科尔沁沙地15种禾本科植物种子萌发特性比较

在实验室条件下,观测了科尔沁沙地乌兰敖都地区禾本科植物当年新采种子的萌发特点．15种植物中,披碱草、糙隐子草、冠芒草、大油芒、芦苇、虎尾草、野古草、狼尾草的发芽率超过80％,水稗草、牛鞭草、虱子草、狗尾草的发芽率不足10％．1～3d开始发芽的植物有大油芒、画眉、芦苇、虎尾草、披碱草、冠芒草、毛马唐、糙隐子草．超过10d基本不发芽的植物包括狗尾草、虱子草、牛鞭草．发芽持续期小于10d的植物包括毛马唐、水稗草、芦苇、画眉草、大油芒;发芽持续期21～30d的植物有披碱草、冠芒草．发芽种子超过总发芽种子的50％需要天数为虎尾草2d,芦苇3d,大油芒4d,披碱草5d,糙隐子草5d,野古草7d,冠芒草7d,狼尾草10d．与英国Sheffield地区相比,乌兰敖都地区一年生禾草发芽率低的所占比重更大,发芽更为缓慢;乌兰敖都地区多年生禾草的发芽率差别很小,但发芽更为缓慢．杂草植物萌发的风险分摊能力相对明显,因此抗干扰能力相对较强．     

不同品种燕麦种子萌发和幼苗生长的耐盐性

利用NaCl和Na2SO4复盐溶液胁迫处理36个燕麦品种,采用培养皿纸上发芽法,进行种子萌发和幼苗的耐盐能力鉴定,通过分析盐胁迫对不同燕麦种子萌发及幼苗的影响,为燕麦品种耐盐性筛选、盐碱地燕麦栽培和耐盐育种提供理论参考.结果表明:盐分抑制种子的萌发和幼苗生长,低盐浓度(0.4%)适宜各类燕麦生长,对较耐盐的品种有促进萌发、生长的作用,盐浓度1.2%是鉴定燕麦耐盐性的适宜盐浓度;36个品种耐盐性差异较大,可划分为耐盐型、中度耐盐型、不耐盐型3类;燕麦不同品种及不同类型种子萌发的盐浓度范围达极显著差异,各耐盐指标对于燕麦耐盐性的体现存在一定的差异,发芽率、发芽指数、简易活力指数和单株干质量是主要的耐盐指标.     

盐胁迫下黄芩种子萌发及幼苗对外源抗坏血酸的生理响应

以黄芩(Scutellaria baicalensis)种子为材料,用氯化钠(Na Cl)模拟盐胁迫条件,采用纸上发芽,研究外源抗坏血酸(As A)对盐胁迫下黄芩种子萌发及幼苗的影响。结果表明,在80 mmol·L-1 Na Cl胁迫下,黄芩种子萌发及幼苗生理指标受到显著抑制;0.50 mmol·L-1 As A处理可显著提高盐胁迫下黄芩种子的发芽势(GE)、发芽率(GR)、发芽指数(GI)、简化活力指数(SVI)以及根系总黄酮、可溶性糖和脯氨酸(Pro)含量,同时也可显著提高幼苗根系活力和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性,显著降低丙二醛(MDA)含量。这说明适宜浓度的抗坏血酸能提高黄芩种子的萌发能力和幼苗对盐胁迫的适应能力,从而起到缓解盐胁迫对种子萌发及幼苗生长的抑制作用。     

