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“源”“汇”景观理论及其生态学意义 总被引:68,自引:2,他引:68
格局与过程的关系是景观生态学研究中的核心内容.景观格局指数是定量分析景观格局与生态过程的主要方法,但由于许多景观格局指数难以将格局与过程有机融合在一起而陷入困境,探讨景观格局分析中有效表征生态过程的理论与方法,对于景观生态学的发展具有积极意义.基于大气污染中的“源”“汇”理论,在已有研究基础上,提出了“源”“汇”景观的概念和理论.认为根据不同景观类型的功能,可以将他们划分为“源”“汇”两种景观类型,从而将过程的内涵融于景观格局分析中.该理论认为:(1)在格局与过程研究中,异质景观可以分为“源”“汇”景观两种类型,其中“源”景观是指那些能促进过程发展的景观类型,“汇”景观是那些能阻止或延缓过程发展的景观类型;(2)“源”“汇”景观的性质是相对的,对于某一过程的“源”景观,可能是另一过程的“汇”景观,“源”“汇”景观的分析必须针对特定的过程;(3)“源”“汇”景观区分的关键在于判断景观类型在生态过程演变中所起的作用,是正向推动作用还是负向滞缓作用;(4)不同类型“源”(或者“汇”)景观对于同一种生态过程的贡献是不同的,在分析景观格局对生态过程的影响时需要考虑这种作用的差异;(5)“源”“汇”景观理论可以应用于非点源污染、生物多样性保护、城市热岛效应等不同领域.“源”“汇”景观理论提出的主要目的是探究不同景观类型在空间上的动态平衡对生态过程影响,从而找到适合一个地区的景观空间格局.这一理论的提出有助于推动景观格局与生态过程研究的深入,希望以此为基础,通过大量的实证研究,丰富和完善“源”、“汇”景观的理论和方法. 相似文献
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中性景观模型可以模拟产生大量具有相似统计特征而不包含特定生态过程或自然地理过程的格局,为研究真实景观提供一个参照系统,在大范围景观格局变化研究等方面提供便利.目前,中性景观模型成为景观生态学研究的一种重要方法和手段,已成功应用于检验现有景观指数并发展新的景观指数、景观格局对种群动态影响和干扰过程研究等多个领域.本文介绍了中性景观模型的产生、内涵和类型,阐述了中性景观模型在景观生态学中的应用.同时,展望了中型景观模型研究的发展方向:模型类型趋于多样化,结构趋于复杂化,着重模型模拟结果的验证,以及随着景观生态学理论和实践的发展、结合中性景观模型和景观生态学研究方法,深入地应用于格局和过程两者之间关系的研究. 相似文献
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景观格局的定量分析是评价其对生态过程影响的先决条件,也是生态系统规划和管理的重要依据。当前的景观格局分析软件都仅提供基于"斑块-廊道-基质"景观分析范式的格局指数计算,不包含基于"源-流-汇"的范式的指数计算。这不仅无法适应景观生态学理论的发展,也无法满足大数据时代对计算场景和速率的需求。针对该问题,在研发基于"源-流-汇"的范式的指数算法的基础上,开发了景观生态学工具箱(Landscape Ecology Toolbox,LET)。不仅同时提供基于两种分析范式下的景观格局指数计算,也提供了图形用户界面和命令行两种运行方式。在对LET主要功能进行介绍的基础上,将LET同现有景观分析软件在操作逻辑、景观指数计算范围、特色功能等方面进行了详细的对比,最后对软件未来的发展方向进行了讨论。 相似文献
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景观生态学——概念与理论 总被引:219,自引:10,他引:219
现代景观生态学是一门新兴的、正在深入开拓和迅速发展的学科。因此 ,不但欧洲和北美的景观生态学有显著不同 ,就是在北美景观生态学短暂的发展进程中也逐渐形成了不同的观点和论说。概括地说 ,景观生态学研究的重点主要集中在下列几个方面 ,即 :空间异质性或格局的形成及动态 ;空间异质性与生态学过程的相互作用 ;景观的等级结构特征 ;格局 -过程 -尺度之间的相互关系 ;人类活动与景观结构 ,功能的反馈关系以及景观异质性 (或多样性 )的维持和管理[1~ 6] 。反映这些研究重点的主要景观生态学概念和理论是什么呢 ?本文拟在总结该学科最近 2… 相似文献
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景观生态学中的文化研究 总被引:18,自引:1,他引:18
景观生态学中的文化研究李团胜(中国科学院沈阳应用生态研究所,110015)ResearchonCultureinLandscapeEcology.LiTuansheng(InstituteofAppliedEcology,A-cademiaSinic... 相似文献
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高速发展的景观生态学 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
景观生态学是生态学中一门年轻的分支学科,它的理论与方法和传统生态学有着本质的区别,它注重人类活动对景观格局与过程的影响.景观生态学为综合解决资源与环境问题提供了新的理论和方法,因而近年来受到高度重视.从景观生态学的理论框架、一般原理、研究方法和实际应用四个方面进行论述. 相似文献
