城市森林冠层对小气候调节作用

为了客观反映城市森林冠层的温湿效应,发挥城市森林冠层调节小气候的作用,使用Decagon微气象监测系统对南京城市森林冠层光照、温度、相对湿度等微气候因子进行长期监测,以林外的实验观测作为对照,分析了城市森林冠层内部小气候特征和对小气候的调节作用。结果表明:生长期冠层内部太阳辐射呈双峰或多峰曲线变化,林外与冠层内部太阳辐射差由大到小为夏季、秋季、春季、冬季;冠层内部与林外的气温和相对湿度日变化规律均呈抛物线变化,夏、秋季冠层降温作用高于春、冬季,春、夏、秋季白天冠层与林外温差大,夜间温差小,春、夏、秋季冠层相对湿度在任意时段均高于林外,冬季午后冠层相对湿度低于林外,城市森林冠层在夏、秋季的保湿效果优于春、冬季,城市森林冠层气温日最高值出现时刻比林外约晚30 min;除冠层内部太阳辐射与林外气温相关性不显著外,其他气象因子之间均呈极显著的相关性(P0.01)。城市森林冠层在削减太阳辐射、降温增湿、缓和冠层内部温湿度变化和对高温的滞后效果等调节小气候和改善气候舒适度方面具有显著的作用。     

模拟咸水入侵对崇明岛河岸带根际土壤微生物及反硝化作用的影响

通过模拟咸水入侵,研究了其对崇明岛河岸带根际土壤微生物及其反硝化过程的影响.结果表明:模拟咸水入侵后4种不同植被型河岸带土壤根际微生物区系发生显著变化,除放线菌菌群数量稍有增加外,细菌、真菌以及硝化和反硝化细菌数量均出现不同程度下降,特别是反硝化功能细菌数量较对照平均下降51.8％,说明河岸带土壤不同微生物区系对咸水入侵的响应存在显著差异.模拟咸水入侵后,河岸带土壤与氮转换相关的酶活性普遍受到抑制,且抑制作用随酶类型不同而存在差异,亚硝酸还原酶对咸水入侵最敏感,其活性较对照平均下降了43.5％,脲酶活性次之,其降幅为37.4％,而脱氢酶受咸水影响较小,其活性平均下降29.5％.模拟咸水入侵明显削弱了河岸带土壤反硝化作用,其速率平均下降34.9％.不同植被型河岸带土壤微生物对咸水入侵的生态生理响应存在显著差异,与对照相比,茭白根际土壤微生物数量和酶活性受咸水入侵的平均抑制率最大,土壤反硝化速率最小,其次是菖蒲和芦苇.在模拟咸水入侵下,菖蒲与芦苇混合群落根际土壤微生物数量、酶活性和反硝化速率抑制率明显低于单一植物模式,表明混合植被群落根际土壤微生物过程及反硝化作用对咸水入侵具有较好的缓冲性能.     

崇明岛不同土地利用类型河岸带土壤反硝化酶活性特征

以崇明岛河岸带为研究对象,采用乙炔抑制法,研究了不同土地利用类型河岸带(农田河岸带、林地河岸带、草地河岸带)土壤反硝化酶活性及其影响因素.结果表明：河岸带反硝化酶活性在(0.69±0.11)～(134.93±33.72) μg N·kg^-1·h^-1,不同土地类型河岸带土壤反硝化酶活性存在明显差异,整体趋势为林地河岸带>农田河岸带>草地河岸带.河岸带表层土壤(0～10 cm)反硝化酶活性与其他土层(10～30、30～50和50～70 cm)呈显著差异(P<0.05).反硝化酶活性与土壤有机碳、土壤全氮和土壤硝态氮呈极显著正相关关系(P<0.01).土地利用类型的变化主要通过改变河岸带土壤自然结构和理化性质、降低土壤有机质的积累、影响土壤氮素的转化,从而抑制河岸带土壤反硝化作用的发生.     

