用蛋白质组学方法研究蛋白质酪氨酸磷酸化

蛋白质的磷酸化与去磷酸化过程是生物体内普遍存在的信息传导调节方式,几乎涉及所有的生理及病理过程,其中酪氨酸残基的磷酸化作为较高级的进化形式和复杂的多细胞生命的特征表现得尤为突出和重要。但目前对酪氨酸磷酸化缺乏大规模和系统性的研究,近年发展起来的蛋白质组学为细胞和组织中的酪氨酸磷酸化蛋白质的系统研究提供了必要的技术。     

基于SH2超亲体的微量样品酪氨酸磷酸化蛋白质组学技术研究进展及应用

酪氨酸磷酸化是生物体内一种重要的蛋白质磷酸化修饰类型,参与细胞信号转导、细胞迁移、凋亡等众多的生命活动过程。在磷酸化蛋白质组学研究中,由于酪氨酸磷酸化蛋白丰度低且有时起始样品量有限,传统的磷酸化蛋白质组富集方法用于酪氨酸磷酸化肽富集效率较低。微量样品的制备技术以及SH2超亲体的引入正在改变酪氨酸磷酸化蛋白质组研究的现状,现对此进行综述。     

靶向EGFR家族的抗肿瘤药物研究进展

表皮生长因子受体（EGFR,ErbB）家族在肿瘤的发生、发展中具有重要的作用。很多实体肿瘤中存在EGFR家族受体过表达或异常激活。靶向EGFR家族的抗肿瘤药物研发已经成为一个热点领域,并且成功地应用于临床。靶向EGFR家族的抗肿瘤药物可以分为单克隆抗体和小分子酪氨酸激酶抑制剂两大类。单克隆抗体与受体胞外区结合阻止配体．受体的结合或者阻止配体结合引起的受体活化;而小分子酪氨酸激酶抑制剂则结合于胞内激酶区,抑制激酶自磷酸化和下游信号通路激活。     

蛋白质磷酸化修饰的研究进展

蛋白质磷酸化是最常见、最重要的一种蛋白质翻译后修饰方式,它参与和调控生物体内的许多生命活动。通过蛋白质的磷酸化与去磷酸化,调控信号转导、基因表达、细胞周期等诸多细胞过程。随着蛋白质组学技术的发展和应用,蛋白质磷酸化的研究越来越受到广泛的重视。我们介绍了蛋白质磷酸化修饰的主要类型与功能、磷酸化蛋白质分析样品的富集及制备、磷酸化蛋白的鉴定及磷酸化位点的预测、蛋白分离后磷酸化蛋白的检测,及蛋白质磷酸化的分子机制,并综述了近年来国内外的主要相关研究进展。     

用蛋白质组学方法解析磷酸化蛋白质

蛋白质磷酸化和去磷酸化这一可逆过程参与了高等真核生物细胞信号转导、细胞分化和细胞生长等重要过程,并与许多疾病、肿瘤的发生密切相关。蛋白质组学技术的不断发展和完善,可以更好、更多地识别和鉴定磷酸化蛋白质,为解析磷酸化蛋白质提供了可能。章综述了用于分离和鉴定磷酸化蛋白质的蛋白质组学方法。     

Trk激酶与肿瘤发生的关系及其小分子抑制剂的研究进展

Trk是一类神经生长因子激活的酪氨酸激酶家族,包括Trk A、Trk B和Trk C 3个亚型,分别由NTRK1(neurotrophic receptor tyrosine kinase 1)、NTRK2和NTRK3基因编码。Trk激酶被磷酸化后,能够激活下游信号分子,从而起到调节细胞增殖、分化、代谢、凋亡等作用。NTRK基因可以与其他基因发生融合,导致Trk激酶的高表达或者Trk激酶活性持续升高,最终可能引起癌症的发生。近几年来,Trk激酶的小分子抑制剂作为一种新的癌症治疗手段,进入人们的视线,这些化合物对NTRK基因融合的癌症患者有显著的治疗效果。现总结了Trk激酶的结构及生理功能,以及NTRK基因融合与肿瘤发生的关系;同时列举了10多种近十几年来研究发现的Trk激酶抑制剂,并讨论了其分子抑制的机制以及未来的发展方向。     

获能期间精子蛋白的酪氨酸磷酸化

哺乳动物精了获能是精子与卵子成功受精的前提。蛋白酪氨酸磷酸化对精子获能十分重要。精了获能期蛋白酪氨酸磷酸化程度增高与sAC/cAMP/PKA途径、受体酪氨酸激酶途径和非受体蛋白酪氨酸激酶途径调节有关。获能过程中酪氨酸磷酸化蛋白分布于精子细胞的不同区域,蛋白的酪氨酸磷酸化与精子功能密切相关。     