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景观生态学在近海资源环境中的应用——论海洋景观生态学的发展 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
长期以来,景观生态学研究主要集中于陆地景观生态研究,并在土地利用、植被退化等方面取得了长足的进展,而在海洋领域涉足颇少.论述了景观生态学在海洋赤潮景观、海洋溢油景观、海域使用景观、滨海湿地景观、海岛景观和海洋环境污染景观等方面的应用前景,并就海洋景观生态学发展几点认识进行了深入探讨,如海洋景观的均质性与异质性、海洋景观格局与生态过程的关系、边缘效应与海岸带、海洋景观评价与评估、海洋景观模型等,目的是为景观生态学在海洋资源环境中的应用、海洋景观生态学的发展探索新的方向. 相似文献
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1 性质和由来近十多年来 ,欧洲土地利用变化迅速 ,西北欧农业利用加剧和过度发展 ,南欧则出现农业毁弃和贫瘠化 ,城市化与日益增长的交通设施建设都使原有的景观受到威胁 ,其自然特性与社会文化特性发生退化。出于提高生活质量的考虑 ,欧洲人普遍关心景观的保护和管理 ,他们认识到景观在文化、生态、环境以及社会领域具有重大作用 ,构成了有利于经济活动的一种资源 ,景观的管理和保护可以创造就业机会。景观有助于地方文化的构成 ,同时它也是自然与文化遗产的基本组成部分 ,有利于欧洲特色的巩固及人们的欢乐与健康。景观是任何地方人们生… 相似文献
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国际景观生态学研究的最新进展——第五届景观生态世界大会介绍 总被引:15,自引:0,他引:15
国际景观生态学会的第五届世界大会于1999年7月29日至8月3日在美国科罗拉多洲的Snowmass举行,到会人数达到600人,收到论文430篇,墙报144件,是历届大会中规模最大的一次会议。在6位大会报告人中,美国橡树岭研究所V.Dale所作的“应用生态模型与土地管理”、澳大利亚IanR.Nobe所作的“下世纪的全球变化和景观”、比利时MarcAbtrio所作的“景观生态学:从概念、方法到应用于环境和空间规划”,很好地体现了本次大会的主题,即“景观生态学科学和行动”。其他3位报告人来自美国、荷兰… 相似文献
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Source-sink landscape theory and its ecological significance 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Exploring the relationships between landscape pattern and ecological processes is the key topic of landscape ecology, for
which, a large number of indices as well as landscape pattern analysis model were developed. However, one problem faced by
landscape ecologists is that it is hard to link the landscape indices with a specific ecological process. Linking landscape
pattern and ecological processes has become a challenge for landscape ecologists. “Source” and “sink” are common concepts
used in air pollution research, by which the movement direction and pattern of different pollutants in air can be clearly
identified. In fact, for any ecological process, the research can be considered as a balance between the source and the sink
in space. Thus, the concepts of “source” and “sink” could be implemented to the research of landscape pattern and ecological
processes. In this paper, a theory of sourcesink landscape was proposed, which include: (1) In the research of landscape pattern
and ecological process, all landscape types can be divided into two groups, “source” landscape and “sink” landscape. “Source”
landscape contributes positively to the ecological process, while “sink” landscape is unhelpful to the ecological process.