水飞蓟萌发期和苗期对盐胁迫的生长生理响应

为了探讨水飞蓟萌发期和苗期对盐胁迫的响应,比较不同水飞蓟类型耐盐性的强弱,以黑色果皮（SD）和白色果皮（HW）2个类型水飞蓟为材料,用不同浓度NaCl（0、0.1%、0.3%、0.5%、0.7%、0.9%）溶液处理种子和幼苗,观察种子发芽势、发芽率和芽苗和幼苗生长及其生理生化特征。结果表明:（1）NaCl胁迫下,水飞蓟种子发芽率、发芽势下降,芽苗生长表现为低浓度促进高浓度（HW为≥0.5%,SD为≥0.3%）抑制,且盐分对子叶长、胚轴长和鲜重影响较大,对干重无显著影响。（2）盐胁迫下水飞蓟幼苗叶片中MDA含量升高,光合色素（Chl a、Chl b、Car）含量下降,幼苗生长表现为低浓度促进高浓度（HW为≥0.9%,SD为≥0.7%）抑制;植株体内可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖含量及保护酶（SOD、POD、CAT）活性先升高后降低,脯氨酸含量则持续增加,其中保护酶活性在0.7% NaCl处理下较对照显著下降,可溶性蛋白和可溶性糖含量在0.9% NaCl处理下较对照显著下降。研究发现,在水飞蓟种子萌发期,盐分主要通过改变种子吸涨能力来影响芽苗生长;在苗期,水飞蓟幼苗主要通过提高渗透物质含量和保护酶活性来缓解盐分造成的伤害;水飞蓟萌发期和苗期耐盐性有所差别,萌发期耐盐能力明显低于苗期,2个类型水飞蓟耐盐性强弱表现为白色果皮类型＞黑色果皮类型。     

种子萌发和幼苗生长对沙丘环境的适应机制

综述了植物沙生适应机制的研究及其进展.一些植物的种子在刚成熟时具有休眠特性.种子需要适度沙埋促进萌发并实现幼苗定居,但过度沙埋则会抑制种子萌发和出苗.在沙层深处,没有萌发的种子会进入休眠状态,形成土壤种子库.幼苗通过增加节数和延长节间来适应沙埋.沙埋深度超过植物的忍耐限度会抑制幼苗生长,甚至导致幼苗死亡.沙生植物必须适应其他环境因子,如盐风与土壤盐分、昆虫采食、土壤养分亏缺等,才能在沙丘上成功生长.沙蚀可导致幼苗根系暴露并干燥脱水.一些沙漠植物的幼苗在萌发后可忍耐一段时期的干燥,水分条件得到满足之后,幼苗能够恢复生长.     

濒危植物海南龙血树种子休眠机理及其生态学意义

为明确濒危植物海南龙血树(Dracaena cambodiana)种子的休眠机理,该文对海南龙血树休眠类型及破解方法进行了系统研究,并结合海南龙血树的生境条件,对海南龙血树种子休眠的生态学意义进行了探讨。结果表明:海南龙血树种皮吸水性良好,40 h内达到萌发所需含水量;种胚发育完全,离体胚2 d开始萌发,萌发率达100%;去珠孔端组织种子的萌发情况与离体胚的一致,质密珠孔端组织的机械束缚是种子萌发障碍的直接原因;种子含有萌发抑制物质,其清水粗提物对白菜种子萌发率和幼苗根生长存在显著抑制作用;低温贮藏和快速脱水均能有效解除海南龙血树种子休眠,提高种子的萌发率和整齐度,萌发率可达到100%。分析认为抑制物质的存在致使种胚生长势弱而无法打破质密珠孔端组织的机械束缚,导致海南龙血树种子休眠,属生理休眠;海南龙血树种子休眠特性使其种子萌发或幼苗生长适应生境条件的季节变化,保证种群得以延续与更新。     

发育时期对紫茎泽兰化感作用的影响

为探讨紫茎泽兰化感作用与其入侵性的关系,利用生物检测法研究了不同发育时期紫茎泽兰叶片水提液对4种本地草本植物种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响。结果表明,高浓度时紫茎泽兰叶片水提液能显著抑制4种本地植物种子发芽率、发芽速度,但低浓度时有时抑制作用不显著,甚至有促进作用;除狗肝菜胚轴生长外,不同浓度下紫茎泽兰叶水提液均能抑制4种本地植物胚轴和胚根生长,但有时对胚轴生长的抑制作用不显著,甚至有促进作用。不同植物和同种植物的不同参数对紫茎泽兰化感作用的敏感程度不同,拔毒散和狗肝菜的种子萌发参数较敏感,莎草砖子苗的生长参数较敏感,种子发芽速度和胚根生长较敏感。总的看,随发育时间的增加,紫茎泽兰抑制本地植物种子萌发和幼苗生长的最低叶片提取液浓度减小,相同浓度下叶片水提液对本地植物的抑制作用增强,表明紫茎泽兰化感作用增强。化感作用在紫茎泽兰入侵的不同阶段所起的作用可能不同。     

