平滑肌收缩调节的信号转导

平滑肌细胞内信号转导主要有肌球蛋白轻链激酶（ＭＬＣＫ）和蛋白激酶Ｃ（ＰＫＣ）途径。前者通过肌浆内Ｃａ＾２＋浓度升高,激活钙调蛋白（ＣａＭ）依赖性ＭＬＣＫ,催化肌球蛋白轻链丝氨酸（Ｓｅｒ）－１９磷酸化,肌球蛋白ＡＴＰ酶活性增加,肌丝滑行,肌肉收缩。肌浆内Ｃａ＾２＋浓度的恢复使ＭＬＣＫ失活,肌球蛋白轻链磷酸酶（ＭＬＣＰ）使肌球蛋白脱磷酸化,肌肉舒张。近来有证据表明ＰＫＣ信号转导途径通过影响细肌丝相关蛋     

平滑肌非钙依赖性收缩的生化机理

平滑肌收缩的原发信号一般来自肌浆中游离Ｃａ２＋浓度的增高．在调钙蛋白（Ｃａｌｍｏｄｕｌｉｎ,ＣａＭ）参与下,肌球蛋白轻链激酶（ＭＬＣＫ）被激活,从而催化肌球蛋白的磷酸化,启动平滑肌的横桥循环（ｃｒｏｓｓｂｒｉｄｇｅｃｙｃｌｉｎｇ）．除平滑肌收缩的钙依赖性调控外,也存在非钙依赖性调控的生化机理．这一条信号转导途径,可经由Ｇ蛋白以激活非钙依赖性蛋白激酶Ｃ的同工酶ＰＫＣ－ε,其下游步骤有两种钙结合蛋白（ｃａｌｐｏｎｉｎＣａＰ与Ｃａｌｄｅｓｍｏｎ,ＣａＤ）发挥了直接或间接靶蛋白的重要作用．     

高血压大鼠不同血管平滑肌肌球蛋白磷酸化和脱磷酸化酶的变化

本文比较了正常和高血压大鼠不同动脉血管肌球蛋白轻链激酶（ＭＬＣＫ）和依赖Ｃａ＾２＋的钙调素磷酸酶（Ｃａ＾２＋／ＣａＭ－ＰＰ）活性的变化。结果表明：在自发性高血压大鼠（ＳＨＲ）不同血管ＭＬＣＫ的活性不同,依次为主动脉（Ａ）〉尾动脉（ＣＡ）〉肠系膜动脉（ＭＡ）;而在ＷＫＹ大鼠,该酶在不同血管的活性依次为Ａ〈〈ＣＡ〈〈ＡＭ。在ＷＫＹ大鼠,ＭＡ Ｃａ＾２＋／ＣａＭ－ＰＰ活性明显高于ＳＨＲ。在肾性高血压大鼠     

平滑肌肌球蛋白磷酸化与肌动球蛋白功能调节

在有Ｃａ＾２＋和钙调蛋白存在时,肌球蛋白轻链激酶催化肌球蛋白磷酸化,促使肌动蛋白激活的肌球蛋白（肌动球蛋白）Ｍｇ＾２＋－ＡＴＰ酶活性显增加,然而,肌旧白磷酸水平化与Ｍｇ＾２＋－ＡＴＰ酶活性显增加,然而,肌球蛋白磷酸化水平与Ｍｇ＾２＋＝ＡＴＰ酶之间的关系是非线性的,原肌球蛋白可以进一步增加Ｍｇ＾２＋－ＡＴＰ酶的活性,但仍不改变它们之间的非线性关系,肌球蛋白边激酶的分成肽抑制剂抑制了肌球蛋白磷酸化     

肌球蛋白轻链激酶及其抑制剂

肌球蛋白轻链激酶（ＭＬＣＫ）是三磷酸肌醇（ＩＰ３）、Ｃａ２＋－钙调蛋白（ＣａＭ）信息转导途径的一种重要蛋白质，也是第一个被发现的依赖于ＣａＭ的激酶，对肌肉收缩起着重要作用［１］。ＭＬＣＫ抑制剂从ＣａＭ水平或ＭＬＣＫ自身水平上抑制ＭＬＣＫ的活性，可抑制或减弱平滑肌的收缩。天然植物中的多种化合物对ＭＬＣＫ有较强的抑制作用，有吖啶类、黄酮类、蒽醌类、菲类和喹啉类化合物等，为植物资源的开发利用提供了有价值的依据。１．ＭＬＣＫ的结构和酶促反应动力学研究ＭＬＣＫ的活性型是由Ｃａ２＋、ＣａＭ和全酶组成的三元复…     

二价金属离子和二硫键还原剂对黑鱼肝膜生长激素受体 …

二价金属离子Ｃａ＾２＋、Ｍｇ＾２＋和Ｍｎ＾２＋能增加重组鱼生长激素（ｂｒＧＨ）与黑鱼肝膜生长激素受体（ＧＨＲ）的相互作用,其最适浓度为８－１２ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ。在这一浓度范围,Ｃａ＾２＋、Ｍｇ＾２＋和Ｍｎ＾２＋能分别使专一结合提高到无二价阳离子存在时的２３０％、１８０％和２００％。通过Ｅａｄｉｅ－Ｓｃａｔｃｈａｒｄ作图对Ｃａ＾２＋结合位点进行动态学分析证明ｂｒＧＨ－受体复合物存在一个低亲和的Ｃａ＾２＋     

