多种植物挥发物及马铃薯甲虫聚集素对马铃薯甲虫的引诱作用

马铃薯甲虫Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say)是马铃薯上一种最主要的毁灭性害虫。由于其严重的抗药性, 急需寻找一种替代杀虫剂的防治方法。本实验从开发马铃薯甲虫引诱剂的目的出发,用“Y”型嗅觉仪测定了马铃薯甲虫对来自植物的7种挥发物单体、8个挥发物混合物配方以及马铃薯甲虫聚集素的行为反应,并进一步进行了田间诱集试验。室内生测结果表明,2-苯乙醇对马铃薯甲虫雌雄虫都有明显的引诱作用。芳樟醇+水杨酸甲酯+顺乙酸-3-己烯酯的混合物对马铃薯甲虫雄虫有很强的引诱作用(81.67%), 但是对雌虫引诱作用不明显(63.33%)。在其中加入马铃薯甲虫聚集素不但提高了对雄虫的引诱率（88.33%）,还消除了之前的雌雄性别间反应差异现象,使对雌虫的引诱率达到了83.33%。田间诱集结果显示,芳樟醇+水杨酸甲酯+顺乙酸-3-己烯酯+马铃薯甲虫聚集素在所研究的引诱剂配方中引诱效果最好。从而为马铃薯甲虫发生的预测预报和诱杀技术提供了研究基础。     

不同寄主植物上马铃薯甲虫种群生长发育的比较研究

马铃薯甲虫Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say)是马铃薯Solanum tuberosum等茄科作物上的一种毁灭性害虫。为了探明寄主植物对新疆马铃薯甲虫种群生长发育的影响, 本研究通过非选择性试验测定了马铃薯、 茄子Solanum melongena和番茄Lycopersicon esculentum 3种栽培寄主及野生寄主中亚天仙子Hyoscyamus pusillus对马铃薯甲虫种群生长发育、 存活、 繁殖及生命表参数的影响。结果表明： 马铃薯甲虫幼虫虽然能够取食番茄, 但幼虫的发育历期长、 存活率低且蛹不能羽化, 表明番茄不是新疆马铃薯甲虫种群的适宜寄主。马铃薯、 茄子、 中亚天仙子3种寄主植物对该虫卵、 幼虫、 蛹的存活率和发育历期及成虫产卵前期没有显著影响, 但对蛹重和繁殖力影响显著。取食不同寄主植物后, 该虫蛹重和繁殖力从大到小的次序为： 马铃薯＞茄子＞中亚天仙子; 种群的净增殖率(R₀)、 内禀增长率(r_m)和种群趋势指数(I)从大到小依次为： 马铃薯＞茄子＞中亚天仙子。因此马铃薯为新疆马铃薯甲虫种群的最适宜寄主, 其次为茄子和中亚天仙子, 而番茄为不适宜寄主。     

两种野生寄主对马铃薯甲虫繁殖策略及后代生长发育的影响

为明确野生寄主植物对马铃薯甲虫种群繁殖及生长发育方面的影响,本研究比较了天仙子、刺萼龙葵2种野生寄主对马铃薯甲虫产卵量、孵化率、发育历期以及种群生命参数的影响.结果表明:取食不同寄主植物的马铃薯甲虫产卵量和孵化率均有显著差异(P＜0.05),卵期无显著差异(P＞0.05),取食天仙子的雌虫产卵量显著低于取食马铃薯和刺萼...     

非寄主植物间套作对马铃薯甲虫种群及其天敌的影响

农田作物布局作为害虫生态调控的重要内容,一直是保护性生物防治的研究热点。为进一步明确马铃薯田块作物间套作种植模式对马铃薯甲虫种群动态的影响,探索马铃薯甲虫可持续防控的新思路与新方法,本研究在马铃薯甲虫发生期对马铃薯-玉米、马铃薯-向日葵、马铃薯单作3种作物间套作模式进行田间种群数量调查,分析比较不同种植模式下的马铃薯甲虫种群动态差异。结果表明：在马铃薯甲虫发生期,马铃薯单作第二代幼虫为害高峰期出现晚于两种间套作模式,第一代成虫为害高峰期早于两种间套作模式。第二代幼虫为害低峰期（8月26日-9月7日）时,马铃薯-玉米间套作幼虫量显著低于马铃薯单作（P<0.05）,马铃薯-玉米间套作幼虫量显著低于马铃薯-向日葵（P<0.05）,整个调查期间,马铃薯单作虫量要大于两种间套作。此外,天敌昆虫群落调查表明：间套作玉米异色瓢虫量显著高于马铃薯单作（P<0.05）,间套作向日葵的草蛉、食蚜蝇虫量高于马铃薯单作。间套作向日葵或玉米对越冬代马铃薯甲虫的扩散有影响,马铃薯播种初期间套作向日葵或玉米能在一定程度上阻隔马铃薯甲虫的定殖扩散。     

