高岚河大型底栖动物时空分布及影响因子研究

为了解大型底栖动物沿河流分布的物种丰富度变化及环境因子对其种群的影响,于2016年12月对高岚河的大型底栖动物进行了调查,并对理化指标进行了测定。研究结果发现,物种丰富度沿河流纵向梯度变化差异性不显著,生物多样性指数沿河流变化差异不显著,说明高岚河大型底栖动物群落结构稳定。高岚河上游的生态指示种为高翔蜉和四节蜉,中游的生态指示种为四节蜉和萝卜螺,下游的指示种为萝卜螺。模糊聚类分析发现高岚河大型底栖动物类群可划分为3个生境类群,且在梯度分布下群落生境较相似,大型底栖动物群落间关系接近,分布均匀。典范对应分析发现影响大型底栖动物群落结构沿梯度分布的主要因子是海拔、pH、浊度和深度。     

永定河流域大型底栖动物群落分布格局及其影响因子

人类干扰造成了全球河流生态系统的普遍退化。流域尺度的水生生物分布特征及其影响因素研究对于河流生态系统的保护与恢复具有重要意义。本研究以永定河流域大型底栖动物群落为研究对象,分别于2017年春季(3月)、夏季(7月)、秋季(11月)开展全流域尺度的大型底栖动物调查。研究表明: 永定河流域以摇蚊科为主,优势类群包括直突摇蚊属、摇蚊属、雕翅摇蚊属以及多足摇蚊属。聚类分析表明,大型底栖动物群落结构存在显著的空间差异性,按照群落相似性可分为2组: 组1主要包含桑干河和东洋河水系,以直突摇蚊为主要优势种;组2主要包含洋河、妫水河以及永定河干流部分河段,以雕翅摇蚊为主要优势种。单因素方差分析表明,组2生物量、Shannon指数、Margalef指数、Pielou均匀度指数以及物种丰富度均显著高于组1,指示了该区域内更好的生态状况。大型底栖动物的季节差异显著,夏季的密度、生物量和各多样性指数均显著低于春季和秋季。典范对应分析显示,影响永定河大型底栖动物空间分布的环境因子主要包括水温、铵氮、pH、溶解氧和总磷。从水文因子的角度,流量和流速与主要生物参数存在显著相关性。组2中流速和流量与大型底栖动物密度和EPT%存在显著的正相关关系,表明急流生境有利于EPT(蜉蝣目、襀翅目、毛翅目)敏感类群的生存;但流量和流速与多样性指数呈负相关关系,表明过高流量和流速的生境条件不利于大型底栖动物多样性的维持。总之,水环境因子、水文因子都显示出了对大型底栖动物群落结构和多样性特征的影响,表明永定河流域生态系统受到多类型人为活动的影响。减少水质污染、适度恢复部分河段的流量是永定河流域生态系统修复的重要环节。     

太浦河大型底栖动物群落组成及时空分布特征

太浦河连接东太湖和黄浦江,是东太湖向下游行洪的主河道,也是黄浦江上游重要的引水水源。分别于2017年10月、12月和2018年3月、6月在太浦河沿程设置的5个站点开展了大型底栖动物季节频次的取样调研,分析了太浦河大型底栖动物群落的结构特征及其主要影响因子。调查期间共采集到大型底栖动物25种,隶属于3门6纲14科,其中以河蚬（Corbicula fluminea）为代表的双壳类和以铜锈环棱螺（Bellamya aeruginosa）为代表的腹足类处优势地位。太浦河大型底栖动物群落的密度、生物量及多样性特征在不同站点间均存在显著差异（P<0.05）;而在不同季节间均不存在显著差异（P>0.05）。聚类排序分析表明,太浦河大型底栖动物群落在空间上的差异较季节间的变化更为明显。太浦河大型底栖动物群落的物种组成特征与太浦河、东太湖的水文连通格局密切相关;而沿程不同程度人为干扰下的水体营养水平以及底质类型与生境异质性等生境条件对太浦河大型底栖动物群落的分布特征具有重要影响,其综合作用机理有待进一步研究。     