黄河中下游典型河岸带土壤性质空间变异及其对环境的响应

土壤和植被作为河岸带生态系统服务维持的根基,其空间分布与变异对河岸带生态功能的发挥起着决定性作用.本研究以黄河中下游典型河段河岸带为研究对象,采用野外调查、实验分析与冗余分析(RDA)相结合的方法,研究了河岸带土壤理化性质空间分异特征及其对环境的响应.结果表明: 研究区土壤物理性质的横向梯度效应较为明显,随缓冲距离增大,土壤容重呈现先增后减的趋势,而土壤含水量呈相反趋势;不同缓冲区土壤的全磷(TP)、有效磷(AP)、全碳(TC)、有机碳(TOC)、全氮(TN)、铵态氮(NH₄⁺-N)和硝态氮(NO₃^--N)含量差异均不显著;不同植被类型(杨树人工林和柳树人工林)的土壤化学性质差异均不显著.相关性分析表明,研究区土壤TOC与TN、NO₃^--N含量均呈极显著正相关、与NH₄⁺-N含量显著正相关,土壤TC和TOC含量均与砂粒呈极显著负相关,与粘粒极显著正相关.RDA结果显示,土壤TOC和NH₄⁺-N含量随乔木层高度和盖度的增加而增加,土壤TP与NO₃^--N随乔木层树木胸径和草本层植物盖度的增加而增加,而NH₄⁺-N含量随海拔升高呈递增的趋势,说明黄河中下游河岸带土壤性质受群落结构和海拔梯度的影响显著.     

北京山区河岸带植物群落种-面积关系

种-面积关系是群落生态学的基本问题之一,是了解植物群落结构的重要途径。为摸清北京山区河流河岸带植物群落调查最小样方面积,在北京市怀柔区怀九河河岸带沿线,采用基于河岸带立地条件逐步扩大样地面积的方法布设50个80m长样地,调查计算并拟合不同类型河岸带所需的最小样地面积。研究结果表明:北京市怀柔区怀九河河岸带植物种数255种,隶属于70科185属。通过聚类分析将怀九河河岸带分为自然河岸带、近自然河岸带、人工岸坡乔灌草河岸带、人工岸坡观赏性乔灌草河岸带、人工岸坡疏乔灌草干砌石河岸带和人工岸坡浆砌石河岸带6种类型。根据赤池信息量准则AIC可知自然河岸带、近自然河岸带、人工岸坡乔灌草河岸带和人工岸坡疏乔灌草干砌石河岸带优先选取S=c-ae~(-bA),人工岸坡观赏性乔灌草河岸带优先选取S=aA/(1+bA),人工岸坡浆砌石河岸带优先选取S=c/(1+ae~(-bA))。满足相同比例植物种调查,不同类型河岸带所需最小样地面积存在明显差异,当满足河岸带植物调查80%植物种时,人工岸坡浆砌石河岸带(84m~2)和自然河岸带(217m~2)所需样地面积较小,其次是人工岸坡疏乔灌草干砌石河岸带(362m~2),近自然河岸带(450m~2)和人工岸坡乔灌草河岸带(460m~2)所需样地面积相似,而人工岸坡观赏性乔灌草河岸带所需样地面积最大为571m~2。所得出的河岸带植物调查最小样地面积对于河岸带生物多样性保护和指导河岸带生态修复具有重要意义。     

城市公园景观秋冬季动态热效应

在北京市3个公园中选择裸地、道路、林地、草地4种主要景观类型,通过2013年10月、11月、12月的实地监测数据,定量揭示不同景观类型地表温度、近地表空气温度和湿度的日间变化特征,并分析日间温湿度的均值、幅度大小、空气温湿度的匹配程度。4种景观类型日间地表和空气温度均呈单峰变化趋势,裸地、道路、林地、草地的地表温度最高值分别出现在14:00、12:00、14:00、12:00,空气温度最高值则都在14:00,相对湿度最大值出现在8:00,最小值在14:00。从日间均值来看,地表温度为裸地道路草地、林地,裸地的日均空气温度最高,4种景观的相对湿度差异不显著。从日间变化幅度来看,所有景观类型的地表温度均明显大于空气温度,尤其是裸地和道路的日间变化比林地和草地更加明显。通过定量分析4种景观类型的日间热环境动态变化,可以为城市热环境改善、景观设计和生态规划提供科学依据。     