马铃薯甲虫防治技术及其抗药性研究进展

马铃薯甲虫Leptinotarsa decemlineata(Say)是世界上重要的毁灭性检疫害虫。国内外针对马铃薯甲虫的防治技术包括农业及物理防治(与非寄主作物合理倒茬轮作,诱集捕杀等)、生物防治(利用微生物农药和植物活性提取物防治,引进天敌控制)以及化学防治(使用有机磷、氨基甲酸酯、拟除虫菊酯类及其他新型杀虫剂防治)等。马铃薯甲虫对杀虫剂的抗性主要与体内代谢酶系、尤其是多功能氧化酶系活性升高有关;抗性遗传方式多为常染色体控制的不完全隐性遗传。抗性检测技术包括传统生物测定法和基因检测法,后者主要包括固相微型测序、单链构象多态性、双向等位特异PCR扩增等,这些新技术在抗药性监测中将发挥越来越重要的作用。     

马铃薯甲虫在中国的适生区

马铃薯甲虫是一种外来的有害生物,已在新疆、黑龙江等地建立种群,危害马铃薯、番茄等农作物,危害范围在中国逐年蔓延扩大。预测马铃薯甲虫在中国的适生区,有利于制定该虫的早期监测预警及控制。根据马铃薯甲虫现有的分布记录,筛选出主要的环境变量,采用MaxEnt模型和ArcGIS软件对其在中国的潜在分布区进行预测和分析。结果表明:用主成分分析法、相关性检验结合刀切法筛选出7个主要环境变量,MaxEnt模型模拟的AUC值为0.917,预测结果与实际拟合度非常高; ArcGIS软件中重分类方法计算出马铃薯甲虫当代适生区总面积为3.72×106km2,占中国国土面积的38.67%;高适生区仅占中国国土面积的0.08%,主要位于内蒙古自治区包头市和呼和浩特市辖区;中适生区面积为1.26×106km2,占中国国土面积的13.07%,包括黑龙江、辽宁和河北的东部,四川的西部,甘肃的西南部,河南的西北部,山西的南部,新疆的北部,江苏、湖北、贵州和安徽的中部地区,山东广大地区以及内蒙古包头市周边;低适生区面积为2.45×106km2,占中国国土面积的25.52%,主要分布在内蒙古中部、新疆北部、东北东部、华北、华...     

蠋蝽成虫对马铃薯甲虫卵和低龄幼虫的捕食能力

[目的] 马铃薯甲虫是我国已公布的全国农业植物检疫性有害生物名单中的害虫,自新疆传入后对我国马铃薯产业造成了巨大的损失,研究蠋蝽成虫对马铃薯甲虫卵和低龄幼虫的捕食能力,可为利用天敌防治马铃薯甲虫提供理论依据。[方法] 采用室内饲养观察研究方法,并用Holling Ⅱ型圆盘方程对研究结果进行拟合,计算寻找效应。[结果] 蠋蝽成虫能够捕食马铃薯甲虫卵和低龄幼虫,且捕食功能反应均符合Holling Ⅱ型圆盘方程,蠋蝽成虫对马铃薯甲虫卵和低龄幼虫的功能反应方程分别为N_a=0.2862N/（1+0.0198N）和N_a=0.8400N/（1+0.0709N）;在一定范围内,蠋蝽成虫对马铃薯甲虫卵和低龄幼虫捕食量在理论上随密度的增加而增加,当马铃薯甲虫的卵和低龄幼虫的密度分别达到20粒和20头时,蠋蝽成虫的捕食量最高;蠋蝽成虫对马铃薯甲虫卵和幼虫的最大日捕食量是14粒和12头,瞬时攻击率是0.2862和0.8400;蠋蝽对马铃薯甲虫卵的控制能力（4.1299）小于对低龄幼虫的控制能力（9.9526）。[结论] 蠋蝽成虫对马铃薯甲虫卵和低龄幼虫有较好的捕食能力,但控制能力不同。     