长白山暗针叶林苔藓植物对三种针叶树种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

研究了长白山暗针叶林两种主要地面苔藓植物——塔藓和拟垂枝藓对红松、红皮云杉和落叶松种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响.结果表明,在一定浓度下,塔藓浸提液抑制红松发芽,拟垂枝藓浸提液促进红松发芽;苔藓浸提液对红皮云杉和落叶松的发芽率没有显著影响,但不同程度地加快了种子日萌发高峰的出现.用苔藓植物体直接培养红皮云杉和落叶松种子,发现活植物体量大时对发芽率没有显著影响,但延迟了红皮云杉种子萌发高峰的出现,加速了落叶松种子萌发高峰的出现;杀青后的苔藓植物体则明显地抑制种子发芽.通过幼苗培养实验,发现苔藓植物浸提液抑制红皮云杉和红松幼苗生长,但促进了落叶松幼苗的生长;不同处理的苔藓植物体对幼苗生长的影响差异较大,活植物体量大时,两种苔藓均促进了红皮云杉和落叶松幼苗生长,而杀青后植物体则明显地抑制幼苗生长.     

珍稀濒危植物金丝李种子的休眠机理

珍稀濒危植物金丝李(Garcinia paucinervis)种子的萌发十分缓慢,探讨其休眠机理,可为该物种的种质资源保育与可持续利用提供理论依据。本文对金丝李种子种皮结构及其透水性,剔除部分种皮和胚乳后种子的萌发情况,胚乳和胚等粗提物的活性,储藏、层积和不同温度下种子萌发情况,萌发过程中内源激素含量等进行了研究。结果表明:金丝李种皮无栅栏细胞层,下表面的角质层较薄;种皮对种子的吸胀阻碍小;随着种孔端剔除种皮和胚乳程度的加深,金丝李种子的萌发进程逐渐延长,甚至降低其萌发率,种脐端削除处理对种子萌发影响不大;内果皮、种皮、胚乳和胚中可能存在抑制金丝李种子萌发和生长的内源抑制物;新鲜种子胚率达86.12%,低温层积后胚率无显著变化;低温层积处理延缓其萌发进程,对萌发率无显著影响,4℃低温层积是储藏金丝李种子的较好方法;种子萌发对温度敏感,在32℃培养下可打破种子休眠,萌发速度显著加快。种子萌发过程中ABA含量降低,GA与ABA、IAA与ABA的比值随种子萌发显著升高,萌发促进与抑制物比例逐渐趋于提高。因此,金丝李种子存在内源抑制物,同时缺乏萌发促进物质,导致生理休眠。该种子休眠特性使其幼苗生长能应对生境的季节变化,种群在风险环境中得以延续,避免大量幼苗竞争。植被破坏导致种子萌发阶段受阻是造成金丝李濒危的原因之一。     

沙埋对无芒雀麦种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

研究了沙埋对浑善达克沙地植物群落中多年生禾草无芒雀麦种子萌发、出苗和幼苗生长的影响.结果表明:无芒雀麦种子能在深度≤12cm的沙埋中萌发,≤8cm的沙埋中出苗.在此范围内,随着沙埋深度的增加,无芒雀麦种子的萌发率和出苗率逐渐降低.沙埋深度在植株高度的33%时,无芒雀麦1周龄和2周龄幼苗均全部存活,且总生物量≥对照(未沙埋幼苗);当沙埋深度增至植株高度的66%时,1周龄和2周龄幼苗的存活率分别降至70%和25%,生长也受到抑制;而遭受全部沙埋时,1周龄和2周龄幼苗均不能存活.遭受沙埋后,无芒雀麦幼苗分配较多的生物量用于地上部分的生长,其生物量分配模式改变可能是无芒雀麦幼苗对沙埋环境的重要适应对策.     

