于其中的各种皂甙,微量元素等。本文主要用氨基酸分析仪对其植物根茎、侧根、花中各种氨基酸进行了分析测定     

不同年龄的野山参和园参中氨基酸含量的对比研究

<正> 人参(Panax ginseng C.A.Meyer)系五加科植物的干燥根,是驰名中外的一味珍奇草药。由于野生的人参(野山参)资源越来越少,价格十分昂贵,因此长期以来人们大量地进行人工栽培。人工栽培的人参称园参。关于园参国内外大量的研究确认人参皂甙是其主要的有效成分。除此还含有氨基酸、肽类、多糖、脂肪酸等化合物。然而园参和野山参化学成份有何差异至今国外尚无报道。我们受吉林卫生厅的委托,对长白山野山参中人参皂甙、氨基     

人参和三七皂甙提取分离的一个简易生产工艺

人参(Panax ginseng C.A.Meyer)和三七(Panax notoginseng(Burk.)F.H.Chen)均富含具有生理活性的多种皂甙成分。由于皂甙的提取和分离技术繁复不适于大量制备,我们研究采用吸附树脂层析法进行皂甙的提取和分离。实验表明,这一简易、快速而经济的新工艺流程用于皂甙的提取和精制克服了一般经典方法(如正丁醇萃取法、沉淀法等)需要化学试剂种类多、耗量大、成本高、操作复杂等缺点,且皂甙得率高、质量稳定。吸附树脂层析法也可用于人参和三七皂甙的分组分离和主要皂甙单体的制备。我们将这一方法用于其他植物甙类成分的提取和分离也取得了一定的成功。兹简介如下:     

西洋参的生态和在汉中地区引种的展望

西洋参(Panax guinguefolius)是闻名世界的珍贵药用植物,又名北美人参、美国参、花旗参、洋参、广东参和我国人参同属,为五加科植物。其属名“Panax”一词在古代拉丁语和希腊语中都是“能医治百病之草”的意思。它在我国医用已有200多年的历史,1765年刊行的《本草纲目拾遗》见有记载,根据我国中医学家的长期临床观察,西洋参与我国人参药性不同,其性凉而补,“凡欲用人参而不受之温补者,都可以此代之”。根据现代药理化的研究,证明西洋人参和中国人参在医疗价值上有关性和差异性,是两种不能互相代替的补     

广西国有林场森林生物多样性变化评价

采用压力—状态—响应评价法对 1 990～ 2 0 0 1年广西国有林场森林生物多样性进行了研究 ,发现林场森林生物多样性十多年来呈下降趋势。导致森林生物多样性减少的主要根源是林场人口急剧增长和不当的森林经营方式。提出了控制人口增长、转变森林经营方式以遏制林场森林生物多样性减少、保护森林生物多样性的对策     

Diversity of tropical forest landscape types in Hainan Island, China

A novel landscape classification system was proposed in this study based on landscape ecological theory and the differentiation in climate, topography, soil, vegetation and land use mode. Five basic units (zone, tract, province, region and type) and two assistant units (sub and group) were used in this system. The tropical forest landscape in Hainan Island was regarded as a landscape province, belonging to global tropical forest landscape zone, Asiatic (oriental) tropical forest landscape tract and Chinese tropical forest landscape subtract. Based on the grade system of region, sub-region, type-group and type, this landscape province (Hainan Island) is divided into 6 landscape regions (east moist forest landscape, west semi-arid forest landscape, central-south mountainous forest landscape, tropical evergreen needle-leaved forest landscape, tropical bamboo landscape and tropical plantation landscape), 11 tropical forest landscape sub-regions represented by tropical lowland valley rain forest landscape, 26 tropical forest landscape-type groups represented by tropical lowland valley Dipterocarpaceae forest landscape, and 54 forest landscape types (FLT) represented by lowland valley Vatica mangachapoi forest. Generally, this classification system represents the landscape diversity of the tropical forest in Hainan Island. Further studies are needed to better understand the landscape diversity of Hainan Island.     