长白山温带阔叶红松林对温湿环境的调节效应

森林具有改善气候、调节微环境的作用,森林小气候的研究对于揭示森林生态系统功能、评估森林生态环境效益具有重要意义.本研究以长白山阔叶红松林为例,基于2003—2014年林内通量塔气象资料及其附近气象站空旷地的同时段气象资料,对其最高、最低和平均气温、相对湿度和表层土壤温度的日变化和季节变化进行对比分析.结果表明: 林内气温和相对湿度分别呈现单峰型和U型日变化规律,日较差较林外低2.31 ℃和8.3%,表层土壤温度日变化趋于恒定,阔叶红松林减缓了温湿度的日变化.夏季主要为降温效应,冬季表现出显著的增温效应.夏季林内气温和土温比林外低1.30和3.91 ℃;冬季林内气温和土温比林外高2.06和5.44 ℃.森林对最高温和最低温的调节效应显著.在季节尺度上,夏季森林降低最高气温和土温1.80和5.45 ℃,冬季提高最低气温和土温3.69和7.92 ℃.在年尺度上,林内年最高气温和土温分别较林外低1.60和4.99 ℃,年最低气温和土温分别较林外高1.12和8.82 ℃.森林对土温的调节效应强于对气温的调节效应.气温和土温均以对低温的保温作用为主.     

河岸带不同植被类型土壤氮素转化过程对冻融交替的响应

河岸带是水陆交错地带氮素生物地球化学循环的热点区域,春季融雪时期的气温变化引起的冻融交替是影响土壤氮素转化过程和氮素流失重要因素之一.通过室内模拟,研究了河岸带珍珠梅、落叶松和农田3种植被类型土壤可溶性氮含量与净氮矿化速率对不同冻结温度和冻融频次的响应.结果表明,冻融频次对3种植被类型河岸带土壤可溶性氮影响显著(P＜0.05),不同植被类型土壤可溶性氮含量变化趋势相似,在第1次冻融之后达到峰值,在第10次冻融之后稳定.3种植被类型土壤无机氮含量受冻融交替影响显著升高(P＜0.05).冻融温度对土壤净氮矿化速率影响显著(P＜0.05),土壤净氮矿化速率在第1次冻融之后达到最大值,随冻融次数增加而下降.3种植被类型土壤受冻融交替影响均有一定程度的氮素流失风险,农田土壤无机氮含量本底值较高,土壤氮素随冰雪融水流失风险较大.     

赣江流域河岸带外来入侵植物的调查分析

通过对赣江流域河岸带植物调查,发现该地有外来入侵植物17科27属31种,其中菊科最多有9种。对赣江流域河岸带入侵植物分布的分析显示:外来入侵植物发生在赣江全流域,上、中、下游河岸带植物群落中入侵植物的优势度无明显差异;河岸带植被类型对入侵植物的分布影响较大,草本群落和灌草群落中的入侵植物优势度明显高于乔木林群落;干扰对外来植物的入侵起到了积极作用,与无干扰方式下的群落相比入侵植物的优势度差异极显著,但干扰方式对入侵植物的分布无影响。     