壳聚糖酶的克隆表达与壳寡糖的制备分析

目的:克隆壳聚糖酶基因于大肠杆菌中实现高表达,制备壳寡糖。方法:以枯草芽孢杆菌总DNA为模板扩增壳聚糖酶基因(CSN),克隆至载体pET23a(+)上,转化菌株BL21(DE3)。重组子经0.5 mmol/L IPTG诱导后,SDS-PAGE和质谱检测与鉴定重组酶。酶纯化后水解壳聚糖,薄层色谱分析其水解产物。结果:质谱证明壳聚糖酶(31.5kDa)成功表达,表达量占菌体总蛋白的45%左右。纯化后重组酶浓度为900 mg/L,纯度95%、回收率85%,酶活力为10 000 U/mg。壳聚糖降解产物为壳二糖至壳四糖。结论:原核表达载体pET23a(+)-CSN构建正确,壳聚糖酶表达量与活性高,适用于水解壳聚糖制备壳寡糖。     

国内外蝗害治理技术现状与展望

本文首先概述了国内外蝗虫发生与为害的态势,总结了现阶段我国蝗虫发生与为害的主要特点:即农田飞蝗暴发频繁而且严重,草原土蝗的发生时常造成严重的经济损失,而且侵入城市干扰市民生活,我国与周边国家之间蝗虫过境迁移频繁,使用化学农药污染环境和农产品;分析了国内外蝗虫防治对策与技术的发展现状,重点介绍了应急防治和可持续治理对策、...     

Kinetics and thermodynamics of peroxidase- and laccase-catalyzed oxidation of N-substituted phenothiazines and phenoxazines

N -substituted phenothiazines (PTs) and phenoxazines (POs) catalyzed by fungal Coprinus cinereus peroxidase and Polyporus pinsitus laccase were investigated at pH 4–10. In the case of peroxidase, an apparent bimolecular rate constant (expressed as k _cat/K _m) varied from 1 ×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹to 2.6×10⁸M⁻¹s⁻¹ at pH 7.0. The constants for PO oxidation were higher in comparison to PT. pH dependence revealed two or three ionizable groups with pK _a values of 4.9–5.7 and 7.7–9.7 that significantly affected the activity of peroxidase. Single-turnover experiments showed that the limiting step of PT oxidation was reduction of compound II and second-order rate constants were obtained which were consistent with the constants at steady-state conditions. Laccase-catalyzed PT and PO oxidation rates were lower; apparent bimolecular rate constants varied from 1.8×10⁵M⁻¹s⁻¹ to 2.0×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹ at pH 5.3. PO constants were higher in comparison to PT, as was the case with peroxidase. The dependence of the apparent bimolecular constants of compound II or copper type 1 reduction, in the case of peroxidase or laccase, respectively, was analyzed in the framework of the Marcus outer-sphere electron-transfer theory. Peroxidase-catalyzed reactions with PT, as well as PO, fitted the same hyperbolic dependence with a maximal oxidation rate of 1.6×10⁸M⁻¹s⁻¹ and a reorganization energy of 0.30 eV. The respective parameters for laccase were 5.0×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹ and 0.29 eV. Received: 20 September 1999 / Accepted: 24 February 2000     

Coiled-coil nanomechanics and uncoiling and unfolding of the superhelix and alpha-helices of myosin

The nanomechanical properties of the coiled-coils of myosin are fundamentally important in understanding muscle assembly and contraction. Force spectra of single molecules of double-headed myosin, single-headed myosin, and coiled-coil tail fragments were acquired with an atomic force microscope and displayed characteristic triphasic force-distance responses to stretch: a rise phase (R) and a plateau phase (P) and an exponential phase (E). The R and P phases arise mainly from the stretching of the coiled-coils, with the hinge region being the main contributor to the rise phase at low force. Only the E phase was analyzable by the worm-like chain model of polymer elasticity. Restrained molecular mechanics simulations on an existing x-ray structure of scallop S2 yielded force spectra with either two or three phases, depending on the mode of stretch. It revealed that coiled-coil chains separate completely near the end of the P phase and the stretching of the unfolded chains gives rise to the E phase. Extensive conformational searching yielded a P phase force near 40 pN that agreed well with the experimental value. We suggest that the flexible and elastic S2 region, particularly the hinge region, may undergo force-induced unfolding and extend reversibly during actomyosin powerstroke.     