(2) Both landscapes are recognized with regard to the specific ecological process. “Source” landscape in a target ecological
process may change into a “sink” landscape as in another ecological process. Therefore, the ecological process should be determined
before “source” or “sink” landscape were defined. (3) The key point to distinguish “source” landscape from “sink” landscape
is to quantify the effect of landscape on ecological process. The positive effect is made by “source” landscape, and the negative
effect by “sink” landscape. (4) For the same ecological process, the contribution of “source” landscapes may vary, and it
is the same to the “sink” landscapes. It is required to determine the weight of each landscape type on ecological processes.
(5) The sourcesink principle can be applied to non-point source pollution control, biologic diversity protection, urban heat
island effect mitigation, etc. However, the landscape evaluation models need to be calibrated respectively, because different
ecological processes correspond with different source-sink landscapes and evaluation models for the different study areas.
This theory is helpful to further study landscape pattern and ecological process, and offers a basis for new landscape index
design.
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Translated from Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2006, 26(5): 1444–1449 [译自: 生态学报] 相似文献
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Source-sink landscape theory and its ecological significance 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Exploring the relatiouships between landscape pattern and ecological processes is the key topic of landscape ecology,for which,a large number of indices as well as landscape pattern analysis model were developed.However,one problem faced by landscape ecologists is that it is hard to link the landscape indices with a specific ecological process.Linking landscape pattern and ecological processes has become a challenge for landscape ecologists."Source" and "sink" are common concepts used in air pollution research,by which the movement direction and pattern of different pollutants in air can be clearly identified.In fact,for any ecological process,the research can be considered as a balance between the source and the sink in space.Thus,the concepts of "source" and "sink" could be implemented to the research of landscape pattern and ecological processes.In this paper,a theory of sourcesink landscape was proposed,which include:(1) In the research of landscape pattern and ecological process,all landscape types can be divided into two groups,"source"landscape and "sink" landscape."Source" landscape contributes positively to the ecological process,while "sink" landscape is unhelpful to the ecological process.(2) Both landscapes are recognized with regard to the specific ecological process."Source" landscape in a target ecological process may change into a "sink"landscape as in another ecological process.Therefore,the ecological process should be determined before "source"or "sink" landscape were defined.(3) The key point to distinguish "source" landscape from "sink" landscape is to quantify the effect of landscape on ecological process.The positive effect is made by "source" landscape,and the negative effect by "sink" landscape.(4) For the same ecological process,the contribution of "source" landscapes may vary,and it is the same to the "sink"landscapes.It is required to determine the weight of each landscape type on ecological processes.(5) The sourcesink principle can be applied to non-point source pollution control,biologic diversity protection,urban heat island effect mitigation,etc.However,the landscape evaluation models need to be calibrated respectively,because different ecological processes correspond with different source-sink landscapes and evaluation models for the different study areas.This theory is helpful to further study landscape pattern and ecological process,and offers a basis for new landscape index design. 相似文献