温州湾天河滩涂大型底栖动物群落分布与季节变化

2003年11月至2004年8月,在温州湾天河潮间带按季节取样对大型底栖动物群落进行了研究.共发现大型底栖动物38种,隶属7门8纲23科,主要为软体动物、节肢动物和环节动物多毛类.物种获得数季节间差异不显著(F3,9=1.76,P＞0.05),但潮位间种类获得数差异极显著(F3,9=9.56,P＜0.01).潮上带、高潮带、中潮带和低潮带的密度、生物量分别为:144.50±14.24 ind./m2,58.56±13.23 g/m2;171.00±16.52ind./m2,40.57±12.60 g/m2;182.50±39.38 ind./m2,50.26±10.57 g/m2和94.00±28.88 ind./m2,16.55±7.27 g/m2.密度的季节间差异和潮位差异均不显著(F3,9=2.78和F3,9=2.14,P＞0.05),而生物量在季节和潮位间差异极显著(F3,9=16.72和F3,9=22.24,P＜0.01).Margalef物种丰富度指数和Shannon-Weiner多样性指数4季平均数表现为:中潮带＞高潮带＞低潮带＞潮上带;Pielou均匀度指数平均数表现为:低潮带＞中潮带＞高潮带＞潮上带;Simpson优势度指数平均数表现为:中潮带＜高潮带＜低潮带＜潮上带.对4季4潮带16个群落进行聚类和排序分析可以看出,中高潮带界限不明显,低潮带和潮上带的界限明显.分析表明:生境条件的不同是大型底栖动物群落组成差异的主要原因,同一站位大型底栖动物群落物种构成数各季节之间差异不显著[动物学报52(1):45-52,2006].     

泉州湾蟳埔潮间带大型底栖动物群落的时空分布

为了比较泉州湾蟳埔潮间带沙滩、互花米草滩和牡蛎石泥滩3种生境(3个潮层)的大型底栖动物群落,2011年4月至2012年1月对3种生境的大型底栖动物进行了季度定量取样。在3种生境共获得85种大型底栖动物,其中环节动物39种,软体动物20种,节肢动物21种,刺胞动物、扁形动物、纽虫动物、星虫动物和脊索动物各1种。多维标度排序(MDS)分析表明,春季和冬季泉州湾蟳埔潮间带3种生境的大型底栖动物群落相似性较低;夏季和秋季互花米草滩与牡蛎石泥滩的大型底栖动物群落相似性较高,而与沙滩的大型底栖动物群落相似性较低。沙滩大型底栖动物群落的季节变化较明显,其次是牡蛎石泥滩,而互花米草滩大型底栖动物群落的季节变化较不明显。大型底栖动物栖息密度和生物量随着潮层降低而增加。单变量双因素方差分析(Two-way ANOVA)表明,不同生境之间的大型底栖动物物种数、栖息密度、多样性指数、均匀度指数和丰度指数有显著差异,但生物量无显著差异,这是因为沙滩的物种数较少,栖息密度较低,但优势种弧边招潮蟹(Uca arcuata)个体较大,互花米草滩和牡蛎石泥滩的优势种为加州中蚓虫(Mediomastus californiensis),个体相对弧边招潮蟹小。不同季节之间大型底栖动物物种数、栖息密度、生物量和丰度指数有显著差异,但多样性指数和均匀度指数元显著差异,这是因为沙滩物种数少,但个体分布比较均匀,而互花米草滩和牡蛎石泥滩物种数较多,个体分布较不均匀。以上结果表明,潮汐、沉积物粒径和生境是影响潮间带大型底栖动物群落的主要因素。潮汐导致潮间带的空间异质性,空间异质性导致大型底栖动物群落的差异。     

