黑粒青稞HvtUF3GT基因的克隆与表达分析

该研究以黑粒青稞品种‘黑老鸦’籽粒为材料,克隆了青稞类黄酮3-O-葡萄糖基转移酶基因(HvtUF3GT),获得1 449 bp序列。HvtUF3GT基因包含一个1 434 bp开放阅读框,编码478个氨基酸,理论等电点为5.45,预测蛋白分子量为52 912.58 Da。蛋白质序列分析表明,HvtUF3GT为亲水性的不稳定酸性蛋白,且在C-末端具有一段典型的44个氨基酸PSPG box,在空间结构中含有β-α-β-α-βRossmann折叠结构,属于UDP糖基转移酶基因GT-B型超家族成员。进化树分析表明,HvtUF3GT与小麦族的大麦、乌拉尔图小麦、山羊草和二穗短柄草的糖基转移酶聚为一个分支,且与大麦的亲缘关系最近,与稻族的籼稻和短花稻的亲缘关系较远。半定量和定量PCR结果表明,在‘INB0N-7’蓝粒青稞和‘昆仑12号’白粒青稞的籽粒灌浆后期HvtUF3GT基因不表达,而在黑粒青稞和紫粒青稞中的表达强弱依次为‘黑老鸦’(黑粒)‘昆仑17号’(黑粒)‘达章紫’(紫粒)‘涅如姆扎’(紫粒)。研究推测,HvtUF3GT基因在青稞灌浆后期籽粒着色过程中发挥着重要作用。     

滇牡丹类黄酮3-O-葡萄糖基转移酶基因的鉴定及表达分析

在植物中,类黄酮3-O-葡萄糖基转移酶(F3GT)将不稳定的花色素转变为稳定的花色素苷,是花色素苷形成的关键酶。本研究采样RT-PCR技术从滇牡丹中成功克隆获得一个完整的F3GT基因(Pd F3GT1),其含有1 371 bp的开放阅读框(ORF),编码456个氨基酸。该基因推断的蛋白与葡萄(Vitis vinifera)3GT蛋白的相似性为64%;与已知功能的3GT基因进行系统进化分析,结果显示Pd3GT1与葡萄3GT聚类到同一个分支。氨基酸比对显示Pd3GT1蛋白序列还有糖基转移酶家族特有的PSPG-box结构域。半定量PCR结果显示:Pd3GT1在花蕾,花开时期的花瓣中大量表达,在叶和花芽中有微弱表达;在根和茎中没有表达。说明Pd3GT基因表达具有组织表达特异性。该研究将为研究滇牡丹花色素形成机理,以及对滇牡丹类黄酮糖基转移酶的功能鉴定和利用基因工程手段改良花卉品质提供理论依据。     

一个烟草葡糖基转移酶基因启动子的克隆与诱导表达

中南民族大学生命科学学院李静、刘学群和王春台3位科研工作者利用从烟草中克隆的一个葡糖基转移酶基因（GT—like）,通过PCR扩增得到该基因开放阅读框5’端-1150～0上游调控区,经序列分析表明该启动子序列含有多个基因表达调控元件。将GT—Like基因启动子与gus报告基因连接,构建植物表达载体pGT-gus,经根癌农杆菌介导法转化W38型烟草。转基因烟草植株GUS组织化学染色结果表明：     

马缨杜鹃Rd3GT1的克隆及对矮牵牛花色形成的影响北大核心CSCD

类黄酮3-O-糖基转移酶(3GT)是花色素苷生物合成途径末端的酶,负责将糖基供体转移至花青素的3-OH位置,在增加花色素苷的稳定性与水溶性方面发挥重要作用。研究马缨杜鹃3GT在花色素苷生物合成中的功能,为马缨杜鹃花色形成及调控研究奠定基础。运用 RT-PCR 技术克隆获得马缨杜鹃3GT基因(Rd3GT1)全长CDS序列,并对其进行生物信息学分析,再利用DNA重组技术完成植物表达载体pBI121-Rd3GT1的构建,利用农杆菌介导法对矮牵牛进行遗传转化,同时对再生植株进行转基因及表型鉴定,并完成基因表达量及花色素苷检测分析。结果表明,Rd3GT1全长CDS序列为1 395 bp,编码464个氨基酸。蛋白多序列比对和系统进化分析表明,Rd3GT1属于3GT家族成员。与野生型相比,转Rd3GT1的矮牵牛植株花色由白色变为粉色,花色素苷与黄酮醇的积累显著增加,同时多个类黄酮合成相关基因表达显著升高。综上,Rd3GT1在花色素苷合成过程中发挥重要功能,可用于其它植物花色改良研究。     