河段尺度的上海苏州河河岸带综合评价

基于河岸带结构初步构建河段尺度的苏州河河岸带综合评价指标体系,选取其干流43个河段为评价单元,结合遥感影像解译与实地调研,构建指标数据库,度量河岸带综合状况指数(Riparian Comprehensive Situation Index,RCSI);基于ANOVA分析方法阐释RCSI对河段区位及用地类型的响应,并提出河岸带规划设计及改进策略。结果表明:RCSI分布于3.79-25.03范围内,69.8%河段处于较差和非常差级别;②高于85%河段的滨水带及护岸带状况处于较差和非常差级别,滨水带宽度和护岸类型是其主要影响因素;大于50%河段的近岸带状况处于较差和非常差级别,不透水面积率和设施丰富度是其关键限制因子;③人类活动强度、城市化进程等原因导致RCSI以及多数指标在不同区位和不同用地类型中存在显著差异,而滨水带宽度、护岸坡度、侵蚀程度、α多样性指数和纵向连通性等方面无显著性差异。     

Challenges in applying scientific evidence to width recommendations for riparian management in agricultural Australia

Intact riparian zones maintain aquatic–terrestrial ecosystem function and ultimately, waterway health. Effective riparian management is a major step towards improving the condition of waterways and usually involves the creation of a ‘buffer’ by fencing off the stream and planting vegetation. Determination of buffer widths often reflects logistical constraints (e.g. private land ownership, existing infrastructure) of riparian and adjacent areas, rather than relying on rigorous science. We used published information to support riparian width recommendations for waterways in agricultural Victoria, Australia. We focused on different ecological management objectives (e.g. nutrient reduction or erosion control) and scrutinised the applicability of data across different environmental contexts (e.g. adjacent land use or geomorphology). Not surprisingly, the evidence supported variable ‘effective’ riparian widths, depending on the objective and environmental context. We used this information to develop a framework for determining riparian buffer widths to meet a variety of ecological objectives in south‐east Australia. Widths for reducing nutrient inputs to waterways were most strongly supported with quantitative evidence and varied between 20 and 38 m depending on environmental context. The environmental context was inconsistently reported, making it difficult to recommend appropriate widths, under different land‐use and physiographic scenarios. The evidence to guide width determination generally had high levels of uncertainty. Despite the considerable amount of published riparian research, there was insufficient evidence to demonstrate that implemented widths achieved ecological objectives. We emphasise the need for managers to clearly articulate the objectives of proposed riparian management and carefully consider the environmental context. Monitoring ecological responses associated with different riparian buffer widths is essential to support future management decisions.     

Rohon-Beard sensory neurons are induced by BMP4 expressing non-neural ectoderm in Xenopus laevis

Rohon-Beard mechanosensory neurons (RBs), neural crest cells, and neurogenic placodes arise at the border of the neural- and non-neural ectoderm during anamniote vertebrate development. Neural crest cells require BMP expressing non-neural ectoderm for their induction. To determine if epidermal ectoderm-derived BMP signaling is also involved in the induction of RB sensory neurons, the medial region of the neural plate from donor Xenopus laevis embryos was transplanted into the non-neural ventral ectoderm of host embryos at the same developmental stage. The neural plate border and RBs were induced at the transplant sites, as shown by expression of Xblimp1, and XHox11L2 and XN-tubulin, respectively. Transplantation studies between pigmented donors and albino hosts showed that neurons are induced both in donor neural and host epidermal tissue. Because an intermediate level of BMP4 signaling is required to induce neural plate border fates, we directly tested BMP4′s ability to induce RBs; beads soaked in either 1 or 10 ng/ml were able to induce RBs in cultured neural plate tissue. Conversely, RBs fail to form when neural plate tissue from embryos with decreased BMP activity, either from injection of noggin or a dominant negative BMP receptor, was transplanted into the non-neural ectoderm of un-manipulated hosts. We conclude that contact between neural and non-neural ectoderm is capable of inducing RBs, that BMP4 can induce RB markers, and that BMP activity is required for induction of ectopic RB sensory neurons.     