拉萨河流域大型底栖动物群落结构及其与环境因子的关系

2017年8月对拉萨河流域23个采样点的底栖动物群落和环境因子特征进行了调查,采集到大型底栖动物41属(种),其中水生昆虫35属(种),占85.4%;软体动物2属(种),占4.9%;环节动物3属(种),占7.3%;线形动物1属(种),占2.4%。各点位平均物种数为8种,优势种组成差别较大,优势种主要有四节蜉属(Baetis spp.)、大蚊属(Tipula sp.)、纹石蛾属(Hydopsychesp.)、短石蛾属(Brachycentrus sp.)、水丝蚓属(Limnodrilus sp.)、摇蚊属(Chironomus sp.)等,各采样点底栖动物平均密度为362只/m2。运用生物多样性指数分析底栖动物的群落结构,Marglef丰富度指数、香农威纳指数和均匀度指数平均值分别为1.18、1.32和0.49,生物多样性指数水平较低。采用均匀度指数法和底栖动物BI指数法进行了水质评价,两种评价结果显示分别有30.3%和56.5%的采样点水质为中污染至重污染状态。典范对应分析结果表明:影响拉萨河流域底栖动物群落的主要环境因子是海拔、化学需氧量、硫化物、p H值、总磷和总氮。     

温榆河大型底栖动物季节分布特征的研究

为了研究温榆河底栖动物季节变化情况,于2011年对温榆河大型底栖动物进行了季节采样,并采用物种优势度指数、Shannon-Wiener指数、Margalef指数、Pielou指数4个指标探求大型底栖动物季节分布特征。结果表明:温榆河共检出底栖动物64种,春季、夏季和秋季均有3种优势物种,其中,夏、秋两季的优势物种均为霍甫水丝蚓(Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri)、猛摇蚊(Chironomus acerbiphilus)和苏氏尾鳃蚓(Branchiura Sowerbyias)。生物多样性指数基本以秋季为最大值,秋季是评价研究区底栖动物群落的最佳季节。Pearson相关分析表明水温对春季生物多样性指数的影响最为显著,夏季和冬季均只有Pielou指数与其中的一个水质指标呈显著正相关关系。     

红树林植被对大型底栖动物群落的影响

大型底栖动物是红树林生态系统的重要组成部分,从红树林大型底栖动物种类、红树林与其周边生境大型底栖动物群落的比较,以及生境变化对动物群落的影响等方面阐述了红树林植被与大型底栖动物群落的关系.从物种数量上看,软体动物和甲壳类动物构成了红树林大型底栖动物的主要部分.影响大型底栖动物分布的环境因素包括海水盐度、潮位和土壤特性等,但在小范围区域,林内动物的分布更多地与红树林植被特性和潮位有关.因此,由于红树林植被破坏或者恢复引起的生境变化,将导致大型底栖动物群落和常见物种种群的变化,尤其对底上动物影响明显;随着人工恢复红树林的发育,林内底栖动物的多样性相应增加,优势种也发生变化.相比位于相同潮位的无植被滩涂,红树林可促进潮间带生物多样性.     

珠海横琴红树林区不同季节大型底栖动物群落结构与分布

对珠海横琴岛沿岸次生红树林区大型底栖动物的群落结构与分布的季节性变化进行比较研究。采集到软体动物、甲壳动物、环节动物、昆虫和鱼类共39 种。大型底栖动物平均栖息密度为秋季最高(1872.53 ind·m^–2), 春季最低(401.60 ind·m^–2); 平均生物量也是秋季最高(155.66 g·m^–2), 夏季最低(24.43 g·m^–2)。各季节不同样地所采集的物种其栖息密度在100 ind·m^–2 以上。底内型(IN)及杂食性(O)物种分别超过动物总数的50%。系统聚类显示, 除冬季外, 老鼠簕和桐花树站位的相似性极低, 其余站位居于两者之间。Margalef 丰富度指数、Shannon-Wiener 多样性指数、Simpson多样性指数和Pielou 均匀度指数的综合分析表明, 本调查点大型底栖动物的群落结构、生物多样性等具有季节性的变化, 并已受到一定程度的人为干扰。     

Environmental factors, regional body size distributions and spatial variation in body size of local avian assemblages