箭叶淫羊藿EsUF3GT基因的克隆及表达分析

类黄酮3-O-糖基转移酶(flavonoid 3-O-glucosyltransferase,UF3GT)可以把不稳定的花色素催化成花色素苷。本研究采用同源基因克隆技术获得箭叶淫羊藿Epimedium sagittatum(Sieb.and Zucc.)Maxim.UF3GT基因c DNA开放阅读框(Open Reading Frame,ORF)序列,命名为Es UF3GT(Gen Bank注册号为KJ648620)。序列分析表明,该基因ORF全长为1356 bp,编码451个氨基酸,与其它植物中UF3GT蛋白序列的相似性为40%~50%。进化树分析发现,Es UF3GT同催化类黄酮3-O糖基化的糖基转移酶聚为一枝。qRTPCR分析结果显示,Es UF3GT在花中的表达量最高,约为叶片、花蕾中表达水平的2.3倍,果实及根中表达水平的19倍。花青素含量检测表明,花蕾中的含量最高(130.4 mg/100 g),分别是叶片、花、果实及根中含量的3.5、5.2、72、87倍。我们推测Es UF3GT参与了箭叶淫羊藿花色素苷的生物合成,此结果为深入开展EsUF3GT的生化功能研究奠定了基础。     

芜菁UF3GT基因的克隆及表达特性

目的:克隆‘津田’芜菁和‘赤丸’芜菁的UDP-葡萄糖∶类黄酮3-O-葡萄糖基转移酶(UF3GT)基因并研究其表达特性。方法:利用RT-PCR方法克隆‘津田’芜菁BrUF3GT1基因和‘赤丸’芜菁BrUF3GT2基因,并进行生物信息学分析;通过Northern杂交检测BrUF3GT1和BrUF3GT2基因的UV-A诱导表达特性;对BrUF3GT1和BrUF3GT2基因进行原核诱导表达。结果:BrUF3GT1和BrUF3GT2的开放读框为1407 bp,编码468个氨基酸残基;氨基酸序列分析显示,BrUF3GT1和BrUF3GT2与拟南芥UF3GT的同源性为87%,从第16~453位氨基酸残基的肽段具有糖基转移酶家族成员的结构域;BrUF3GT1和BrUF3GT2基因具有高度同源性,核苷酸序列在7个位点存在差异,推导的氨基酸序列在1个位点存在差异;Northern杂交结果显示,UV-A可以诱导BrUF3GT1和BrUF3GT2基因表达,基因的表达量与处理时间相关;原核诱导表达及纯化后可以获得相对分子质量分别约为51.88×103和51.89×103的BrUF3GT1和BrUF3GT2蛋白。结论:克隆了‘津田’芜菁和‘赤丸’芜菁的UF3GT基因,为初步阐明2种芜菁的花青素生物合成机理奠定了实验基础。     

产黑普雷沃氏菌糖基转移酶基因的扩增和序列分析

产黑普雷沃氏菌(Prevotella melaninogenica)属革兰阴性专性厌氧菌,是引起牙周疾病的病原之一。为了研究牙周炎患者产黑普雷沃氏菌是否存在及其分子特征,用棉签刮取患者口腔,沸水-液氮法破碎细胞,同时设计产黑普雷沃氏菌糖基转移酶基因的1对引物,利用常规PCR方法扩增产黑普雷沃氏菌糖基转移酶基因。经NCBI序列相似性比对,发现该患者感染的产黑普雷沃氏菌糖基转移酶基因核苷酸序列与P.melaninogenica ATCC 25845菌株的糖基转移酶基因(Gen Bank accession No.CP002122)同源性最高,达92%;其编码的糖基转移酶部分氨基酸序列与P.melaninogenica菌株的甘露糖糖基转移酶(Gen Bank accession No.WP_013264679)同源性最高,达98%。以糖基转移酶部分氨基酸序列构建系统进化树,结果表明,本试验获得的产黑普雷沃氏菌与其它报道的P.melaninogenica菌株同源性最高,属于同一组(group)。     