人胃黏膜上皮细胞与胃癌细胞间酪氨酸磷酸化的比较蛋白质组学研究

比较人正常胃黏膜上皮细胞GES-1与人胃癌细胞SGC-7901间酪氨酸磷酸化蛋白质的差异,筛选差异磷酸化蛋白质分子,为揭示胃癌发生发展的分子机制提供新的理论依据.采用免疫沉淀方法从人胃黏膜上皮细胞GES-1与人胃癌细胞SGC-7901总蛋白质中免疫沉淀出酪氨酸磷酸化蛋白质,用SDS-PAGE和二维凝胶电泳技术分离沉淀出的酪氨酸磷酸化蛋白质,银染,差异蛋白点进行胶内酶解,采用MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS质谱进行差异蛋白质鉴定.结果显示获得了7个差异酪氨酸磷酸化蛋白质,这些蛋白质涉及细胞骨架、细胞调控等.通过比较正常胃黏膜上皮细胞与胃癌细胞内酪氨酸磷酸化蛋白质的差异,筛选获得7个差异酪氨酸磷酸化蛋白质分子,有助于深入研究胃癌发生发展的分子机制,进而为胃癌的早期诊断和防治提供新的理论依据和作用靶标.     

Mtss1抗体制备及小脑中不同亚型磷酸化水平的检测

肿瘤转移抑制蛋白(Metastasis suppressor1,Mtss1),又名肿瘤转移消失蛋白(Missing in metastasis,MIM)在小脑神经元发育中受到调控,依次表达两种亚型:包含Src磷酸化位点的广泛表达亚型;含Src磷酸化位点片段经RNA剪接去除的神经元特异亚型.为检测这两种Mtss1亚型的酪氨酸磷酸化水平是否因Src磷酸化位点的去除存在明显区别,制备了灵敏度较高并可特异性沉淀外源和内源表达的Mtss1的兔多克隆抗体,对发育时期与成年大鼠小脑内源Mtss1酪氨酸磷酸化水平进行检测,发现成年后的Mtss1与出生后发育时期的Mtss1均发生明显的酪氨酸磷酸化,表明剪接去除包含有Src磷酸化位点中的神经元特异亚型中,还有其他的酪氨酸残基被磷酸化,提示其他酪氨酸磷酸化激酶信号通路对Mtss1神经元亚型的调控作用.     

BCR信号转导研究进展

Ｂ细胞表面抗原受体（ＢＣＲ）与其抗原或其它配体（如ａｎｔｉ－μＭｃＡｂ）的结合启动了Ｂ细胞的活化,ＢＣＲ交联后,首先在其ＩＴＡＭ序列部位发生酪氨酸磷酸化,从而富集并激活Ｓｒｃ家族蛋白质酪氨酸激酶（ＰＴＫ）,进而Ｓｒｃ家族ＰＴＫ将ＳｙｋＰＴＫ等的酪氨酸磷化而活化,使信号传递下去,在此过程中,还有ＦｏｒγＲⅡｂ和ＣＤ２２等分子通过富集蛋白质酪氨酸磷酸酶ＰＴＰＩＣ活化信号进行负调控,本文就此ＢＣＲ信号转     

Proteomic analysis of phosphorylation in cancer

Constitutive activity of kinases is known to be crucial for a tumor to maintain its malignant phenotype, a phenomenon which is often referred to as oncogene addiction. The in-depth analysis of aberrant signaling pathways by the analysis of protein phosphorylation has become feasible through recent advances in proteomics technology. In this article we will review developments in the field of phosphoproteomics and its application in cancer research. The most widely used technologies for the generic enrichment of phosphopeptides are discussed as well as targeted approaches for the analysis of a specific subset of phosphopeptides. Validation experiments of phosphorylation sites using targeted mass spectrometry are also explained. Finally, we will highlight applications of phosphoproteomic technology in cancer research using cell lines and tissue.     

Large‐scale phosphorylation mapping reveals the extent of tyrosine phosphorylation in Arabidopsis

Protein phosphorylation regulates a wide range of cellular processes. Here, we report the proteome‐wide mapping of in vivo phosphorylation sites in Arabidopsis by using complementary phosphopeptide enrichment techniques coupled with high‐accuracy mass spectrometry. Using unfractionated whole cell lysates of Arabidopsis, we identified 2597 phosphopeptides with 2172 high‐confidence, unique phosphorylation sites from 1346 proteins. The distribution of phosphoserine, phosphothreonine, and phosphotyrosine sites was 85.0, 10.7, and 4.3%. Although typical tyrosine‐specific protein kinases are absent in Arabidopsis, the proportion of phosphotyrosines among the phospho‐residues in Arabidopsis is similar to that in humans, where over 90 tyrosine‐specific protein kinases have been identified. In addition, the tyrosine phosphoproteome shows features distinct from those of the serine and threonine phosphoproteomes. Taken together, we highlight the extent and contribution of tyrosine phosphorylation in plants.     