Aim To determine how well variation in median body size of avian assemblages is predicted by (1) the environmental models usually employed in analyses of Bergmann's rule and (2) random sampling from the regional body size frequency distribution. If body size frequency distributions of local assemblages represent a random sample of a regional frequency distribution, then geographical variation in body sizes of assemblages might be a consequence of the determinants of spatial variation in species richness rather than direct influences on body size per se. Location Southern Africa. Methods Median body masses (as a measure of body size) of avian assemblages were calculated for quarter‐degree grid cells across South Africa and Lesotho. The relationship between median body mass and four environmental variables (minimum and maximum monthly temperatures, precipitation and seasonality in the normalized difference vegetation index, as a measure of seasonality in productivity) was examined using general linear models first without taking spatial autocorrelation into account, and then accounting for it by fitting an exponential spatial covariance structure. Model fit was assessed using the Akaike information criterion and Akaike weights. At each species richness value, random assemblages were sampled by either drawing species randomly from the regional body mass frequency distribution, or drawing species from the regional body mass frequency distribution with a probability proportional to their geographical distribution in the area. The ability of randomizations to predict actual body masses was examined using two‐tailed Fisher exact tests. Results Seasonality in productivity was the only environmental variable that remained a significant predictor of body mass variation in spatially explicit models, though the positive relationship was weak. When species richness was included in the models it remained the only significant predictor of size variation. Randomizations predicted median body mass poorly at low species richness, but well at high richness. Main conclusions Environmental models that have previously been proposed explain little of the variation in body mass across avian assemblages in South Africa. However, much of the variation in the median mass of assemblages could be predicted by randomly drawing species from the regional body mass frequency distribution, particularly using randomizations in which all species were drawn from the regional body mass frequency distribution with equal probability and at high species richness values. This outcome emphasizes the need to consider null expectations in investigations of the geographical variation in body size together with the probable environmental mechanisms underlying spatial variation in average size. Moreover, it suggests that in the South African avifauna, spatial variation in the body sizes of assemblages may be determined indirectly by the factors that influence geographical variation in species richness.     

Analysis of environmental factors in sediment based on benthic macroinvertebrates in streams,Korea

This research summarizes the data on benthic macroinvertebrates collected in the 15 streams during spring (June) and fall (September–October) of 2022. The objectives of this study were (i) to evaluate the quality of surface waters, sediments, and benthic macroinvertebrates ; and (ii) to compare the relationship with the environmental variables in water, sediments and benthic macroinvertebrates that inhabit 15 streams. A total of 114 taxa were collected. The assemblages from the 15 sites were dominated by Chironomidae and Tubificidae, especially Chironomidae constituted 45.0% density occurrence. The low grades of Benthic Macroinvertebrate Index (BMI) were calculated in 10 sites with disturbed (“poor” or “very poor”). Low BMI sites mostly showed Tubificidae or Chironomidae dominant characteristics. The biological indices, BMI, % Tubificidae, and % Chironomidae, were significantly correlated with DO and conductivity. DO was also significantly correlated with all the benthic macroinvertebrate factors and diversity except percent Tubificidae. The heavy metal parameters were correlated mostly with species number, BMI, and diversity index. The objectives of this study examine the diversity of benthic macroinvertebrate in the 15 streams and investigate the relative importance of environmental quality for benthic macroinvertebrate distribution.     

雅鲁藏布江流域底栖动物多样性及生态评价

雅鲁藏布江起源于喜马拉雅山,是世界上海拔最高的河流之一,是流经我国西藏境内重要的国际河流,其河流生态系统具有特殊地貌及生态条件。研究该流域底栖动物多样性分布特征及其影响因子,是科学评价该区域河流生态系统健康状况,实现资源可持续开发利用的基础。2009年10月—2010年6月期间,以底栖动物作为指示物种,对雅江流域干支流及堰塞湖的14个采样断面进行河流生态评价。采用Alpha及Beta生物多样性指数分别指示局部采样河段及全区域的底栖动物多样性。对采样断面底栖动物组成分析发现:14个采样断面共采集到底栖动物110种,隶属57科102属。雅江干流底栖动物种类数最高为29,平均为19。支流年楚河种类数为17。支流拉萨河,尼洋河,帕龙藏布的最高种类数分别为25,33,36;平均种类数分别为21,21,22,生物多样性普遍高于干流。整个流域中底栖动物平均种类数相差不大,但种类组成和密度相差较大。调查区域的Beta多样性指数β高于低海拔地区的相似的山区河流,说明雅江流域内底栖动物群落差异性高于正常海拔地区。对14个采样断面的物种组成进行除趋势对应分析表明:影响雅江流域底栖动物多样性的主要因素为河型,河床阻力结构,堤岸结构,水流流速。保持稳定的阶梯-深潭结构和自然堤岸结构,以及适宜的流速有利于保护雅江河流生态。     