七彩红竹中类黄酮-3-O-葡萄糖基转移酶基因的克隆及功能分析

类黄酮-3-O-葡萄糖基转移酶(Flavonoid-3-O-glucosyltransferase,3GT)是花青苷(Anthocyanins)生物合成途径中的关键酶,它主要负责将不稳定的花色素转变为稳定的花色素苷,虽然目前已经从其他植物中克隆获得类黄酮-3-O-葡萄糖基转移酶,但是对竹子中的类黄酮-3-O-葡萄糖基转移酶并不清楚。该文以产生花青素的七彩红竹(Indosasa hispida Mc Clure cv.Rainbow)为材料,首先通过3GT的同源比对后设计3GT基因特异引物,获得3GT基因片段;然后运用RT-PCR及RACE技术从七彩红竹茎中克隆得到完整的3GT基因(Ih3GT)。结果表明:Ih3GT基因的c DNA全长序列为1 730 bp,含有1个1 425 bp的开放阅读框(ORF),编码474个氨基酸;系统进化分析显示,七彩红竹3GT与其他禾本科植物的3GT聚类到同一个分支;该基因推断的蛋白与水稻(Oryza sativa)3GT蛋白的相似性为69%,与二穗短柄草(Brachypodium distachyon)3GT的相似性为67%;经氨基酸序列比对,推断七彩红竹3GT含有糖基转移酶基因家族特有的结构域PSPG-box;半定量PCR的结果显示,七彩红竹3GT基因在微红的幼茎中大量表达,而在其他组织中并不表达,说明Ih3GT具有组织表达特异性。该结果为今后深入研究七彩红竹花色苷的形成机理、鉴定Ih3GT酶活性以及利用Ih3GT基因培育竹子新品种奠定了基础。     

益母草糖基转移酶基因的克隆及原核表达分析(英文稿)

通过cDNA末端快速扩增技术(rapid amplification of cDNA ends,RACE)从益母草(Leonurus heterophyllus Sweet)叶片中克隆获得了一个编码糖基转移酶的基因(LhsUGT)。该基因cDNA全长为1562bp,开放阅读框(openreading frame,ORF)为1368bp,编码455个氨基酸残基,其分子量和等电点分别为50.47kD和5.52。生物信息学分析结果显示:LhsUGT编码的酶蛋白含有3种二级结构,其中α螺旋占43.1%,β折叠片占17.5%,无规卷曲占39.4%,其C端还发现了一段高度保守的PSPG结构域,说明LhsUGT编码的酶蛋白属于植物糖基转移酶超家族;对LhsUGT的氨基酸序列进行BLAST同源比对,发现益母草与其它植物的糖基转移酶序列相似性为26.4%~68.0%;系统进化树分析表明,LhsUGT蛋白属于拟南芥糖基转移酶超家族的L组,故推测它可能具有催化简单酚类发生糖基化的功能;SDS-PAGE电泳显示,原核表达系统成功表达出分子量约为69kD的LhsUGT重组蛋白,其N端含有一段17.9kD的His标签,且在IPTG诱导5h后达到最高表达量。本研究结果为进一步开展体外酶促反应、阐明益母草糖基转移酶的生物学功能奠定了基础。     

天山雪莲UDP葡萄糖-类黄酮-3-O-葡萄糖基转移酶基因的克隆及功能分析

UDP葡萄糖-类黄酮-3-O-葡萄糖基转移酶(Flavonoid-3-O-glucosyltransferas,3GT)是植物重要的次生代谢产物生物合成途径中的关键酶。文中采用现代生物信息手段,经3GT的同源比对后设计基因特异引物,运用RT-PCR及RACE技术从天山雪莲Saussurea involucrata Kar.et Kir.叶片中克隆得到3GT基因的全长序列(GenBank Accession No.JN092127)。3GT基因的cDNA全长序列含有1个1 548 bp的开放阅读框(ORF),编码516个氨基酸,该基因推断的蛋白与草莓GT6蛋白的相似性为91%,与毛杨梅3GT的相似性为89%;经序氨基酸序列比对,推断的天山雪莲3GT具有糖基转移酶基因家族特有的结构域PSPG-box。半定量PCR的结果显示,天山雪莲3GT基因在叶及愈伤组织中表达量最高,在根中有少量表达,茎中不表达。将该基因构建到含有35S启动子的植物表达载体上,利用农杆菌介导的遗传转化法进行同源转化,将筛选到的含有转3GT基因的愈伤组织进行悬浮培养,并用紫外分光光度法测量其黄酮含量是非转基因愈伤组织总黄酮平均值的2.06倍。     

