抗菌肽及其工业应用前景

抗菌肽是生物体内经诱导产生的一种对抗外源性致病菌作用的防御性小分子多肽,广泛存在于动植物和微生物体内。其分子量一般在4000Da左右,带正电荷,由30～40个氨基酸组成。抗菌肽一般都具有耐热性,100℃温度下活性最长可保持30min以上。抗菌肽具广谱抗菌活性,通过破坏细胞膜等作用,可以抑制革兰氏阴性菌、革兰氏阳性菌、真菌,有些抗菌肽还具有抗原虫、病毒及抗癌功能。抗菌肽在工业应用中展示出了广阔的前景。     

弱酸性家蝇蛆抗菌肽MD7095的分离纯化及性质研究

家蝇抗菌肽多是碱性蛋白,目前尚无弱酸性家蝇抗菌肽的报道。通过稀醋酸低温浸提,海藻酸吸附,稀盐酸低温洗脱、盐析、Sephadex G25凝胶过滤和CMC23弱阳离子交换柱层析等方法,利用灵敏的杀菌活性检测手段,从家蝇蛆(Musca domesticalarvae)中分离纯化出一组弱酸性抗菌肽,对苏云金芽孢杆菌(Bacillus thuringiensis)等革兰氏阳性菌和几种革兰氏阴性菌有强烈的杀灭作用,有极强的耐热、耐冻融的特性。通过电洗脱方法进一步纯化出抗菌肽MD7095,质谱测定其分子量7095Da,IEF电泳测得其等电点5.59,经肽质量指纹谱(PMF)鉴定为一新肽。扫描电镜超微结构观察表明,弱酸性家蝇蛆抗菌肽对苏云金芽孢杆菌的杀菌机制主要是使细胞膜穿孔,内容物外泄,最终使细菌完全解体死亡。     

九香虫抗菌肽CcAMP1的分离纯化和抗菌活性检测

【目的】从药用昆虫九香虫 Coridius chinensis 中分离纯化抗菌肽,为进一步开发九香虫抗菌肽资源及深入挖掘九香虫的药用功能奠定基础。【方法】用大肠杆菌Escherichia coli 和金黄色葡萄球菌 Staphylococcus aureus 混合物作诱导源刺激九香虫产生抗菌肽,对血淋巴进行提取、凝胶过滤层析、固相萃取及反相色谱纯化,活性组分经质谱测定。对分离得到的这种抗菌肽进行人工合成,并进行抗菌活性检测。【结果】本研究获得一种九香虫抗菌肽CcAMP1,由17个氨基酸残基组成,分子量为1 997.37 u,带1个正电荷,表面有5个疏水氨基酸。对人工合成的CcAMP1进行抗菌活性检测表明,该抗菌肽与九香虫血淋巴一样对金黄色葡萄球菌等革兰氏阳性菌和大肠杆菌等革兰氏阴性菌都有较好的抗菌活性,且对革兰氏阴性菌的抗菌活性更强。【结论】从九香虫中分离得到具有较强抗菌活性的阳离子抗菌肽CcAMP1,有较大的开发利用价值。     

中国明对虾抗脂多糖因子基因克隆与表达研究

从中国明对虾中成功克隆到抗脂多糖因子(ALF)的cDNA.该cDNA全长594 bp,编码由123个氨基酸组成的蛋白质,该蛋白分子量为13694.02 Da,等电点pI为10.24,有25个氨基酸的信号肽.RT-PER研究表明,ALF基因在中国明对虾血细胞和鳃中有高水平的组成型表达,在细菌刺激后,ALF基因在各组织中的表达均增加,尤其在心脏和胃中表达上调明显.从表达模式可以推测,中国明对虾的抗脂多糖因子,作为一种抗菌肽类效应分子,在清除病原的防御反应中可能起着重要的作用.     

抗菌肽的设计及其应用

抗菌肽(AMP)是生物体内先天免疫系统的一个组成部分,保护机体免受致病微生物的入侵.抗菌肽具有很强的广谱抗菌活性,可抑制革兰氏阳性菌、革兰氏阴性菌、真菌和病毒的生长.为克服微生物对抗生素耐药性的问题,目前阳离子抗菌肽已被考虑作为抗生素的潜在替代品.本文将阐述抗菌肽的作用机理、选择性抗菌肽的设计及其应用.     