Impacts of land use at the catchment scale constrain the habitat benefits of stream riparian buffers

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暴雨和缓冲带特征对城市滨水缓冲带雨洪消减与水质净化效果的影响机制

通过设置多组实验,模拟不同暴雨径流及缓冲带条件,对城市滨水缓冲带在不同暴雨雨型、历时、重现期、缓冲带坡度、植被覆盖度、初期冲刷等条件下的径流削减和水质净化作用进行研究。得出在不同实验条件下,滨水缓冲带的雨量动态径流系数结果在0.29—0.55之间。分析实验结果发现缓冲带对峰型靠前、历时较短、重现期短的暴雨径流削减效果更好,同时更平缓与植被覆盖度更高的缓冲带对径流的削减效果更佳。模拟实验显示,径流中不同污染物去除率范围分别为:SS为66.41%—90.29%、TN为44.48%—64.90%、NH_3-N为32.72%—63.68%、TP为89.83%—95.04%、COD为34.32%—66.23%。缓冲带的径流水质净化效果在应对不同暴雨雨型时未显示明显规律,而缓冲带对中高浓度径流污染物削减率更高能够应对较强的初期冲刷效应。同时更平缓与植被覆盖度更高缓冲带,即表流流速更缓慢时,显示出更好的径流净化效果。     

Novel insights into habitat suitability for Amazonian freshwater mussels linked with hydraulic and landscape drivers

Novel insights into habitat suitability for two Unionida freshwater mussels, Castalia ambigua Lamarck, 1819 (Hyriidae) and Anodontites elongatus (Swainson, 1823) (Mycetopodidae), are presented on the basis of hydraulic variables linked with the riverbed in six 500‐m reaches in an eastern Amazonian river basin. Within the reaches, there was strong habitat heterogeneity in hydrodynamics and substrate composition. In addition, we investigated stressors based on landscape modification that are associated with declines in mussel density. We measured hydraulic variables for each 500‐m reach, and landscape stressors at two spatial scales (subcatchment and riparian buffer forest). We used the Random Forest algorithm, a tree‐based model, to predict the hydraulic variables linked with habitat suitability for mussels, and to predict which landscape stressors were most associated with mussel density declines. Both mussel species were linked with low substrate heterogeneity and greater riverbed stability (low Froude and Reynolds numbers), especially at high flow (low stream power). Different sediment grain size preferences were observed between mussel species: Castalia ambigua was associated with medium sand and Anodontites elongatus with medium and fine sand. Declines in mussel density were associated with modifications linked to urbanization at small scales (riparian buffer forest), especially with percent of and distance from rural settlements, distance to the nearest street, and road density. In summary, the high variance explained in both hydraulic and landscape models indicated high predictive power, suggesting that our findings may be extrapolated and used as a baseline to test hypotheses of habitat suitability in other Amazonian rivers for Castalia ambigua and Anodontites elongatus and also for other freshwater mussel species. Our results highlight the urgent need for aquatic habitat conservation to maintain sheltered habitats during high flow as well as mitigate the effects of landscape modifications at the riparian buffer scale, both of which are important for maintaining dense mussel populations and habitat quality.     

石家庄市滨河湿地公园秋季增湿效应

滨河湿地公园拥有良好的生态环境和多样化的景观资源。作为城市绿地系统的重要组成部分,它在调节气候、美化环境、维护区域生态平衡等方面具有不可替代的作用。于2012年10月10—12日和2013年9月27—29日、10月2、3、6日晴朗无风(或风速小于0.2 m/s)的天气条件下,在石家庄市太平河滨河湿地公园,选择不同结构的下垫面——水泥路面(宽约14 m)、乔-草绿地(宽约58 m)、灌木林(宽约22 m),对距地面1.5 m高度内的大气湿度变化情况进行了系统监测,并选择了面积相近、无植被和水体等环境因素影响的裸地进行了比测,研究了不同植被类型在秋季白天各时段增湿效应的垂向和横向变化规律,分析了各类下垫面增湿效应的差异性。结果表明:1植被覆盖区的增湿效应随环境温度升高而增强,其相关系数可达0.8以上。白天以10:00—14:00气温较高时段增湿效应最明显,平均较8:00高4%左右,较18:00高8%左右;2植被的增湿效应在近地面处较强,而自0.2 m高度向上各监测高度段以公差为1%—2%的数列递减;3秋季白天,不同下垫面的增湿效应由强到弱依次为灌木林、乔-草林、河流、水泥路面,其中灌木林较乔-草林的增湿效应强约5%—7%;4同一绿地,当结构和郁闭度无明显变化时,其增湿效应在相同季节基本稳定;5虽然秋季绿地增湿效应与夏季相比明显减弱,但绿地增湿效应与环境温度的关系、增湿效应的垂向变化特征以及不同结构绿地的增湿效应差异等在不同季节仍具有一致的规律。滨河湿地公园不同结构类型区域的合理配置,可以更有效地改善大气环境。     