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China’s tremendous economic growth in the past three decades has resulted in a number of environmental problems, including the deterioration of air quality. In particular, fine particulate matter (PM) has received increasing attention from scientists, governmental agencies, and the public due to its adverse impacts on human health. Monitoring the spatiotemporal patterns of air pollution is important for understanding its transport mechanisms and making effective environmental policies. The main goal of this study, therefore, was to quantify the spatial patterns and movement of air pollution in China at annual, daily, and hourly scales, so that the underlying drivers could be better understood. We used remote sensing data and landscape metrics together to capture spatiotemporal signatures of air pollution. Our results show that, at the annual scale, PM2.5 concentrations in China increased gradually from 1999 to 2011, with the highest concentrations occurring in the North China Plain as well as the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River Basin. The total population affected by air pollution was about 975 million in 2010 (about 70% of China’s population). Our more detailed analysis on daily and hourly scale further revealed that a heavy air pollution event occurred, expanded, aggregated, and finally dissipated over Northern China during Oct. 6–12, 2014, suggesting that the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region a center of severe pollution. Crop stalks burning in agricultural areas in this region seemed to be one of the leading drivers, along with coal burning and transportation emissions. Our study demonstrates that spatial pattern analysis with landscape metrics is effective for analyzing source-sink dynamics of air pollution and its potential drivers. Our findings of major source areas and movement trajectories should be useful for making air pollution control policies to improve China’s air quality. 相似文献
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景观生态学中的十大研究论题 总被引:35,自引:8,他引:35
近年来 ,景观生态学在理论、方法及应用诸方面均取得了长足发展。但作为一个迅速发展中的学科 ,景观生态学尚面临着许多新的问题和挑战。基于两次相关论题的国际研讨会 ,概述当今景观生态学十大研究论题 ,以促进国内该学科的全面发展。 相似文献
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小流域的水质恶化主要由点源污染和非点源污染引起,随着点源污染控制水平达到一定程度后,非点源污染已成为首要污染源。当前对非点源污染的管控仍存在难监测和难治理的问题,明晰非点源污染发生风险以及背后的原因是亟需解决的问题,因此开展非点源污染风险分析和评价具有重要意义。采用高分辨率影像解译了2010年、2015年和2020年三期厦门市后溪流域土地利用数据;基于"源-汇"景观格局方法计算研究区网格单元的网格污染指数(GPI);结合土地利用变化数据分析非点源污染风险的时空变异,对风险区成因进行了分析。研究结果表明:当前,"汇"景观占流域面积的67.86%,非点源污染发生风险分布呈现北低南高;十年中,非点源污染风险呈现上升趋势,目前非点源污染发生风险处于低风险水平(GPI=0.27)。通过分析风险区的土地利用构成发现耕地面积的缩减(减少67.08%)和建设用地面积扩张(增加43.02%)是污染风险发生变动的主要原因。计算了风险区转移矩阵,发现非点源污染发生风险区呈现出中高风险区向低风险区和"汇"景观区域转移的趋势。基于"源-汇"景观格局理论计算的网格污染指数(GPI)可以有效地对流域非点源污染风险值进行表征,是评价和分析流域非点源污染发生风险的可用方法。 相似文献
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基于CLUE-S模型的密云县面源污染控制景观安全格局分析 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
探讨了基于安全格局分析和"源-汇"生态过程理论,利用土地利用变化模型,研究以面源污染控制为目标的土地利用空间模拟情景分析。基于"源-汇"生态过程理论,利用空间数据库计算了密云县水库周围面源污染控制的景观安全格局,分析了低安全格局中的有较大面源污染风险的土地利用变化过程。基于现状社会经济驱动因子和邻域因子,利用CLUE-S模型模拟了2个情景下的土地利用发展:情景1为现状趋势发展,情景2为反规划途径,即限制低安全格局中具有面源污染风险的土地转变过程,其余地区按现状趋势。结果表明:情景1现状趋势发展下,未利用地复垦和农业用地结构调整两种土地利用转变过程有较大面源污染风险。情景2低安全格局中被限制发展的耕地和果园在模型模拟中转移到了中安全格局内,低安全格局中植被恢复能够增强了对上游污染物的截留;虽然面源污染"源"类型土地总量没有发生变化,但是由于土地格局的优化,整体面源污染风险会降低。 相似文献