M型受体在大鼠肾上腺嗜铬细胞内钙库释放和激素分泌中的作用

在单个大鼠肾上腺嗜铬细胞上,用显微荧光测量和碳纤电极记录方法,测量可激活毒蕈碱（ｍｕｓｃａｒｉｎｅ,Ｍ）受体的激动剂乙酰甲胆碱（ｍｅｔｈａｃｈｏｌｉｎｅ,ＭＣｈ）对胞内游离钙浓度「Ｃａ＾２＋」ｉ和儿茶酚胺激素分泌的影响。在细胞外液含２ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ Ｃａ＾２＋时,用含钙或不含钙的ＭＣｈ（１ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ）刺激细胞,均引起「Ｃａ＾２＋」ｉ的升高或钙振荡,并诱发激素的分泌。     

鸭肫平滑肌肌球蛋白的提纯及其ATP酶性质的研究

从鸭肫肌肉中分离纯化了平滑肌肌球蛋白,并对平滑肌肌球蛋白分子的亚单位组成和平滑肌肌球蛋白的ＡＴＰ酶性质进行了分析研究。鸭肫平滑肌肌蛋白的Ｃａ＾２＋－ＡＴＰ酶活力与溶液的离子强度有关。在低于０．２０ｍｏｌ／Ｌ的ＫＣＬ浓度时,酶活力很低;大于０．３０ｍｏｌ／Ｌ的ＫＣＬ浓度时,酶活力较高,Ｃａ＾２＋－ＡＴＰ酶有两个最适ｐＨ值。Ｋ＾＋／ＥＤＴＡ－ＡＴＰ酶活力随ＫＣＬ浓度升高而增加。肌动蛋白激活的磷酸化肌球     

外源钙调素对粟酒裂殖酵母细胞增殖的影响

外源钙调素（ＣａＭ）对粟酒裂殖酵母（Ｓｃｈｉｚｏｓａｃｃｈａｒｏｍｙｃｅｓ ｐｏｍｂｅ）细胞增殖的影响。实验结果表明外源ＣａＭ能明显抑制粟酒裂殖酵母细胞的增殖,其作用方式是延长了粟酒裂殖酵母细胞生长的延滞期,抗粟酒裂殖酵母ＣａＭ抗体,ＴＦＰ及Ｐｈｅｎｙｌ－ＳｅｐｈａｒｏｓｅＣＬ－４Ｂ能降低ＣａＭ对细胞生长的抑制作用,而Ｃａ＾２＋及Ｃａ＾２＋螯合剂ＥＧＴＡ对ＣａＭ的抑制作用均无影响。以上结果提示,外     

平滑肌肌球蛋白磷酸化与肌动球蛋白功能调节

在有Ｃａ２＋和钙调蛋白存在时,肌球蛋白轻链激酶催化肌球蛋白磷酸化,促使肌动蛋白激活的肌球蛋白（肌动球蛋白）Ｍｇ２＋－ＡＴＰ酶活性显著增加．然而,肌球蛋白磷酸化水平与Ｍｇ２＋－ＡＴＰ酶之间的关系是非线性的,原肌球蛋白可以进一步增加Ｍｇ２＋－ＡＴＰ酶的活性,但仍不改变它们之间的非线性关系．肌球蛋白轻链激酶的合成肽抑制剂抑制了肌球蛋白磷酸化和Ｍｇ２＋－ＡＴＰ酶活性,并导致平滑肌去膜肌纤维的等长收缩张力与速度的降低．结果提示肌球蛋白轻链激酶参与脊椎动物平滑肌收缩的调节过程,肌球蛋白轻链磷酸化作用会引起平滑肌收缩     

Investigation of the mechanism of temperature sensitivity of the electroreceptors of ampullae of lorenzini

In experiments on Black Sea skates (Raja clavata), the potential of the receptor epithelium of the ampullae of Lorenzini and spike activity of single nerve fibers connected to them were investigated during electrical and temperature stimulation. Usually the potential within the canal was between 0 and –2 mV, and the input resistance of the ampulla 250–400 k. Heating of the region of the receptor epithelium was accompanied by a negative wave of potential, an increase in input resistance, and inhibition of spike activity. With worsening of the animal's condition the transepithelial potential became positive (up to +10 mV) but the input resistance of the ampulla during stimulation with a positive current was nonlinear in some cases: a regenerative spike of positive polarity appeared in the channel. During heating, the spike response was sometimes reversed in sign. It is suggested that fluctuations of the transepithelial potential and spike responses to temperature stimulation reflect changes in the potential difference on the basal membrane of the receptor cells, which is described by a relationship of the Nernst's or Goldman's equation type.I. P. Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Leningrad. I. M. Sechenov, Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Leningrad. Pacific Institute of Oceanology, Far Eastern Scientific Center, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Vladivostok. Translated from Neirofiziologiya, Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 67–74, January–February, 1980.     

Principles of organization and evolution of systems of regulation of functions

Evolution of living organisms is closely connected with evolution of structure of the system of regulations and its mechanisms. The functional ground of regulations is chemical signalization. As early as in unicellular organisms there is a set of signal mechanisms providing their life activity and orientation in space and time. Subsequent evolution of ways of chemical signalization followed the way of development of delivery pathways of chemical signal and development of mechanisms of its regulation. The mechanism of chemical regulation of the signal interaction is discussed by the example of the specialized system of transduction of signal from neuron to neuron, of effect of hormone on the epithelial cell and modulation of this effect. These mechanisms are considered as the most important ways of the fine and precise adaptation of chemical signalization underlying functioning of physiological systems and organs of the living organism