电压依赖性离子通道门控的分子机制

５０年代Ｈｏｄｇｋｉｎ和Ｈｕｘｌｅｙ双通道模型及其激活与失活学说,正逐步被８０年代以来的分子生物学和电生理学研究所证实。Ｎａ＾＋、Ｋ＾＋离子通道的激活主要决定于高度保守的带正电荷氨基酸残基密集的Ｓ４段,由膜内向膜外方向的拧改锥样旋转。Ｎａ＾＋通道的失活主要与其Ⅲ－Ⅳ功能区之间的胞内连结襻的“铰链盖”样运动有关;Ｋ＾＋通的失活分Ｎ－、Ｃ－、Ｐ－三型,分别发生在Ｎ－、Ｃ－末端和Ｐ区,其Ｎ型失活与Ｎ－末     

G蛋白对离子通道的调控

Ｇ蛋白对离子通道的调控鲍国斌濮璐裴钢（中国科学院上海细胞生物学研究所,上海２０００３１关键词Ｇ蛋白Ｇ蛋白偶联受体离子通道Ｇ蛋白（Ｇｐｒｏｔｅｉｎ）由α、β、γ三个亚基组成,位于细胞膜的胞液侧。Ｇα亚基具有ＧＴＰ酶活性,使Ｇ蛋白偶联受体和效应分子发生可...     

电压依赖性钙通道

电压依赖性钙通道分为L、N、T三种类型,L型通道是由四个结构相似的亚区组成的跨膜蛋白亲水孔道,每个亚区又由六个α螺旋构成,其中一个为带正电的α螺旋,可能构成电压敏感装置。通道内有两个钙亲和位点,对钙的选择通透由亲和位点和离子间静电作用造成。钙通道的调制表现为对通道单位电流值、通道开放数目、电压依赖性,以及时间依赖性单独或复合的影响,通道蛋白磷酸化介导了许多生物活性物质对通道功能的调制。     

单离子通道电信号的依赖性

运用时间序列关于信号依赖性的基本理论,讨论了单离子通道电信号的依赖性,得到关于依赖性的简明判别准则．     

心肌细胞电压依赖性钾通道的研究进展

心肌细胞电压依赖性钾通道的研究进展周军,周兆年（中国科学院上海生理研究所上海２０００３１）在心肌,分布较多且研究较为深入的电压依赖性钾通道（ＶＤＰＣ）主要是短暂外向钾通道Ｉｔｏ、延迟整流钾通道ＩＫ和内向整流钾通道ＩＫ１,它们共同参与心肌动作电位的复极...     

G蛋白与神经细胞的跨膜信息传输

动物体中的细胞由其受体分子接收,如激素或递质等信息传递物所携带的信息后,或直接由离子通道给出反应,或通过被称为G蛋白的转传器再传送给效应器分子给出反应。已发现的G蛋白有分子量约为10万和2万的两大类。前者的资料较多,本文扼要叙述它们与受体的功能偶联,以及在神经细胞中调控效应器,特别是离子通道研究的进展。     

人外周血淋巴细胞膜电压依赖性钾通道的特性分析

淋巴细胞是直接参与机体免疫的重要效应细胞。淋巴细胞膜上存在多种离子通道 ,其中主要为电压依赖性钾通道。目前 ,对鼠淋巴细胞该通道的研究较深入 ,它可分为ｎ、ｎ’和ｌ型三种亚型 ,但对人外周血淋巴细胞膜上钾通道的研究较少。国内尚未见这方面的报道。本文采用膜片钳技术记录人外周血淋巴细胞电压依赖性钾通道电流 ,并对其进行特性分析 ,为研究其异常变化与某些疾病的关系提供实验依据。1　材料和方法(1)细胞的分离　取正常人外周静脉血 ,用Ｆｉｃｏｌｌ密度梯度离心法分离出单个核细胞 ,将其置于塑料平皿内 ,37℃孵育 2ｈ ,取含淋巴细…     