温度对马铃薯甲虫生长发育的影响

为了进一步明确温度对马铃薯甲虫Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say)生长发育的影响, 在恒温条件, 研究了温度对马铃薯甲虫实验种群生长发育的影响。结果表明：温度对马铃薯甲虫各虫态的发育历期、存活率及种群的繁殖力有显著的影响。发育历期随温度的升高而缩短, 发育速率与温度呈显著的正相关。马铃薯甲虫世代存活率由大到小的顺序为27℃＞23℃＞19℃＞31℃＞15℃。27℃时成虫的产卵量最高, 单雌平均卵量为729.7粒;其次为23℃, 单雌平均卵量为639.2粒。并测得马铃薯甲虫卵、1龄幼虫、2龄幼虫、3龄幼虫、4龄幼虫、幼虫期、蛹期及全世代的发育起点温度分别为9.14, 10.50, 8.17, 10.28, 9.04, 9.59, 10.23和10.90℃, 有效积温分别为73.26, 43.22, 39.23, 34.05, 161.97, 273.02, 100.38和542.58日·度。据此认为温度对马铃薯甲虫实验种群的生长发育、存活和繁殖影响明显。     

中华甲虫蒲螨对寄主的选择性初探

中华甲虫蒲螨Pyemotes zhonghuajia Yu,Zhang&He是我国近年来发现的一种寄生性天敌,对吉丁、天牛、小蠹等林木钻蛀性害虫控制效果显著。为了解中华甲虫蒲螨对不同寄主的选择性,室内利用自制的六臂架,选取双条杉天牛Semanotus bifasciatus(Motschulsky)和沙蒿大粒象Adosomus sp.幼虫为对象,比较其对寄主种类和龄期的选择性。结果显示,对于双条杉天牛不同龄期的幼虫,中华甲虫蒲螨对1龄幼虫有明显的趋性,8 h时选择1龄幼虫的蒲螨数量显著地高于3龄幼虫,之后(12²4 h)选择2、3龄幼虫寄生的中华甲虫蒲螨才逐渐增多。中华甲虫蒲螨对双条杉天牛和沙蒿大粒象的2龄幼虫随着时间推移也表现出不同的选择性,中华甲虫蒲螨接入六臂架内824 h)选择2、3龄幼虫寄生的中华甲虫蒲螨才逐渐增多。中华甲虫蒲螨对双条杉天牛和沙蒿大粒象的2龄幼虫随着时间推移也表现出不同的选择性,中华甲虫蒲螨接入六臂架内8¹2 h对双条杉天牛表现出明显的偏好,差异显著;2412 h对双条杉天牛表现出明显的偏好,差异显著;24³6 h逐渐倾向于沙蒿大粒象,第48小时选择沙蒿大粒象的蒲螨数量显著地高于双条杉天牛。上述结果说明,中华甲虫蒲螨对不同寄主和同一寄主不同龄期的幼虫有明显选择性,并且在不同时间段选择差异会有显著变化,倾向于选择龄期较低、表皮硬度低、活动能力低的幼虫。     

降水对新疆马铃薯甲虫分布的影响

为明确降水在中国新疆地区对马铃薯甲虫分布的影响,揭示制约马铃薯甲虫分布扩散的关键环境因子,为马铃薯甲虫的持续防控和综合治理提供理论依据。该研究结合新疆历史降水数据,对马铃薯甲虫现有分布区内的降水时空格局展开分析,比较了马铃薯甲虫危害程度与降水时空格局的关系。结果表明:马铃薯甲虫现主要分布于新疆年降水量在150 mm以上地区,早期定殖的地区降水量大于后期定殖区,其扩散方向为自西向东,同时年降水量也逐渐减少。马铃薯甲虫危害程度也随着经度增加而递减,早期发现马铃薯甲虫的地区受危害程度较重。降水量减少导致的水分缺乏对马铃薯甲虫的分布扩散具有一定的制约作用。     

Fuels for energy metabolism in the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say

During flight, the proline concentration in the flight muscles of Leptinotarsa decemlineata decreases sharply while that of alanine shows a proportional increase. In view of the known dynamics of proline turn over the observed decrease would indicate that proline plays the major role as a mobilizable energy source for flight. To a minor extent carbohydrates such as glycogen and glucose support energy metabolism during flight in the Colorado potato beetle.During a recovery period after flight the proline concentration in the fat body increases sharply within minutes, a feature which would indicate that fat body could synthesize proline maybe at the expense of alanine. Comparison of starvation and flight metabolism reveals that the metabolic changes in the two situations are different.     