抗菌肽临床应用前景分析

抗菌肽是生物天然免疫的重要组成部分,几乎存在于所有种类的生物中。目前已发现的抗菌肽超过2 000种。抗菌肽具有广谱抗菌活性,对大多数革兰氏阳性菌、革兰氏阴性菌和真菌具有强大的抑制作用（包括多药物耐受微生物）,而且这种作用具有较好的选择性。这些特点使抗菌肽具有成为抗感染药物的重大潜力;但抗菌肽的临床应用也面临着一些困难,如抗菌肽大量生产、体内稳定性、微生物耐受等。对抗菌肽临床应用面临的问题及正在进行临床研究和临床前研究的抗菌肽做一简要综述。     

中国林蛙和中华蟾蜍皮肤抗菌肽的分离纯化及其抗菌活性

分别以中国林蛙长白山亚种Rana chensinensis changbaishansis和中华蟾蜍Bufo gargarizans的鲜皮为原料,通过酸化乙醇法提取抗菌肽粗提液,再经葡聚糖凝胶层析进一步分离纯化获得抗菌肽纯品,采用滤纸片法进行抑菌活性研究.结果 表明,经Sephadex G-50和Sephadex G-100分离纯化后获得3种多肽,中国林蛙与中华蟾蜍皮肤中的活性多肽对革兰氏阴性和革兰氏阳性细菌都具有一定的抗菌作用,其中多肽Ⅲ具有最佳的抑菌效果.抗菌肽相对含量比较的结果表明,蟾蜍皮肤中抗菌活性肽的含量较高,是理想的抗菌肽提出和纯化的源材料.     

厚壳贻贝新型抗菌肽myticalin和mytimacin的分子鉴定

从厚壳贻贝(Mytilus coruscus)血细胞转录组数据中鉴定到两种新型抗菌肽, 分别为myticalin和mytimacin。为了解两种抗菌肽的结构与功能, 以及在贻贝免疫过程中的响应模式, 采用固相化学合成技术获得两种抗菌肽化合物, 在此基础上开展了抑菌活性测试, 红细胞毒性测试及对微生物抑制作用机理的扫描电镜观察。此外, 研究了贻贝在不同微生物诱导下, 两种抗菌肽的表达模式。研究结果表明, 化学合成的myticalin和mytimacin均具有抑菌活性, 但抑菌谱有所差异。两种抗菌肽尽管结构差异较大, 但对金黄葡萄球菌和溶藻弧菌的作用机制类似, 均能导致细菌表面形态结构发生变化。此外, mytimacin对白色念珠菌表现出明显抑制作用, 且其作用机制不同于金黄葡萄球菌和溶藻弧菌, 能导致白色念珠菌表面出现孔洞, 而myticalin则无此现象。两种抗菌肽在不同微生物诱导后, 其表达量均明显上调, 但myticalin表现出对革兰氏阳性菌诱导的敏感性, 而mytimacin表现出对真菌和革兰氏阳性菌诱导的敏感性。研究为深入了解贻贝抗菌肽的分子多样性及其抑菌活性机制, 以及贻贝抗菌肽的分子工程研究奠定了基础。     

黄鳍金枪鱼抗菌肽YFGAP在大肠杆菌中融合表达及其活性检测

【目的】抗菌肽YFGAP由32个氨基酸组成,分子量为3.4 kD,对革兰氏阳性菌(G+)和革兰氏阴性菌(G?)表现出强效的抑制作用,不具有溶血活性。在大肠杆菌中表达抗菌肽YFGAP,分离纯化抗菌肽并鉴定其生物学活性。【方法】化学合成EK-YFGAP和L-EK-YFGAP基因序列,构建表达载体pET22b-ELP20-EK-YFGAP、pET22b-ELP40-EK-YFGAP和pET22b-ELP40-L-EK- YFGAP,分别转化至大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)中诱导表达,可逆相变循环纯化融合蛋白。肠激酶酶切,经Vivaspin Turbo纯化柱纯化,测定重组抗菌肽的抑菌活性和溶血活性。【结果】纯化出两种融合蛋白ELP40-EK-YFGAP和ELP40-L-EK-YFGAP,肠激酶酶切纯化后获得重组抗菌肽YFGAP,对4种病原菌均有抑制效果,溶血活性较低。【结论】以ELPs作为非色谱纯化标签,实现了抗菌肽YFGAP的融合表达,具有操作简单、成本低、易于扩大的优势,为重组抗菌肽的量化制备及应用提供了理论基础和技术支持。     

家蝇抗菌肽Domesticin在毕赤酵母中的表达及抑菌活性检测

利用毕赤酵母菌株表达家蝇抗菌肽domesticin基因并检测其抑菌活性。克隆家蝇domesticin基因与pPIC9k质粒相连,构建重组表达载体p PIC9K-domesticin,将其电击转化入毕赤酵母KM71中。甲醇诱导后利用Tricine-SDS-PAGE及Western Blot检测融合蛋白的表达,通过最小抑菌浓度测定表达产物的抑菌活性。结果显示家蝇抗菌肽Domesticin在毕赤酵母中成功表达,抑菌实验表明Domesticin对多种细菌具有抑制作用。Domesticin是一种对受试革兰氏阳性菌和革兰氏阴性菌均具有抑菌活性的广谱新型抗菌肽,有望成为新一代抗菌剂。     