渤海湾大型底栖动物调查及与环境因子的相关性

对渤海湾大型底栖动物和环境因子进行调查,利用多元分析技术对大型底栖动物与环境因子之间的关系进行研究。调查期间共发现大型底栖动物45种,平均密度为406个/m2。大型底栖动物数量空间变化明显,呈现从近岸到外海降低的变化特征。运用典范对应分析(CCA)探讨大型底栖动物与环境因子之间的关系,并采用向前引入法对环境因子进行逐步筛选,Monte Carlo置换检验结果显示,水深、无机氮和溶解氧是影响渤海湾大型底栖动物空间分布的关键环境因子。     

Seston sedimentation in a lowland river (River Spree,Germany): their spatial and temporal variations and controlling factors

Sedimentation of organic particles plays a decisive role in streams in relation to pelagic loss as well as retention of nutrients and other substances. The plate sediment trap allows for the direct measurement of these net fluxes. Biweekly measurements were undertaken in the eutrophic lowland River Spree (MQ 14 m³ s^–1) 10 km upstream of Berlin in 1999 and 2000. Trapping rates between 0.5 and 25 g DW m^–2 day^–1 were found near the bank. The variance of seston sedimentation is controlled by the seston concentration, the settling velocity of the particles and the flow velocity. The sinking velocity exhibits significant seasonal fluctuations with highest values in summer. It is shown that the critical flow velocity for sedimentation is another important parameter. This controls the distribution of sedimentation over the width of the river and thus the effective average sedimentation rate for the entire river segment. This average rate ranged between 0.9 and 6.6 g DW m^–2 day^–1.     

祁连山南坡主要河谷NDVI时空变化及影响因素分析

为进一步保护祁连山生态环境及合理开发利用河流沿线的植被资源,该文基于MODIS数据的NDVI产品及DEM数据集,对祁连山南坡主要河流谷地2000—2018年植被生长季的NDVI时空分布特征进行了研究,并提取研究区的主要地形因子,分析其对河流谷地植被生长季NDVI的影响.结果表明:随着河流两侧缓冲区距离逐渐增大,各年份的...     

Invasion by the amphipod Gammarus pulex alters community composition of native freshwater macroinvertebrates

Assessing the effects of invading species on native community structure is often confounded by environmental factors and weakened by lack of replicated, long-term pre- and post-invasion monitoring. Here, we uncouple the community effects of a freshwater amphipod invader from environmental differences. In Irish rivers, the introduced Gammarus pulex replaces the native Gammarus duebeni celticus . However, the River Lissan in Northern Ireland is dissected by a weir that has slowed the upstream invasion by G. pulex . This allowed us in 2000 to sample three contiguous 150-m reaches that were (1) G. pulex dominated; (2) mixed Gammarus spp.; and (3) G. duebeni celticus only. In 2003, we resampled these reaches and one additional of mixed Gammarus species and one with only G. duebeni celticus further upstream. In temperature, conductivity, and pH, there were statistically significant but no biologically relevant differences among the five reaches of 2003, and between the three reaches surveyed in both years. Although there was evidence of recovery in macroinvertebrate diversity and richness in invaded reaches between years, continued upstream invasion was associated with sustained reductions in these community metrics as compared to un-invaded sites. Community ordination indicated (1) different associations of community composition attributed to the distribution, abundance, and biomass of the invader; and (2) increasing similarity of invaded communities over time. The impact mechanisms of G. pulex on macroinvertebrate community composition may include predation and competition. The consequences of the observed community changes for ecosystem functioning require further investigation.