Quantitative phosphoproteomics strategies for understanding protein kinase-mediated signal transduction pathways

Protein phosphorylation is a central regulatory mechanism of cell signaling pathways. This highly controlled biochemical process is involved in most cellular functions, and defects in protein kinases and phosphatases have been implicated in many diseases, highlighting the importance of understanding phosphorylation-mediated signaling networks. However, phosphorylation is a transient modification, and phosphorylated proteins are often less abundant. Therefore, the large-scale identification and quantification of phosphoproteins and their phosphorylation sites under different conditions are one of the most interesting and challenging tasks in the field of proteomics. Both 2D gel electrophoresis and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry serve as key phosphoproteomic technologies in combination with prefractionation, such as enrichment of phosphorylated proteins/peptides. Recently, new possibilities for quantitative phosphoproteomic analysis have been offered by technical advances in sample preparation, enrichment, separation, instrumentation, quantification and informatics. In this article, we present an overview of several strategies for quantitative phosphoproteomics and discuss how phosphoproteomic analysis can help to elucidate signaling pathways that regulate various cellular processes.     

Phosphoproteomics, oncogenic signaling and cancer research

The past 5 years have seen an explosion of phosphoproteomics methods development. In this review, using epidermal growth-factor signaling as a model, we will discuss how phosphoproteomics, along with bioinformatics and computational modeling, have impacted key aspects of oncogenic signaling such as in the temporal fine mapping of phosphorylation events, and the identification of novel tyrosine kinase substrates and phosphorylation sites. We submit that the next decade will see considerable exploitation of phosphoproteomics in cancer research. Such a phenomenon is already happening as exemplified by its use in promoting the understanding of the molecular etiology of cancer and target-directed therapeutics.     

Tyrosine phosphorylation of the human guanylyl cyclase C receptor

Tyrosine phosphorylation events are key components of several cellular signal transduction pathways. This study describes a novel method for identification of substrates for tyrosine kinases. Co-expression of the tyrosine kinase EphB1 with the intracellular domain of guanylyl cyclase C (GCC) inEscherichia coli cells resulted in tyrosine phosphorylation of GCC, indicating that GCC is a potential substrate for tyrosine kinases. Indeed, GCC expressed in mammalian cells is tyrosine phosphorylated, suggesting that tyrosine phosphorylation may play a role in regulation of GCC signalling. This is the first demonstration of tyrosine phosphorylation of any member of the family of membrane-associated guanylyl cyclases.     

Phosphoproteome analysis of HeLa cells using stable isotope labeling with amino acids in cell culture (SILAC)

Identification of phosphorylated proteins remains a difficult task despite technological advances in protein purification methods and mass spectrometry. Here, we report identification of tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins by coupling stable isotope labeling with amino acids in cell culture (SILAC) to mass spectrometry. We labeled HeLa cells with stable isotopes of tyrosine, or, a combination of arginine and lysine to identify tyrosine phosphorylated proteins. This allowed identification of 118 proteins, of which only 45 proteins were previously described as tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins. A total of 42 in vivo tyrosine phosphorylation sites were mapped, including 34 novel ones. We validated the phosphorylation status of a subset of novel proteins including cytoskeleton associated protein 1, breast cancer anti-estrogen resistance 3, chromosome 3 open reading frame 6, WW binding protein 2, Nice-4 and RNA binding motif protein 4. Our strategy can be used to identify potential kinase substrates without prior knowledge of the signaling pathways and can also be applied to profiling to specific kinases in cells. Because of its sensitivity and general applicability, our approach will be useful for investigating signaling pathways in a global fashion and for using phosphoproteomics for functional annotation of genomes.     

Tyrosine phosphorylation of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor by exogenous and postsynaptic density-associated Src-family kinases

Phosphorylation of the NMDA receptor by Src-family tyrosine kinases has been implicated in the regulation of receptor function. We have investigated the tyrosine phosphorylation of NMDA receptor subunits NR2A and NR2B by exogenous Src and Fyn and compared this to phosphorylation by tyrosine kinases associated with the postsynaptic density (PSD). Phosphorylation of the receptor by exogenous Src and Fyn was dependent upon initial binding of the kinases to PSDs via their SH2-domains. Src and Fyn phosphorylated similar sites in NR2A and NR2B, tryptic peptide mapping identifying seven and five major tyrosine-phosphorylated peptides derived from NR2A and NR2B, respectively. All five tyrosine phosphorylation sites on NR2B were localized to the C-terminal, cytoplasmic domain. Phosphorylation of NR2B by endogenous PSD tyrosine kinases yielded only three tyrosine-phosphorylated tryptic peptides, two of which corresponded to Src phosphorylation sites, and one of which was novel. Phosphorylation-site specific antibodies identified NR2B Tyr1472 as a phosphorylation site for intrinsic PSD tyrosine kinases. Phosphorylation of this site was inhibited by the Src-family-specific inhibitor PP2. The results identify several potential phosphorylation sites for Src in the NMDA receptor, and indicate that not all of these sites are available for phosphorylation by kinases located within the structural framework of the PSD.