蛋白磷酸酶在离子通道调控中的作用

蛋白质可逆磷酸化是调节细胞生理功能的主要机制之一。任何状态下的蛋白质磷酸化水平实际上反映了催化该过程的蛋白激酶（ＰＫ）和蛋白磷酸酶（ＰＰａｓｅ）相对活性之间的平衡。尽管ＰＫ激活的信号传导途径及它们调控离子能道的机制比较清楚,但ＰＰａｓｅ的作用却长期被忽视。近年来,随着特异ＰＰａｓｅ抑制剂的发掘和利用,ＰＰａｓｅ在膜通道调控中的重要性逐渐被认识并引起人们重视。研究通道电流和ＰＰａｓｅ的关系不仅可阐明     

电压依赖性钾通道与人类神经性疾病

电压依赖性钾通道是钾通道超家族中成员最多,最为复杂的亚家族,主要包括Kvα亚单位和辅助亚单位两部分,其中快速失活A型通道和毒蕈碱敏感的M通道已被大量研究,它们广泛分布于神经系统,主要参与各种生理和病理作用,如膜兴奋性的产生,神经递质的释放,神经元细胞的增殖和退化,以及神经网络的信号传递等。目前发现Kv通道亚型或亚单位的突变与学习和记忆的损伤,共济失调,癫痫,神经性耳聋等一些神经性疾病的产生有关。     

川芎嗪对大鼠胸主动脉平滑肌电压依赖性Cl-通道的影响

川芎嗪(即四甲基吡嗪tetramethylpyrazine)是从具有活血化淤兼有理气功用中药川芎中分离得到的一种生物碱,现已广泛应用临床,对治疗缺血性脑血管疾病、缺血性肢体血管疾病、部分泌尿系统疾病等有明显的疗效,安全而无明显的毒副作用.有作者报道川芎嗪有明显抑制α1-肾上腺受体激动所引起持续血管收缩,而使血管舒张作用,可能与其有类似的"钙通道阻断剂"作用有关.目前认为血管平滑肌的张力与钙、钾和氯通道有关,川芎嗪与钾和氯通道的关系目前未见报道. 1 材料与方法 (1)药物川芎嗪,无锡市第七制药厂生产;DMEM,DIDS,HEPES,胰蛋白酶,EGTA,硝苯地平(nifedipine),苯肾上腺素(简称PHE)均为 Sigma公司出品,其余试剂均为市场销售的分析纯试剂.均为美国Sigma公司产品;其余的试剂均为国产分析纯.     

Voltage sensor of ion channels and enzymes

Placed in the cell membrane (a two-dimensional environment), ion channels and enzymes are able to sense voltage. How these proteins are able to detect the difference in the voltage across membranes has attracted much attention, and at times, heated debate during the last few years. Sodium, Ca²⁺ and K⁺ voltage-dependent channels have a conserved positively charged transmembrane (S4) segment that moves in response to changes in membrane voltage. In voltage-dependent channels, S4 forms part of a domain that crystallizes as a well-defined structure consisting of the first four transmembrane (S1–S4) segments of the channel-forming protein, which is defined as the voltage sensor domain (VSD). The VSD is tied to a pore domain and VSD movements are allosterically coupled to the pore opening to various degrees, depending on the type of channel. How many charges are moved during channel activation, how much they move, and which are the molecular determinants that mediate the electromechanical coupling between the VSD and the pore domains are some of the questions that we discuss here. The VSD can function, however, as a bona fide proton channel itself, and, furthermore, the VSD can also be a functional part of a voltage-dependent phosphatase.     

Computing transient gating charge movement of voltage-dependent ion channels

The opening of voltage-gated sodium, potassium, and calcium ion channels has a steep relationship with voltage. In response to changes in the transmembrane voltage, structural movements of an ion channel that precede channel opening generate a capacitative gating current. The net gating charge displacement due to membrane depolarization is an index of the voltage sensitivity of the ion channel activation process. Understanding the molecular basis of voltage-dependent gating of ion channels requires the measurement and computation of the gating charge, Q. We derive a simple and accurate semianalytic approach to computing the voltage dependence of transient gating charge movement (Q–V relationship) of discrete Markov state models of ion channels using matrix methods. This approach allows rapid computation of Q–V curves for finite and infinite length step depolarizations and is consistent with experimentally measured transient gating charge. This computational approach was applied to Shaker potassium channel gating, including the impact of inactivating particles on potassium channel gating currents.     

Acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs): therapeutic targets for neurological diseases and their regulation

Extracellular acidification occurs not only in pathological conditions such as inflammation and brain ischemia, but also in normal physiological conditions such as synaptic transmission. Acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs) can detect a broad range of physiological pH changes during pathological and synaptic cellular activities. ASICs are voltage-independent, proton-gated cation channels widely expressed throughout the central and peripheral nervous system. Activation of ASICs is involved in pain perception, synaptic plasticity, learning and memory, fear, ischemic neuronal injury, seizure termination, neuronal degeneration, and mechanosensation. Therefore, ASICs emerge as potential therapeutic targets for manipulating pain and neurological diseases. The activity of these channels can be regulated by many factors such as lactate, Zn²⁺, and Phe-Met-Arg-Phe amide (FMRFamide)-like neuropeptides by interacting with the channel’s large extracellular loop. ASICs are also modulated by G protein-coupled receptors such as CB₁ cannabinoid receptors and 5-HT₂. This review focuses on the physiological roles of ASICs and the molecular mechanisms by which these channels are regulated. [BMB Reports 2013; 46(6): 295-304]     

Control of K+ channels by G proteins

Heterotrimeic G proteins are thought to couple receptors to ionic channels via cytoplasmic mediators such as cGMP in the case of retinal rods, cAMP in the case of olfactory cells, and the cAMP cascade in the case of cardiac myocytes. G protein-mediated second messenger effects on K⁺ channels are dealt with elsewhere in this series. Recently, membrane-delimited pathways have been uncovered and an hypothesis proposed in which the subunits of G proteins directly couple receptors to ionic channels, particularly K⁺ channels. While direct coupling has not been proven, the membrane-delimited nature has been established for specific G proteins and their specific K⁺ channel effectors.     

Membrane-delimited cell signaling complexes: Direct ion channel regulation by G Proteins

Summary Ion channels are signaling molecules and by them-selves perform no work. In this regard they are un like the usual membrane enzyme effectors for G proteins. The pathways of G protein receptor, G protein and ion channels are, therefore, purely infor mational in function. Because a single G protein may have several ion channels as effectors, the effects should be coordinated and this seems to be the case. Inhibition of Ca²⁺ current and stimulation of K⁺ currents would have a greater impact than either alone. Additional flexibility is provided by spontane ous noise in the complexes of G protein receptor, G protein, and ion channel. By having a non-zero setpoint, the range of control is extended and the responses become bi-directional.     

A hot spot for the interaction of gating modifier toxins with voltage-dependent ion channels

The gating modifier toxins are a large family of protein toxins that modify either activation or inactivation of voltage-gated ion channels. omega-Aga-IVA is a gating modifier toxin from spider venom that inhibits voltage-gated Ca(2+) channels by shifting activation to more depolarized voltages. We identified two Glu residues near the COOH-terminal edge of S3 in the alpha(1A) Ca(2+) channel (one in repeat I and the other in repeat IV) that align with Glu residues previously implicated in forming the binding sites for gating modifier toxins on K(+) and Na(+) channels. We found that mutation of the Glu residue in repeat I of the Ca(2+) channel had no significant effect on inhibition by omega-Aga-IVA, whereas the equivalent mutation of the Glu in repeat IV disrupted inhibition by the toxin. These results suggest that the COOH-terminal end of S3 within repeat IV contributes to forming a receptor for omega-Aga-IVA. The strong predictive value of previous mapping studies for K(+) and Na(+) channel toxins argues for a conserved binding motif for gating modifier toxins within the voltage-sensing domains of voltage-gated ion channels.     