Diversity of tropical forest landscape types in Hainan Island, China

A novel landscape classification system was proposed in this study based on landscape ecological theory and the differentiation in climate, topography, soil, vegetation and land use mode. Five basic units (zone, tract, province, region and type) and two assistant units (sub and group) were used in this system. The tropical forest landscape in Hainan Island was regarded as a landscape province, belonging to global tropical forest landscape zone, Asiatic (oriental) tropical forest landscape tract and Chinese tropical forest landscape subtract. Based on the grade system of region, sub-region, type-group and type, this landscape province (Hainan Island) is divided into 6 landscape regions (east moist forest landscape, west semi-arid forest landscape, central-south mountainous forest landscape, tropical evergreen needle-leaved forest landscape, tropical bamboo landscape and tropical plantation landscape), 11 tropical forest landscape sub-regions represented by tropical lowland valley rain forest landscape, 26 tropical forest landscape-type groups represented by tropical lowland valley Dipterocarpaceae forest landscape, and 54 forest landscape types (FLT) represented by lowland valley Vatica mangachapoi forest. Generally, this classification system represents the landscape diversity of the tropical forest in Hainan Island. Further studies are needed to better understand the landscape diversity of Hainan Island.     

流域生态经济型防护林体系建设模式及其应用研究

在揭示流域生态经济型防护林体系建设模式内涵的基础上,指出了其核心内容是流域生态经济型防护林体系配置格局．运用综合评价模型、目标规划模型及专家系统等实用方法,建立了流域生态经济型防护林体系建设模式决策支持系统．并以山西省昕水河流域为典型实例,进行了流域生态经济型防护林体系建设模式的应用研究,较好地解决了防护林体系建设中的生产经营、措施布局、综合决策等问题,为流域的资源开发与综合治理提供科学指导．     

退化森林生态系统评价指标体系研究进展

森林是陆地生态系统的主要组成部分,而森林退化是全球面临的主要环境问题之一,准确评价退化森林生态系统是进行森林生态系统恢复与重建的重要前提,建立合理的评价指标体系目前已成为生态学研究的热点问题。在研究国内外提出的关于退化森林生态系统评价理论的基础上,综述了森林退化的定义、特征和一般过程,梳理了退化森林生态系统评价指标筛选的一般原则和指标体系构建的主要方法,分析比较了不同学者所提出的主要评价指标。并在此基础上,重新筛选、构建了一套退化森林生态系统评价指标体系,即从生态系统的组成结构、功能和生境这3个方面选取了32个能够较全面反映退化生态系统主要特征的评价指标,以期为构建我国区域尺度上的退化森林生态系统评价指标体系提供参考,为退化森林生态系统的恢复和重建提供科学依据。总结分析了退化森林生态系统评价指标体系在构建过程中产生的一些问题和不足,提出了今后开展研究和探索应该深入的方向,以提高评价指标体系的科学性、准确性和合理性。     

Indigenous community forest management of Jinuo people's swidden agroecosystems in southwest China

According to their traditional classification, the Jinuo's community forests consisted of watershed forest, auspicious forest, sacred forest, shellac forest, village/clan boundary forest, fire protection forest, burial forest and swidden fallow forest. Every type of forest was managed through traditional regulations. The village or clan headman and his assistant were the representatives to implement the traditional management system. Because it was popular with local villagers and there was strict punishment of offenders, the management system was effective. In recent years, the constantly changing forest management policies has not helped either to preserve biodiversity, or to develop forestry. Instead, forest ecosystems have been destroyed. After studying the community forests in the Jinuo community, the authors strongly recommend that the indigenous forest management system be strengthened. Modern forestry policy itself cannot implement sustainable, productive forestry and conserve biodiversity unless it is combined with the indigenous management system of the community.     

基于有害干扰的森林生态系统健康评价指标体系的构建

在分析国内外提出的众多森林生态系统健康评价指标的不足后,对评价指标进行研究和筛选。最终在森林生态系统健康评价指标体系的构建上提出了一个新的思路,即从森林火灾、林业有害生物、大气污染、人为有害干扰以及森林生态系统内部的增益干扰5个方面选取20个指标构建森林生态系统健康评价指标体系。其中森林火灾干扰包括平均降水量、平均气温、郁闭度、海拔、坡度、坡向、易燃树种的比例和林道距离8个指标,林业有害生物包括有害生物等级、危害程度和寄主树的比例3个指标,大气污染干扰通过叶片、土壤和污染物的分析测定,人为有害干扰包括森林经营措施、采伐措施和林下植被管理3个方面,而森林生态系统内部的增益干扰由物种多样性、群落结构和近自然度3个指标构成。同时对关键评价指标的意义进行了具体分析。此指标体系摒弃传统的评价观念,结合了近年来影响全国森林健康的几个重要原因,更能准确的反应目前森林生态系统的健康状况。研究思路和方法的提出在一定程度上可以丰富森林生态系统健康评价研究理论与方法体系。     

Design and Implementation of an Interactive Web-Based Near Real-Time Forest Monitoring System

This paper describes an interactive web-based near real-time (NRT) forest monitoring system using four levels of geographic information services: 1) the acquisition of continuous data streams from satellite and community-based monitoring using mobile devices, 2) NRT forest disturbance detection based on satellite time-series, 3) presentation of forest disturbance data through a web-based application and social media and 4) interaction of the satellite based disturbance alerts with the end-user communities to enhance the collection of ground data. The system is developed using open source technologies and has been implemented together with local experts in the UNESCO Kafa Biosphere Reserve, Ethiopia. The results show that the system is able to provide easy access to information on forest change and considerably improves the collection and storage of ground observation by local experts. Social media leads to higher levels of user interaction and noticeably improves communication among stakeholders. Finally, an evaluation of the system confirms the usability of the system in Ethiopia. The implemented system can provide a foundation for an operational forest monitoring system at the national level for REDD+ MRV applications.     

森林生态系统损害评估体系与管理制度研究

生态环境损害事件会破坏或者损害动植物生境与生态系统平衡,乃至对我国生态安全造成威胁。然而目前针对森林生态系统损害鉴定评估工作存在评估体系不完善、定量化评估方法不足、损害赔偿管理制度不健全等问题,且缺乏对人类活动与森林生态系统相互作用的整体受损情况进行剖析。基于此,综合考量人类活动与森林生态系统状况的受损范畴与界限,剔除其中交叉重复的内容,遵循科学性、系统性、可比性、可操作性等4项原则,构建了森林生态系统损害评估指标体系。该体系基于受损对象,涉及了人身安全损害、人类活动损害、森林生态系统功能损害和其他损害共计4项一级指标,包括身体损害、精神损害、经济林果品损失、林副产品损失、加工制造业损失、森林旅游损失、科研文史损失、土壤保持损失、水源涵养损失、防风固沙损失、固碳释氧损失、大气净化损失、应急处理费、调查评估费共14项二级指标,以及22项三级指标,并运用市场价值法、替代成本法、影子工程法、恢复成本法等方法明确了各项指标的价值量化方法。文章还从林业技术部门和司法行政部门两个方面,对森林生态系统损害管理制度进行了探讨。林业技术部门管理制度主要分为事前预防、事中响应和事后评估,包括安全规划、风险控制、损害溯源、应急救援措施、技术方案与修复标准制定等;司法行政部门管理制度主要分为监督管理、立法管理和社会机制,包括名册记录（编制）、违法违规追责、赔偿制度完善、森林损害基金和公众参与办法的建立等。旨在为森林生态系统损害评估技术的定量化、标准化,以及管理制度的健全化提供参考依据。     

Carbon balances of bioenergy systems using biomass from forests managed with long rotations: bridging the gap between stand and landscape assessments

Studies report different findings concerning the climate benefits of bioenergy, in part due to varying scope and use of different approaches to define spatial and temporal system boundaries. We quantify carbon balances for bioenergy systems that use biomass from forests managed with long rotations, employing different approaches and boundary conditions. Two approaches to represent landscapes and quantify their carbon balances – expanding vs. constant spatial boundaries – are compared. We show that for a conceptual forest landscape, constructed by combining a series of time‐shifted forest stands, the two approaches sometimes yield different results. We argue that the approach that uses constant spatial boundaries is preferable because it captures all carbon flows in the landscape throughout the accounting period. The approach that uses expanding system boundaries fails to accurately describe the carbon fluxes in the landscape due to incomplete coverage of carbon flows and influence of the stand‐level dynamics, which in turn arise from the way temporal system boundaries are defined on the stand level. Modelling of profit‐driven forest management using location‐specific forest data shows that the implications for carbon balance of management changes across the landscape (which are partly neglected when expanding system boundaries are used) depend on many factors such as forest structure and forest owners’ expectations of market development for bioenergy and other wood products. Assessments should not consider forest‐based bioenergy in isolation but should ideally consider all forest products and how forest management planning as a whole is affected by bioenergy incentives – and how this in turn affects carbon balances in forest landscapes and forest product pools. Due to uncertainties, we modelled several alternative scenarios for forest products markets. We recommend that future work consider alternative scenarios for other critical factors, such as policy options and energy technology pathways.