Application of a two-dimensional disposable rocking bioreactor to bacterial cultivation for recombinant protein production

Disposable rocking bioreactors (RBs) are widely employed for cultivation of recombinant mammalian and insect cell lines, although the perception of inadequate mass transfer has prevented their application to bioprocesses based on microbial platforms. In this study, one-dimensional (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) RBs were assessed and compared with the conventional stirred tank reactor (STR) for recombinant therapeutic protein production in Escherichia coli. The comparison involved: (1) physical characterization of oxygen mass transfer efficiency and mixing intensity, (2) growth characteristics in batch cultivation, and (3) culture performance for the production of recombinant protein. Our results show that oxygen mass transfer was comparable between the 1D RB and STR at low working volume (WV), declining linearly with increasing WV, and was highest in the 2D RB for all tested WVs with the maximum mass transfer coefficient (k_La) at 3 L WV. Well mixing behavior was observed in all three systems for water and aqueous carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) solutions. Batch growth characteristics were similar in all bioreactor systems, although metabolite accumulation was significant in the 1D RB. Culture performance for the production of recombinant GST-hCD83ext (glutathione S-transferase-hCD83ext fusion protein) was similar in terms of soluble protein yield and inclusion body formation for all bioreactor systems.     

Do riparian reserves support dung beetle biodiversity and ecosystem services in oil palm-dominated tropical landscapes?

Agricultural expansion and intensification are major threats to global biodiversity, ecological functions, and ecosystem services. The rapid expansion of oil palm in forested tropical landscapes is of particular concern given their high biodiversity. Identifying management approaches that maintain native species and associated ecological processes within oil palm plantations is therefore a priority. Riparian reserves are strips of forest retained alongside rivers in cultivated areas, primarily for their positive hydrological impact. However, they can also support a range of forest‐dependent species or ecosystem services. We surveyed communities of dung beetles and measured dung removal activity in an oil palm‐dominated landscape in Sabah, Malaysian Borneo. The species richness, diversity, and functional group richness of dung beetles in riparian reserves were significantly higher than in oil palm, but lower than in adjacent logged forests. The community composition of the riparian reserves was more similar to logged forest than oil palm. Despite the pronounced differences in biodiversity, we did not find significant differences in dung removal rates among land uses. We also found no evidence that riparian reserves enhance dung removal rates within surrounding oil palm. These results contrast previous studies showing positive relationships between dung beetle species richness and dung removal in tropical forests. We found weak but significant positive relationships between riparian reserve width and dung beetle diversity, and between reserve vegetation complexity and dung beetle abundance, suggesting that these features may increase the conservation value of riparian reserves. Synthesis and applications: The similarity between riparian reserves and logged forest demonstrates that retaining riparian reserves increases biodiversity within oil palm landscapes. However, the lack of correlation between dung beetle community characteristics and dung removal highlights the need for further research into spatial variation in biodiversity–ecosystem function relationships and how the results of such studies are affected by methodological choices.     

The impacts of habitat disturbance on adult and larval dragonflies (Odonata) in rainforest streams in Sabah,Malaysian Borneo

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