Impact of chemical manipulation of tarsal liquids on attachment in the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata

Insect tarsal attachment forces are thought to be influenced by the viscosity and surface tension of a thin film of adhesive liquid (wet adhesion). In beetles, this fluid has been shown to be composed mainly of lipophilic substances that are similar to the cuticular lipids. In this study we investigate whether and how the chemical composition of footprint lipids affects attachment forces in the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata. After application of standardised mixtures of synthetic n-alkanes or alkenes, or a concentrated hydrocarbon extract to the surface of the elytra, we tested the beetles’ attachment performance using a beam force transducer. The results show that only the unsaturated components, but not the straight-chained alkanes reduced friction forces, confirming that attachment performance is influenced by the chemical composition of the adhesive secretion. We estimated the volume of footprint droplets and calculated a mean thickness of the liquid layer of 0.04 μm. The measured friction exceeded the viscous and capillary force expected for a film of this thickness. Therefore, alternative mechanisms (i.e. shear-thinning and solid-like behaviour) for the generation of attachment forces and their dependence on the chemical composition of the liquid are discussed.     

Resting metabolic rate can vary with age independently from body mass changes in the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata

Temperature and mass dependency of insect metabolic rates are well known, while less attention has been given to other factors, such as age. Among insect species that experience seasonal variation in environmental conditions, such as in temperate latitudes, age may also have indirect effects on the metabolic rate. We examined the effect of age on the resting metabolic rate of Leptinotarsa decemlineata during 11 days after adult emergence by using flow-through respirometry. Age had a significant mass-independent effect on metabolic rate of beetles. A twofold increase in metabolic rate occurred during the first 2 days of adult life after which metabolic rate decreased with age relatively slowly. Ten day-old adult beetles had a metabolic rate similar to newly emerged beetles. The beetles have to be able to complete their development and prepare for overwintering during the relatively short favourable summer periods. Therefore, the observed pattern in metabolic rate may reflect physiological changes in the pre-diapause beetles adapted to temperate latitudes.     

Hormonal regulation of proline synthesis and glucose release in the fat body of the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata

In the adult males of the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata, corpora cardiaca extract injected in vivo gives rise to an increase in glucose and a decrease in alanine concentration of the haemolymph. The regulation of proline synthesis and glucose release in the fat body of the Colorado potato beetle was investigated further in vitro. Proline regulates its own synthesis by a feedback inhibition. Moreover, a factor present in extracts from the corpora cardiaca stimulates synthesis in the fat body in vitro. This effect was demonstrated with corpora cardiaca extracts from beetles, locusts and cokroaches. Also, synthetic adipokinetic hormone stimulates proline synthesis in the fat body of the Colorado beetle. In addition, a release of glucose from the fat body of the beetle could be evoked by the addition of locust and beetle corpora cardiaca extracts or synthetic adipokinetic hormone. The physiological significance of both effects is discussed.     

Neural control of the corpus allatum in the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata: An electron microscope study utilizing the in vitro tannic acid Ringer incubation method

The release of material from neurosecretory synapses in the corpora allata of the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata was visualised by an electron microscope procedure which involved tissue incubation in tannic acid. Using morphometry, the frequency of exocytosis phenomena was quantified in beetles kept under two different photoregimes. The number of exocytosis phenomena in the neurosecretory synapses in the corpora allata of beetles kept under short days was significantly higher than that of beetles reared under long-day conditions. In addition, the corpus allatum gland cells appeared to be more richly innervated by neurosecretory synapses under short-day than under long-day conditions. Previous studies using the in vitro radiochemical assay showed that the corpus allatum activity of short-day beetles is at least partly restrained by neurally mediated factors. The present morphological data strongly imply that this corpus allatum inhibitory substance is released from the neurosecretory synapses.     