There are abundant antimicrobial peptides in brains of two kinds of Bombina toads

It is well-known that there is a large amount of antimicrobial peptides in amphibian skins but few antimicrobial peptides are found in amphibian brains. Twenty-two and four antimicrobial peptides were purified and characterized from the brain homogenate of Bombina maxima and B. microdeladigitora, respectively. One hundred fifty-eight cDNA clones encoding 79 antimicrobial peptides were isolated from brain cDNA libraries of B. maxima and B. microdeladigitora. These antimicrobial peptides belong to two peptide groups (maximin and maximin-H). Twenty of them are identical to previously reported antimicrobial peptides (maximin 1-8, 10, 11, maximin H1, 3-5, 7, 9, 10, 12, 15, 16) from B. maxima skin secretions. Fifty-nine of them are novel antimicrobial peptides. Some of these antimicrobial peptides showed strong antimicrobial activities against tested microorganism strains including Gram-positive and -negative bacteria and fungi. The current diversity in peptide coding cDNA sequences is, to our knowledge, the most extreme yet described for any animal brains. The extreme diversity may give rise to interest to prospect the actual functions of antimicrobial peptides in amphibian brains.     

杂合抗菌肽在毕赤酵母中的表达及其活性测定

为获得溶血活性低、抗菌活性高的杂合抗菌肽,以家蝇抗菌肽Cec Md和中国林蛙抗菌肽Chensirin为母体肽,并结合毕赤酵母偏爱密码子的原则,设计出6条具有抗菌潜力的新型杂合抗菌肽,将其命名为CC22、CC28、CC29、CC30和CC34(1),CC34,利用SOE-PCR技术合成所需的目的基因,并将其克隆至毕赤酵母表达载体pGAPZαA,通过电击转化技术,将其转化至毕赤酵母SMD1168中,经含有Zeocin的抗性平板筛选阳性转化子,YPD液体培养72h后,经Tricine-SDS-PAGE检测出目的蛋白,然后采用高效液相色谱法对其进行纯化。检测结果显示,表达产物CC29对大肠杆菌、鸡沙门氏菌的最小抑菌浓度(MIC)均为25μg/ml;CC34(1)对大肠杆菌表现相对较弱的抑制作用,最小抑菌浓度为100μg/ml;CC34对鸡沙门氏菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的最小抑菌浓度为50μg/ml;且杂合抗菌肽对有益菌均没有表现出抑制作用。6条杂合肽的溶血活性均呈现较低水平,其中表现出抗菌活性的3条抗菌肽中,以CC29的溶血活性最低,CC34(1)和CC34相对次之。结合抑菌活性,CC29和CC34的抑菌效果较为明显,从而确定溶血活性低且抗菌活性较高的CC29和CC34为新型杂合抗菌肽。     

Characterization of antimicrobial peptides isolated from the skin of the Chinese frog, Rana dybowskii

The skins of amphibians secrete small antimicrobial peptides that fight infection and are being explored as potential alternatives to conventional antibiotics. In this study we combined mass spectrometry with cDNA sequencing to examine antimicrobial peptides in skin secretions from the Chinese frog Rana dybowskii. Thirteen peptides having precursor sequences that resemble known antimicrobial peptides from this genus were identified, ten of which were members of previously described peptide families based on their primary structures; i.e., brevinin-1, Japonicin-1, brevinin-2 and temporin. The other three peptides from R. dybowskii, which were named dybowskin-1CDYa, dybowskin-2 CDYa and dybowskin-2CDYb, had different amino acid compositions and little sequence similarity to known antimicrobial peptides. The carboxyl terminus of dybowskin-1CDY lacked amidation and is therefore clearly distinct from temporin peptides, whereas dybowskin-2CDYa and dybowskin-2CDYb consisted of 18 amino acids and were rich in Arg residues. Chemically synthesized peptides corresponding to mature dybowskin-1CDYa and dybowskin-2CDYa had strong antimicrobial activity and caused little hemolysis of human erythrocytes, suggesting they may serve as interesting templates for the development of novel antibiotics.     