Synthesis of hapten and conjugates of coumestrol and development of immunoassay

3-O-Carboxymethylcoumestrol was prepared as the hapten for immunoassay by a partial alkylation of coumestrol with ethyl chloroacetate in acetone alkalized with potassium carbonate. 3-O-Ethoxycarbonylmethylcoumestrol was separated by column chromatography and finally was hydrolyzed with formic acid. 1H and 13C NMR data (APT, COSY, HMQC, and HMBC) revealed that the reaction was regioselective, as 3-O-ethoxycarboxymethylcoumestrol was the only monosubstituted derivative. The hapten was then conjugated to bovine serum albumin and used for immunization of rabbits. A radioimmunoassay (RIA) system was established based on the polyclonal antiserum and a 125I-labeled hapten-tyrosine methyl ester conjugate as the radioligand. Parameters of the RIA: sensitivity: 12 pg per tube, 50% intercept: 140 pg per tube, working range: 20-4000 pg per tube. The cross-reactivity of a panel isoflavonoid and lignan phytoestrogens was either negligible (e.g. formononetin 0.07%; biochanin A 0.06%) or not detectable at all. The major immunoreactive peak in HPLC fractions from an alfalfa extract had the same retention time as coumestrol standard and represented 94.8% of the signal. The remaining 5.2% of immunoreactivity was distributed between five minor peaks. We conclude that after the validation for particular matrices, the method will be a useful tool for analysis of coumestrol, especially in low volume and low concentration samples.     

白术同源四倍体的诱导和鉴定及其与二倍体过氧化物酶的比较

以白术（Atractylodes macrooephala Koidz.）二倍体组培苗为材料,对其四倍体诱导方法进行研究,共获得45个白术同源四倍体株系,为优良株系的选育提供了材料。此外,还分析比较了其中8个白术四倍体株系与二倍体的过氧化物酶同工酶（POD）的酶谱差异,发现四倍体各株系过氧化物酶同工酶谱比二倍体的均多了Rf0.310的谱带,且总过氧化物酶比活力也发生了很大改变,对探讨白术四倍体优良株系的生理生化机理具有一定的参考价值。     

Effect of soil salinity and water stresses on growth and content of nitrogen,chloride and phosphate of wheat and triticale

Summary Three wheats and one triticale were grown, up to flowering stage, in pots on calcareous soil adjusted to a range of salinities (S₁=3.5, S₂=6, S₃=8.5, and S₄=11 mmhos/cm, 20°C, soilpaste extract) by adding solution consisting of 3∶2∶1 of Na-, Ca- and Mg chlorides in chemical equivalent amounts. Moisture in the pots was kept at 100% (W₁), 40% (W₂) and 20% (W₃) of the available water. The vegetative growth, nitrogen and phosphate were affected by S and W treatments, chloride was affected only by S. The interaction S×W affected only dry weight. Varietal effect was observed between wheat as a group and triticale. Multiple quadratic regression equations of these properties on salinity and water revealed that the higher the available water the wider the range of tolerable salinity. Triticale was relatively more tolerant to water stress. Salinity increases Cl and decreases N, whereas water stress enhances N accumulation to a certain extent. However, in triticale at S₃ and S₄ the effect of water stress on N was overshadowed by the excessive salinity. This did not occur for the wheat (Florence). P trends were described. R² for P was low (0.7435–0.3603) which made interpretations rather difficult.     

放牧对牧草光合作用、呼吸作用和氮、碳吸收与转运的影响

研究放牧对草地植物生理活动的影响,对于揭示草地放牧演替的生理机制有重要意义.大量研究表明,家畜放牧对牧草光合作用、呼吸作用以及C和N吸收与转运的影响,可以分为生理伤害和生理恢复2个阶段.放牧通过改变草地冠层结构影响牧草光合作用,净光合作用速率短期内迅速下降,随着叶面积指数增加又逐渐上升,呼吸作用有相似的变化趋势.牧草放牧后再生长所需的C和N最初主要来自根系和留茬中的贮藏物质,此后随着牧草生长恢复逐渐由同化作用供给,C代谢与土壤N水平负相关.放牧后牧草生理活动变化与牧草遗传特性、种间竞争、家畜放牧特征、非生物环境等因素密切相关.