Colonization of potato fields in eastern North Carolina by Colorado potato beetle

Rotated and non-rotated commercial potato fields were sampled intensively to follow Colorado potato beetle,Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), colonization and subsequent oviposition patterns in the spring of 1990 and 1991. Maximum densities of colonizing adults ranged from 0 to 14,891/ha and maximum egg mass densities ranged from 0 to 48,451/ha. Crop rotation generally resulted in lower potato beetle populations. Regardless of crop rotation management practices, colonization of fields planted in potatoes began at field edges and progressed inward in all fields for both years. Management of potato beetles is discussed in light of these findings.     

Role of galeal sensilla in host recognition and feeding behaviour of the Colorado potato beetle

Abstract. Close-range interactions with plants and the early stages of feeding behaviour of adult Colorado potato beetles, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), were studied using beetles with and without various mouthpart sensilla. Representative host, potato (Solarium tuberosum) , and non-host, tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) , leaves were treated very differently by beetles with and without their galeal or palpal sensilla. Galeal sensilla were particularly important for beetles interacting with these two plants. Compared with normal beetles, fewer beetles without galeae fed on potato leaves, and those that did feed spent more time assessing the plant and took more bites before feeding. On tomtato, more beetles without galeae fed, spent less time assessing the plant and took fewer bites before feeding. Beetles without galeae also had lower consumption rates on potato and higher consumption rates on tomato. Beetles were very reluctant to feed on tomato if the galeae were present so removal of maxillary sensilla was studied only on potato. Without the sensilla on the maxillary palpi only the time between first touch and first bite was affected (lengthened). The importance of galeal sensilla in host recognition by this species and the implications for chemosensory studies are discussed here and in a companion paper.     

Amino acid metabolism during flight in the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata

The highest capacity for flight was demonstrated in males reared in long day conditions. During flight there is a significant decrease in proline content and to a lesser extent in glutamate. At the same time alanine accumulates, but its accumulation does not show stoichiometry with the decline in proline and glutamate during the first minutes of flight. This failure in stoichiometry suggests that glutamate dehydrogenase plays an important role in the early phases of flight.     

Response of insecticide-resistant and susceptible Colorado potato beetles, Leptinotarsa decemlineata to 2-tridecanone and resistant tomato foliage: the absence of cross resistance

Insecticide-resistant Colorado potato beetles (CPB), Leptinotarsa decemlineata, from Long Island, New York and susceptible beetles from North Carolina were tested for response to 2-tridecanone and foliage of the CPB resistant wild tomato, Lycopersicon hirsutum f. glabratum C. H. Mull, PI 134417. Populations did not differ in their response to 2-tridecanone or PI 134417 foliage. Exposure of beetles to sublethal doses of 2-tridecanone did not increase tolerance of either population to subsequent exposures to 2-tridecanone. It was also found that the New York beetles suffered higher mortality than North Carolina beetles on CPB susceptible L. esculentum foliage and PI 134417 foliage from which the glandular trichomes, which contain 2-tridecanone, were removed. Survival of North Carolina beetles was lower on PI 134417 foliage without trichomes than on L. esculentum foliage.

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Résumé La lutte contre Leptinotarsa decemlineata, sur la tomate et des autres récoltes, compte ordinairement sur les insecticides. Cette confiance a causé plusieurs populations de cette espèce à développer une résistance aux insecticides. Accession PI 134417 de la tomate sauvage, Lycopersicon hirsutum f. glabratum C. H. Mull, est résistant à L. decemlineata, en grande partie à cause de la presence de 2-tridécanone dans les éxtremités des poils glandulaires du feuillage. Notre étude entreprendait à rechercher la possibilité d'une résistance croisée aux insecticides et au 2-tridécanone.Les coléoptères de Long Island, New York, ceux qui sont résistants aux insecticides et ceux susceptibles de North Carolina, éprouvaient pour une réponse au 2-tridécanone et au feuillage résistant.Les deux populations de coléoptères ne diffèrent pas dans sa réponse au 2-tridécanone ou au feuillage résistant. Nous ne trouvons pas d'évidence d'une résistance croisée.Aussi, nous trouvons que les coléoptères de New York ne survivaient pas aussi bien que ceux de North Carolina au feuillage résistant sans les éxtremités des poils glandulaires et au feuillage susceptible. La survivance était plus basse sur le feuillage résistant sans les éxtremités des poils glandulaires que le feuillage susceptible seulement avec les coléoptères de North Carolina.