Protein kinase G activation of K(ATP) channels in human-cultured prostatic stromal cells

In this study, we identify and investigate the role of protein kinase G (PKG) in cells cultured from human prostatic stroma. Cells were used for immunocytochemistry, contractility or K(+) fluorescent imaging studies. All cultured prostatic stromal cells showed PKG immunostaining. Phorbol 12,13 diacetate (PDA, 1 microM) elicited contractions from human-cultured prostatic stromal cells that could be blocked by both the L-type Ca(2+) channel blocker, nifedipine (3 microM), and the protein kinase C inhibitor, bisindolylmaleimide (1 microM). The nitric oxide donor, sodium nitroprusside (SNP, molar pIC(50) 5.16+/-0.17) and the cGMP-phosphodiesterase inhibitor, zaprinast (50 microM), inhibited PDA (1 microM)-induced contractions. The PKG activator beta-phenyl-1, N(2)-ethenoguanosine-3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (PET-cGMP, molar pIC(50) 6.96 +/- 0.25) also inhibited PDA (1 microM)-induced contractions. Glibenclamide (10 microM) and Rp-8-Br-cGMPS (5 microM), but not iberiotoxin (100 nM) or Rp-cAMP (5 microM), reversed this inhibition. In human-cultured prostatic stromal cells loaded with the K(+) fluorescent indicator, 1,3-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, 4,4'-[1,4,10,13-tetraoxa-7,16-diazacyclooctadecane-7,16-diylbis(5-methoxy-6,2-benzofurandiyl)]bis-, tetrakis [(acetyloxy) methyl] ester (PBFI), PET-cGMP (300 nM) caused a reduction in intracellular K(+) that was blocked by glibenclamide (10 microM) and Rp-8-Br-cGMPS (5 microM), but not by iberiotoxin (100 nM). These data are consistent with the hypothesis that, in human-cultured prostatic stromal cells, PKG inhibits contractility through the activation of K(ATP) channels.     

心脏疾病中G蛋白的变化

G蛋白是一类重要的信号转导分子,其生理功能是将细胞膜受体所识别的各种细胞外信号同细胞内一系列效应分子偶联起来,引起核基因转录及蛋白质结构和功能的变化。G蛋白在心脏表达的亚型有Gs、Gi/o、Gq／11、G12／13,参与心肌收缩力、心率、心律和心肌细胞生长的调节。本文着重讨论了心脏G蛋白的分类、结构和功能,以及在心肌肥大、心力衰竭、急性心肌缺血和心律失常等心脏疾病中的改变,以加深对这些疾病的发病机制和病理生理过程的认识。     

Interaction of SiO2 nanoparticles with neuronal cells: Ionic mechanisms involved in the perturbation of calcium homeostasis

SiO₂ nanoparticles (NPs), in addition to their widespread utilization in consumer goods, are also being engineered for clinical use. They are considered to exert low toxicity both in vivo and in vitro, but the mechanisms involved in the cellular responses activated by these nanoobjects, even at non-toxic doses, have not been characterized in detail. This is of particular relevance for their interaction with the nervous system: silica NPs are good candidates for nanoneuromedicine applications. Here, by using two neuronal cell lines (GT1–7 and GN11 cells), derived from gonadotropin hormone releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons, we describe the mechanisms involved in the perturbation of calcium signaling, a key controller of neuronal function. At the non-toxic dose of 20 μg mL⁻¹, 50 nm SiO₂ NPs induce long lasting but reversible calcium signals, that in most cases show a complex oscillatory behavior. Using fluorescent NPs, we show that these signals do not depend on NPs internalization, are totally ascribable to calcium influx and are dependent in a complex way from size and surface charge. We provide evidence of the involvement of voltage-dependent and transient receptor potential-vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) channels.     

Membrane channels as integrators of G-protein-mediated signaling

A variety of extracellular stimuli regulate cellular responses via membrane receptors. A well-known group of seven-transmembrane domain-containing proteins referred to as G protein-coupled receptors, directly couple with the intracellular GTP-binding proteins (G proteins) across cell membranes and trigger various cellular responses by regulating the activity of several enzymes as well as ion channels. Many specific populations of ion channels are directly controlled by G proteins; however, indirect modulation of some channels by G protein-dependent phosphorylation events and lipid metabolism is also observed. G protein-mediated diverse modifications affect the ion channel activities and spatio-temporally regulate membrane potentials as well as of intracellular Ca^2 + concentrations in both excitatory and non-excitatory cells. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Reciprocal influences between cell cytoskeleton and membrane channels, receptors and transporters. Guest Editor: Jean Claude Hervé.