Discovery of novel antimicrobial peptides with unusual cysteine motifs in dandelion Taraxacum officinale Wigg. flowers

Three novel antimicrobial peptides designated ToAMP1, ToAMP2 and ToAMP3 were purified from Taraxacum officinale flowers. Their amino acid sequences were determined. The peptides are cationic and cysteine-rich and consist of 38, 44 and 42 amino acid residues for ToAMP1, ToAMP2 and ToAMP3, respectively. Importantly, according to cysteine motifs, the peptides are representatives of two novel previously unknown families of plant antimicrobial peptides. ToAMP1 and ToAMP2 share high sequence identity and belong to 6-Cys-containing antimicrobial peptides, while ToAMP3 is a member of a distinct 8-Cys family. The peptides were shown to display high antimicrobial activity both against fungal and bacterial pathogens, and therefore represent new promising molecules for biotechnological and medicinal applications.     

Novel Antimicrobial Peptides EeCentrocins 1, 2 and EeStrongylocin 2 from the Edible Sea Urchin Echinus esculentus Have 6-Br-Trp Post-Translational Modifications

The global problem of microbial resistance to antibiotics has resulted in an urgent need to develop new antimicrobial agents. Natural antimicrobial peptides are considered promising candidates for drug development. Echinoderms, which rely on innate immunity factors in the defence against harmful microorganisms, are sources of novel antimicrobial peptides. This study aimed to isolate and characterise antimicrobial peptides from the Edible sea urchin Echinus esculentus. Using bioassay-guided purification and cDNA cloning, three antimicrobial peptides were characterised from the haemocytes of the sea urchin; two heterodimeric peptides and a cysteine-rich peptide. The peptides were named EeCentrocin 1 and 2 and EeStrongylocin 2, respectively, due to their apparent homology to the published centrocins and strongylocins isolated from the green sea urchin Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis. The two centrocin-like peptides EeCentrocin 1 and 2 are intramolecularly connected via a disulphide bond to form a heterodimeric structure, containing a cationic heavy chain of 30 and 32 amino acids and a light chain of 13 amino acids. Additionally, the light chain of EeCentrocin 2 seems to be N-terminally blocked by a pyroglutamic acid residue. The heavy chains of EeCentrocins 1 and 2 were synthesised and shown to be responsible for the antimicrobial activity of the natural peptides. EeStrongylocin 2 contains 6 cysteines engaged in 3 disulphide bonds. A fourth peptide (Ee4635) was also discovered but not fully characterised. Using mass spectrometric and NMR analyses, EeCentrocins 1 and 2, EeStrongylocin 2 and Ee4635 were all shown to contain post-translationally brominated Trp residues in the 6 position of the indole ring.     

华重楼内生菌抗菌肽的分离纯化及其特性

摘要：【目的】华重楼内生菌PCE45具有较强的抗菌活性,本文将对PCE45产生的抗菌物质进行分离纯化和性质分析报道。【方法】PCE45发酵液经硫酸铵盐析、丙酮沉淀、SephadexG75柱、DE52纤维素柱和SephadexG25凝胶柱纯化分离得到抗菌肽PCP-1。【结果】稳定性测试表明该抗菌肽对蛋白酶不敏感,对高温、强酸、强碱有较好的耐受性,可造成稻瘟病菌菌丝畸形并抑制孢子萌发。抑菌谱表明该抗菌肽对玉米弯胞病菌等真菌和大肠杆菌等细菌有较强的抑菌效果。质谱测得其分子量为1058.3D。氨基酸组成分析表明该     

Molecular cloning of novel antimicrobial peptide genes from the skin of the Chinese brown frog, Rana chensinensis

One species of the Chinese brown frog, Rana chensinensis, is widely distributed in north-central China. In this study, a cDNA library was constructed to clone the antimicrobial peptides' genes from the skin of R. chensinensis. Twenty-three prepropeptide cDNA sequences encoding twelve novel mature antimicrobial peptides were isolated and characterized. Six peptides belonged to three known families previously identified from other Ranid frogs: temporin (4 peptides), brevinin-2 (1 peptide), and palustrin-2 (1 peptide). The other six peptides showed little similarity to known antimicrobial peptides. According to the amino acid sequences, with or without α-helix structure, and either hydrophilic or hydrophobic, these were organized into four new families: chensinin-1 (3 peptides), chensinin-2 (1 peptide), chensinin-3 (1 peptide), and chensinin-4 (1 peptide). Five peptides from different families were chemically synthesized, and their antimicrobial, cytolytic, and hemolytic activities were evaluated. Of these, brevinin-2CE showed strongest antimicrobial activities against both the Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria with a slight hemolysis. Temporin-1CEe and palustrin-2CE also displayed a slight hemolysis, but they had different activities to prokaryotic cells. Temporin-1CEe showed higher antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive bacteria than Gram-negative bacteria, whereas it was contrary to palustrin-2CE. Chensinin-1 CEb and chensinin-3CE only had moderate antimicrobial activity against microorganisms. In addition, the brevinin-2 peptides from different brown frogs were analyzed to reveal the taxonomy and phylogenetic relationships of R. chensinensis.