三种金线蛭颚的形态比较研究

对金线蛭属Whitmania Blanchard,1888中光润金线蛭Whitmania laevis(Baird,1869)、宽体金线蛭Whitma-nia pigra(Whitman,1884)和尖细金线蛭Whitmania acranulata(Whitman,1886)的颚运用解剖学方法以及环境扫描电子显微镜进行研究。结果表明宽体金线蛭的颚发达,表面有两列钝的齿板,排列很规则;光润金线蛭的颚不发达,表面没有齿板;尖细金线蛭的颚不发达,表面有两列钝的齿板,排列不规则。颚的形态结构很好地区分了物种,为水蛭的分类研究提供了新的形态特征。     

6种水蛭的COⅠ、12S rRNA和16S rRNA基因及分子进化分析

水蛭是一种常见的传统中药,为了解常见蛭类细胞色素氧化酶亚基Ⅰ（COⅠ）、12S rRNA和16S rRNA基因特征和水蛭分子系统进化关系。对常用的入药品种日本医蛭（Hirudo nipponia）、宽体金线蛭（Whitmania pigra）、尖细金线蛭（Whitmania acranulate）和相近物种菲牛蛭（Poecilobdella manillensis）、光润金线蛭（Whitmania laevis）及八目石蛭（Erpobdella octoculata）的COⅠ、12S rRNA和16S rRNA基因进行扩增、测序,利用Mega 5.0分析基因特征、颠换率、分化年代,利用PAUP＊4.10b和MrBayes 3.1.2构建分子系统树。结果表明6种水蛭的COⅠ、12S rRNA和16S rRNA基因全长分别为1534~1536 bp、709~744 bp、1129~1173 bp,GC含量分别为32.35%~34.79%、24.42%~28.49%、24.82%~27.02%,总体颠换率为0.002%~0.760%,分化年代为3.55×106a~9.85×106a;每种水蛭为单系群的支持值均≥82。说明COⅠ、12S rRNA和16S rRNA基因具有种间特异性,可用于6种水蛭的分类鉴别。     

十种水蛭的氨基酸分析

应用８３５－５０型氨基酸分析仪,测定了十种与医药有关的水蛭的氨基酸含量,其中包括《药典》上收载的三种水蛭：宽体金线蛭、日本医蛭和尖细金线蛭。     

四种水蛭抗凝血酶作用的研究

本文研究了水蛭的抗凝血酶作用,并比较了4种提取方法对抗凝作用的影响。冷浸和温浸,抗凝活性强度为菲牛蛭>日本医蛭》两种宽体金线蛭。煎煮后,前两种的活性锐碱,而两种宽体金线蛭的活性几乎不变。     

中国蛭类动物生态地理类群特征及其防护医用研究进展

综述中国蛭类研究如下内容:(1)生态学.山蛭生态学,包括山蛭的生态分布,海南山蛭(H. hainana)的种群动态,对温度、土壤湿度和pH值的适应,以及对温、光、湿的综合反应和人类经济活动对其种群数量的影响;山蛭行为生态学,山蛭的运动包括慢缩短、快缩短、身体摆动和转动、洗刷运动、亲吻运动、觅食行为6程序,影响山蛭行为的一些因素以及对环境因素刺激的生态学意义;淡水水蛭生态学,包括浙江水田蛭类生活习性、广州水生光润金线蛭种群数量动态与水体化学因子关系、广州水田吸血菲牛蛭生活水体化学环境;山蛭和水生吸血菲牛蛭的觅食、生长动态、生命周期和生殖生物学;(2)形态学、分类学和动物地理学.形态学包括山蛭机能组织学、山蛭器官系统解剖;分类学,中国蛭类动物有2亚纲(蛭蚓亚纲、真蛭亚纲)、3目(蛭蚓目、吻蛭目、无吻目)、9科、33属、111种,占世界蛭类物种数约1/6;动物地理学,包括世界山蛭科属动物地理,中国山蛭科动物地理、中国医蛭科动物地理.(3)蛭类的防治和驱避,淡水吸血蛭类防治所用农药种类,不同农药对海南山蛭的毒力( LD50、LD95)及使用,并比较了12种驱避剂对海南山蛭的驱避效果.(4)蛭类的医学利用,蛭素是蛭类唾液腺分泌的一种抗凝物质,蛭素有水蛭素(Hirudin)、山蛭素(Haemadin)和吻蛭素(Hementin).记述了蛭素的分离、纯化和功能以及有关分子生物学内容.     

水蛭

目前已知的蛭纲动物约有500种。分为四个目:棘蛭目(多寄生在鱼体上),吻蛭目(生活于海水或淡水中,寄生在脊椎动物和无脊椎动物体外或自由生活),咽蛭目(肉食性,可吞食昆虫幼虫或蠕虫,生活在淡水、湿土中,如石蛭、齿蛭)以及颚蛭目(包括一些吸血的种类,生活在淡水或湿地上,如医蛭、金线蛭、山蛭等)。多数种类靠吸食动物的血生活。     

浙江鄞县水田蛭类生活习性的初步观察

水田蛭类与农业生产实践有较为密切的关联,其中吸血的种类还直接危害广大贫下中农的健康。1965年3—10月间,笔者在浙江鄞县进行日本医蛭的防除试验,同时对水田中常见蛭类的生活和繁殖习性进行了一些田间和室内的观察试验。该地区水田中的蛭类约有十余种。业经鉴定的计有扁蛭科 Glossiphonidae的宽身扁蛭Glossiphonia lata Oka、喀什米亚拟扁蛭Hemiclepsis kasmiana Oka、光裸泽蛭 Helobdella nuda Moors,石蛭科Erpobdellidae的韦氏白勃石蛭Barbronia weberi(Blanchard)、勃氏齿蛭 Odontobdella     