Systematic significance of mature embryo of bamboos

The mature embryo of seven species belonging to five genera of Indian bamboos is described. In all these the basic pattern of embryo organisation is same: the scutellar and coleoptilar bundles are not separated by an internode, the epiblast is absent, the lower portion of the scutellum and the coleorhiza are separated by a cleft and the margins of embryonic leaves overlap. The features unique to fleshy fruited bamboos are: presence of a massive scutellum, the juxtaposition of plumule and radicle and the occurrence of a bud in the axil of the coleoptile. The fleshy fruit bearing bamboos should be classified into one group, the tribeMelocanneae. Evidence is provided to recognise additional groups in the subfamilyBambusoideae.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

Host plants of someRhinanthoideae (Scrophulariaceae) of eastern North America

Twenty three species in 11 genera were examined in the field to determine hosts. OnlyStriga asiatica andSeymeria cassioides have a narrow host range being restricted to grasses and pines, respectively. These are the only species which cause pronounced and sometimes serious host damage. The other species attach to a great diversity of hosts.     

Apoptotic Regulation of Caspase Activity

Intracellular cysteine aspartate-specific proteases (caspases) play both signaling and effector roles in realizing the program of cell death. Caspases function as proteolytic cascades unique for each cell type and signal triggering apoptosis. All parts of the proteolytic cascades are duplicated and controlled by feedback signals. Amplification cycles between pairs of caspases (the third and the sixth, the ninth and the third, the twelfth and the sixth, and others) help multiply the initial apoptotic signal. The presence of physiological inhibitors of apoptosis that directly interact with caspases creates a multilevel regulatory network of apoptosis in cell. The caspase proteolytic cascades are also regulated by sphingolipid secondary messengers, among them ceramide, sphingosine, and their phosphates. Moreover, an association of the caspase signaling with ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis is shown in cells. In particular, the use of extracellular activators and inhibitors of caspases allows irreversible activation of apoptosis in tumor cells or the prevention of apoptosis in cortical neurons under neurodegenerative diseases.     

A molecular phylogeny of Hebeloma species from Europe

In order to widen the scope of existing phylogenies of the ectomycorrhizal agaric genus Hebeloma a total of 53 new rDNA ITS sequences from that genus was generated, augmented by sequences retrieved from GenBank, and analysed using Bayesian, strict consensus and neighbour joining methods. The lignicolous Hebelomina neerlandica, Gymnopilus penetrans, and two species of Galerina served as outgroup taxa. Anamika indica, as well as representatives of the genera Hymenogaster and Naucoria, were included to test the monophyly of Hebeloma, which is confirmed by the results. Hebeloma, Naucoria, Hymenogaster and Anamika indica cluster in a strongly supported monophyletic hebelomatoid clade. All trees largely reflect the current infrageneric classification within Hebeloma, and divide the genus into mostly well-supported monophyletic groups surrounding H. crustuliniforme, H. velutipes, H. sacchariolens, H. sinapizans, and H. radicosum, with H. sarcophyllum being shown at an independent position; however this is not well supported. The section Indusiata divides with strong support into three groups, the position of the pleurocystidiate Hebeloma cistophilum suggests the possible existence of a third subsection within sect. Indusiata. Subsection Sacchariolentia is raised to the rank of section.     

Analysis of twin of eyeless regulation during early embryogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster

The Drosophila Pax6 homolog twin of eyeless (toy) is so far the first zygotically expressed gene involved in eye morphogenesis in Drosophila. The study of its expression during embryogenesis is therefore informative of the initial events of eye development in Drosophila. We have analyzed how the initial expression domain of toy at cellular blastoderm is regulated. We show that the three maternal patterning systems active in the cephalic region (the anterior, terminal and dorsal-ventral systems) cooperate with zygotically activated gap genes to shape the initial expression domain of toy. Whereas Bicoid, Dorsal and Torso signaling synergistically act as activators, Hunchback, Knirps and Decapentaplegic act as repressors.     

New species of Peruvian Orchidaceae III

Sixteen new species are proposed in the generaAckermania, Dressleria, Epidendrum, Maxillaria, Oncidium, Rodriguezia, Sigmatostalix, andTrigonidium. All new species are illustrated.Maxillaria vittariifolia L. O. Williams is newly recorded for Peru. A key is provided forTrigonidium of Peru.Trigonidium loretoense Schltr. andT. peruvianum Schltr. are lectotypified.     

Interaction of Synthetic Analogues of Natural Chalcones and Flavones with Guanidine

The reaction of chalcones and flavones with guanidine in ethanol results in 2-(2-aminopyrimidinyl-4)-phenols.