中国动物生态地理类群特征及其防护医用研究进展

综述中国蛭类研究如下内容：（1）生态学。山蛭生态学,包括山蛭的生态分布,海南山蛭（Hhainana）的种群动态,对温度、土壤湿度和pH值的适应,以及对温、光、湿的综合反应和人类经济活动对其种群数量的影响;山蛭行为生态学,山蛭的运动包括慢缩短、快缩短、身体摆动和转动、洗刷运动、亲吻运动、觅食行为6程序,影响山蛭行为的一些因素以及对环境因素刺激的生态学意义;淡水水蜂生态学,包括浙江水田蛭类生活习性、广州水牛光润金线蛭种群数量动态与水体化学因子关系、广州水田吸血菲牛蛭生活水体化学环境;山蛭和水生吸血菲牛蛭的觅食、生长动态、生命周期和生殖生物学;（2）形态学、分类学和动物地理学。形态学包括山蛭机能组织学、山蛭器官系统解剖;分类学,中国蛭类动物有2亚纲（蛭蚓亚纲、真蛭亚纲）、3目（蛭蚓目、吻蛭目、无吻目）、9科、33属、111种,占世界蛭类物种数约1／6;动物地理学,包括世界山蛭科属动物地理,中国山蛭科动物地理、中国医蛭科动物地理。（3）蛭类的防治和驱避,淡水吸血蛭类防治所用农药种类,不同农药对海南山蛭的毒力（LD50、LD95）及使用,并比较了12种驱避剂对海南山蛭的驱避效果。（4）蛭类的医学利用,蛭素是蛭类唾液腺分泌的一种抗凝物质,蛭素有水蛭素（Hirudin）、山蛭素（Haemadin）和吻蛭素（Hementin）。记述了蛭素的分离、纯化和功能以及有关分子生物学内容。     

水蛭常见病原菌的分离与鉴定

从表现软体、水肿、出血和硬结等特征的患病宽体金线蛭(Whitmania pigra)中分离到13株细菌分离物。通过培养特征、形态学观察及生化试验,确定了所分离的细菌中有6株为大肠杆菌(占46．15％),4株为变形杆菌(占30．77％),3株为沙门氏菌(占23．08％)。动物回归试验表明,接种后10d内大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌和变形杆菌对水蛭的致死率分别为100％(4／4)、100％(4／4)和25％(1／4);药敏试验结果表明,这三种细菌普通对复合磺胺、氯霉素、丁胺卡那霉素、头孢哌酮、丙氟哌酸、氟哌酸敏感。研究结果表明,本病是由多个病因导致的一种临床综合症。因此,在进行药物治疗时,应选用多种药物联合以达到最佳的治疗效果。     

温度骤变对日本医蛭肠道菌群的影响

目的研究急性温度应激条件下日本医蛭肠道微生物菌群多样性的组成及变化。方法选取健康日本医蛭200尾,设置对照组与试验组(各100尾),对照组25℃水体温度饲养、试验1组养殖水体温度急剧降温(30℃→4℃)、试验2组养殖水体温度急剧升温(4℃→25℃)。采用高通量测序技术分别研究对照组和试验组的日本医蛭肠道菌群特征及多样性变化。结果门分类水平上,日本医蛭肠道核心主导菌群为变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)和厚壁菌门(Firmicutes);属分类水平上,温度急剧变化后,气单胞菌属(Aeromonas)丰度显著增加,Mucinivorans丰度显著减少,脱硫弧菌属(Desulfovibrio)丰度减少。结论温度骤变对日本医蛭肠道主导菌多样性组成及丰度产生了一定的影响,有害致病菌增加,有益菌减少,从而最终导致水蛭出现病态及死亡现象。本研究对于指导人工养殖实践、日本医蛭药材资源可持续利用以及深入开展肠道微生物分子调控机制研究都具有重要的理论和实践意义。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Time of detection of recessive genes: effects of system of mating and number of examined individuals

Summary Anthers were cultured from two sets of seven lines of hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) with different cytoplasms, the euplasmic nucleus donors, Siete Cerros 66 and Penjamo 62, as well as their six alloplasmic lines derived from wild relative species of the genera Triticum and Aegilops. Significant cytoplasmic and nuclear effects but no cytoplasmic-nuclear interaction were found for embryogenic anther response, with the best performance of Penjamo 62 in Ae. kotschyi cytoplasm. Plant regeneration was not affected significantly by the cytoplasmic background of the lines cultured. The possible genetic implications of the observed cytoplasmic and nuclear influences on the in vitro haploid induction of wheat are discussed.     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.     

Specificity of action of piperidylcholine derivatives as substrates of cholinesterases of various origin

The review deals with study of enzymologic properties of a novel highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate, N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium iodomethylate (“piperidylcholine”), and its 30 derivatives that were tested as effectors of cholinesterases of mammals and various species of Pacific squids. It was proven for the first time that responsible for specificity of action was structure of cyclic ammonium grouping of the alcohol part of molecule of the ester substrate. Analysis of specificity is performed based on enzymatic hydrolysis parameters—activity of catalytic center of cholinesterases and bimolecular constant of the reaction rate that are determined at optimal and low substrate concentrations. Among the specially synthesized group of thioester compounds there is revealed one more highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate—N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium.