共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 62 毫秒
1.
森林干扰度评价 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
干扰普遍存在于森林生态系统,是森林群落演替的驱动力之一。干扰对森林生态系统的影响程度,决定于干扰的频率、强度、空间范围等,过度频繁或不合理的干扰,可能导致森林生态系统的毁灭。森林对干扰的响应表现在多方面,其内在联系十分复杂,因此,很难用森林中某个现象或某几个现象反映森林生态系统对干扰的响应。为了准确、科学地评价现有森林生态系统对干扰的响应程度,本文提出应用森林干扰度(REFD)评价现有森林受干扰的程度。森林干扰度是由于干扰的存在造成森林生态系统结构与功能的改变程度,仅反映干扰后现有森林与目标森林(地带性顶极植被或原有森林等)的距离程度(差距),不反映干扰的种类、强度、性质等因素;在对森林干扰度内涵进行详细分析的基础上,确定了评价森林干扰度的原则及不同尺度条件下森林干扰度的评价指标。 相似文献
2.
树轮分析用于森林干扰强度推测的实例研究 总被引:4,自引:1,他引:4
树木年轮生长释放一直广泛应用于重建森林干扰,但没有直接的研究证明利用树木年轮分析建立的干扰强度的可靠程度,本文试图通过一个取自青海省互助国家森林公园(1987年经历过择伐)的样方进行验证.在40m×50m的青扦林样方内取胸径≥5cm的树木(124株)树轮芯样并测定胸径、树高和择伐后山杨(PopulusdavilianaDode)树桩(55个)的基径以及树木与树桩的距离.分析结果表明1987和1988年树木生长释放百分率为38.7%,与该林分的准确干扰强度37.7%(树桩基部断面积与该断面积加树木胸高断面积之和的比值)相接近.1980~1989年10a间树木生长释放百分率为62.9%,该10a间的平均干扰强度为37.0%(生长释放百分率62.9%/生长释放平均次数1.7),也接近于该林分的准确干扰强度,因而用树轮资料重建森林干扰强度是可行和可靠的. 相似文献
3.
4.
保留木是指森林生态系统受到强度干扰后所存留的树木,保留木对退化森林生态系统结构与功能的维持和恢复具有多方面的生态效应。在生态系统的尺度上总结了退化森林生态系统中保留木的各种生态效应,主要包括保留木对非生物因子和生物因子(附生生物多样性、动物活动和动物多样性、树木更新、空间结构)的影响。森林生态系统经营中,\"绿树保留\"的经营方式是基于保留木生态效益的实践应用,它可有效减少采伐对生态系统结构和功能所造成的损失。并将有助于深入理解受到强度干扰后森林生态系统中保留木的多种生态效应,可为退化森林生态系统的恢复与重建提供理论依据。 相似文献
5.
评估气候变化下森林管理措施对森林碳储量的长期影响对我国碳中和目标达成具有重要意义。传统森林碳储量评价方法对气候变化、火灾等干扰以及森林经营管理措施等多重影响下森林生态系统长期演替过程刻画不足,难以有效揭示多种作用因素对区域森林碳汇能力的长期综合影响。针对上述问题,以气候变化敏感区川西高山、亚高山地区为例,在探讨传统碳储量评价方法局限性的基础上,构建了考虑森林干扰的自然恢复和森林干扰-森林经营管理措施组合的人工恢复方案,结合森林景观生态模型LANDIS PRO和森林生态系统碳-水动态模型PnET-II模拟、预测了未来气候情景下(2020-2070年)自然恢复和不同人工恢复方案下区域森林地上碳储量及碳密度的时空动态,并通过对比筛选出提升固碳能力的最佳森林管理措施。结果表明,川西地区森林林龄趋于年轻化(平均林龄40a),具有巨大碳汇提升潜力。2020-2070年,自然恢复情景下研究区森林地上碳储量将由2020年的466.99Tg增加至2070年的780.96Tg,提高了67.23%。其中,以云杉、冷杉为主的成熟、过熟常绿针叶林是川西地区碳储量的主要贡献来源。但是自然恢复情景下川西地区森林平均碳密度在21世纪中后期停滞增长,甚至下降。而人工恢复情景下,碳密度变化趋势则有所不同。在多种森林干扰与经营管理措施组合方案中,当森林火灾干扰比例为0.01/10a和森林管理措施面积比例为0.02/10a时,川西地区森林地上碳储量提升最大且碳密度呈持续增加趋势。该情景下,2070年森林碳储量及碳密度分别将达到807.76Tg和33.33Mg/hm2,较2020年分别增加了72.97%和12.21%。2070年人工恢复情景下森林碳储量和碳密度较于自然恢复情景下分别高3.4%和8.5%。由此可见,通过人工恢复措施优化将有助于突破川西地区森林固碳能力的自然恢复瓶颈,提升区域森林生态系统对未来气候的适应能力,促进未来气候下区域森林碳储量的持续增长。 相似文献
6.
风/雪灾害不仪极大影响木材生产,同时对森林生态系统的稳定性也造成很大影响。森林风/雪危害的主要类型有树干弯曲、干(冠)折、掘根以及后续危害等;其发生主要依赖于气象条件、立地因子、树木和林分特征及其之间的相互作用。其中.林木尖削度(胸径/树高)和林分结构特征(树种、组成、密度等)是控制树木和林分对风/雪荷载抵抗的主要特征量。因此.通过造林、调整林分结构.加强林分管理如间伐、施肥等措施一直是用来减少林木的风/雪灾害的主要措施。另外.林木或林分发生风/雪害的模型分析研究也取得了很大进展,但由于森林风/雪害受诸如地形、天气等多种因素影响、目前所建立的模型系统在实际应用中普适性较芹。通过综述以往研究结果认为:在气象和立地条件难以控制的情况下.通过改变可控因子林分结构来减少森林风/雪害是可行的。因此.研究如何加强森林经营管理,尤其是不同形式的间伐技术和不同处理的造林措施与风/雪灾害发生的关系、如何增加林木和林分抵抗风/雪灾害的能力等是今后该研究领域的重点和难点。与此同时.应加强风/雪灾害危险率评估研究.进而对森林进行风/雪灾害危险率管理;并注重对受灾前后林地内生态效应的研究,以便为灾后的森林经营管理和调控提供坚实的理论依据。 相似文献
7.
人为干扰与喀斯特森林群落退化及评价研究 总被引:51,自引:5,他引:51
导致贵州喀斯特森林发生退化的原因是火烧、开垦、放牧和樵采。选用群落高度、显著度、萌生株比例、生物量和耐荫树种比例5个指标对群落退化进行定量评价。结果表明,退化群落可分为A-F6个退化等级。在受自然力作用和人为干扰不明显时,顶极群落发生正常的波动(A)。在干扰力的作用大于波动的振幅时,顶极群落发生明显退化(B-F),群落退化度逐渐增大。群落退化等级与退化群落自然恢复的演替阶段基本一致,生物量的移出和耐荫树种消退是退化的关键因素,火烧、放牧、开垦干扰群落主要分布于退化等级C-F中,樵采干扰群落多发生于B-C中。4种干扰对退化群落萌生株数影响较大,受火烧、樵采开扰群落多,而受开垦、放牧干扰群落较少。各干扰群落退化度从小至大排序为樵采干扰群落、开垦干扰群落、放牧干扰群落、火烧干扰群落。 相似文献
8.
南方双季稻低温灾害等级预测 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
基于南方双季稻种植区708个气象站1961—2010年的逐日气象资料、双季稻低温灾害发生的气象行业标准和1960—2010年逐月74项大气环流特征量资料,采用因子膨化、相关性分析、逐步回归等方法,建立了针对不同风险和时空变化趋势的分区双季稻低温灾害历年第一次灾害发生等级预测模型。结果表明:高风险区(Ⅰ区)早稻春季低温灾害、晚粳稻寒露风、晚籼稻寒露风的预测模型平均外延预测基本一致准确率分别为100%、83.3%和83.3%;低风险且呈增加趋势区(Ⅱ区)早稻春季低温灾害、晚粳稻寒露风、晚籼稻寒露风的预测模型平均外延预测基本一致准确率分别为100%、83.3%和83.3%;低风险且呈减少趋势区(Ⅲ区)早稻春季低温灾害、晚粳稻寒露风、晚籼稻寒露风的预测模型平均外延预测基本一致准确率分别为83.3%、100%和83.3%;各预测区域各代表站预测模型的回代和预测等级误差基本在1个等级以内,具有较高的精度。 相似文献
9.
该文比较系统地综述了美国东部杜克森林76年来植物种类变化、种群动态和森林演替研究的基本情况。重点介绍了该森林内永久性森林样地的 设置和调查规范,以及最近10年来利用永久样地数据进行树木空间格局和自然干扰研究的最新进展,并将杜克森林永久样地监测规范和数据管 理方法与目前主要的森林监测网络进行了一定的比较,旨在对目前国际上蓬勃开展的长期定位植物多样性监测和空间格局研究有所启示和帮助 。 相似文献
10.
为了解大兴安岭森林流域水文过程对森林干扰的响应,利用近配对流域方法,排除了气候变量的时空差异,对比研究了森林干扰后大兴安岭北部典型森林小流域(100 km2)洪峰径流(High flow)和枯水径流(Low flow)径流情势(Flow regimes)的变化趋势。结果表明,森林干扰对枯水径流情势影响显著,与对照流域(小北沟流域)相比,森林干扰(占流域总面积的6.74%)使老沟河流域平均枯水径流流量降低了26.58%,平均枯水径流变异系数值增加了36.77%,并且差异达到极显著水平(P0.01)。另一方面,森林植被的干扰相对增加了森林小流域的洪峰流量、历时和变异性,但与对照流域相比差异均未达到统计显著水平,说明小面积的森林植被干扰未能引起流域洪峰径流情势的显著变化。进一步对配对流域的径流浮动系数(Flashiness Index)的分析发现,森林干扰显著增加了森林小流域的径流浮动性,研究时段内干扰流域的径流浮动系数为0.078,是对照流域(0.057)的1.37倍。大兴安岭北部森林小流域的天然径流情势(Natural flow regimes)对森林干扰比较敏感,在与水文循环联系紧密的区域(例如河岸带),小范围的森林干扰便可以引起径流情势的显著变化,这在未来该地区森林和水资源的管理中需要特别注意。 相似文献
11.
We compared the responses of sun and shade acclimated saplings of Picea abies and Pinus cembra to excess photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) equivalently exceeding the level for saturating net photosynthetic rate
(P
N). Exposure for 2 h up to 2000 μmol(photon) m−2 s−1 did not affect radiant energy saturated P
N. Photoinhibition of photosynthesis was indicated by a small (10 %) reduction of the potential efficiency of photosystem 2
as derived from measurements of chlorophyll fluorescence (FV/FM). However, the extent of FV/FM reduction and half-time for recovery were similar in sun and shade acclimated saplings of both species. Furthermore, the
effect on FV/FM was not stronger when the plants were exposed to excess PPFD at 5 °C instead of 15 °C. Frost-hardening of plants increased
slightly their resistance to excess PPFD. Establishment of these conifer saplings usually acclimated to shade in their natural
habitat may hardly be endangered by a sudden increase of PPFD, e.g., by gap formation.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
12.
构建高寒区大豆低温冷害指标对系统分析高寒区大豆适应气候变化对策、防灾减灾及其他胁迫的协同适应技术具有参考意义。本研究利用1980—2020年黑龙江省大豆低温冷害灾情史料、生育期资料及研究区78个气象站逐日气温资料,采用GIS技术匹配生育期与气象数据,考虑不同生育阶段积温距平、日平均气温低于生育下限温度的持续日数,构建高寒区大豆综合性冷害指数。利用K-S分布拟合检验及置信区间下限值确定阈值方法,构建高寒区大豆关键生育阶段低温冷害等级指标。结果表明: 大豆播种-出苗期,研究区大豆轻度、中度、重度冷害低温指数下限值分别为0.061、0.115、0.237;出苗-开花期分别为0.072、0.152、0.312;开花-成熟期分别为0.133、0.245、0.412。由低温指数反演的黑龙江省大豆低温冷害时间分布与历史灾情记载吻合度很高;空间上表现出较明显的纬度特征,冷害发生频率呈自南向北逐渐增加的趋势。 相似文献
13.
周会 《植物遗传资源学报》2012,13(6):968-973
为了解广西农业科学院甘蔗研究所种质资源圃(南宁)保存的400份甘蔗种质材料的耐寒性表现,在2008年初低温灾害的自然条件下,以蔗茎节间受害指数和节间生长点受害指数为基础,通过系统聚类方法将参试材料分为不同耐寒性表现类群。结果表明,2008年初的低温灾害属于阴雨霜冻类型,400份甘蔗种质材料可分为5个耐寒性表现类群,耐寒性强的材料有226份(56.50%),耐寒性较强的材料有103份(26.75%),耐寒性一般的材料有53份(13.25%),耐寒性较差的材料有7份(1.75%),耐寒性差的材料有7份(1.75%)。可构建甘蔗耐寒性指数(CTI):CTI=0.3×节间受害指数+0.7×节间生长点受害指数。节间生长点对低温伤害的敏感性高于蔗茎节间组织,建议作为耐寒性评价的重要指标之一;甘蔗耐寒性指数可以用于评价阴雨霜冻灾害下甘蔗种质材料的耐寒性。 相似文献
14.
The aim of this investigation was to assess ice nucleation and frost resistance of two varieties of grapevine (Siegrebbe and Madeleine Angevine) during bud burst under radiative freezing conditions analogous to those during Spring in the UK. During bud burst, grapevines were almost entirely resistant to freezing during frosts of less than -3°C by virtue of their ability to supercool. The risk of frost damage increased significantly as bud development progressed, and once buds had passed growth stage DS3 they became more sensitive to freezing and freezing damage was more extensive. The two varieties did not differ in frost resistance but, because of its earlier developing habit, variety Siegrebbe could be more prone to frost damage in the field. Buds were more prone to damage after freezing once bud burst had commenced and the damage could not be reversed by acclimating plants for periods of 7 to 21 days at 4°C in an 8 h photoperiod. Such acclimation appeared to predispose frozen buds to more extensive damage. 相似文献
15.
Hurricane‐caused tree mortality in tropical dry forests occurs predominantly in early successional species. Consequently, hurricanes may accelerate succession in these forests. Forest regeneration, however, must be measured over an extended posthurricane time period to demonstrate this pattern. In this study, we recorded tree seedlings in 19 Florida Keys forests during May–August 1995, 3 years after Hurricane Andrew. For these forests—spanning a chronosequence from 14 to over 100 years since the most recent clearing—we used weighted averaging regression on relative abundances of pre‐hurricane trees to calculate a successional age optimum for each species; and used weighted averaging calibration to calculate inferred successional ages for stands based on pre‐hurricane trees and on posthurricane seedlings. To test the hypothesis that successional stage of seedlings exceeded successional stage of pre‐hurricane trees, we compared inferred stand ages based on posthurricane seedlings with those based on pre‐hurricane trees. Across the study area, inferred stand ages based on posthurricane seedlings were greater than those based on pre‐hurricane trees (P < 0.005); however, more seedlings in the youngest stands were early successional than in older stands. Of 29 species present both as pre‐hurricane trees and posthurricane seedlings, 23 had animal‐dispersed seeds. These results provide evidence that: (1) hurricanes do not ‘reset’ succession, and may accelerate succession; and (2) a strong legacy of stand successional age influences seedling assemblages in these forests. 相似文献
16.
Zhengyu Wu Kaiqiang Li Lin Yuan Jingcheng Zhang Xianfeng Zhou Dongmei Chen Kaihua Wei 《Phyton》2022,91(10):2269-2282
As the source and main producing area of tea in the world, China has formed unique tea culture, and achieved remarkable economic benefits. However, frequent meteorological disasters, particularly low temperature frost damage in late spring has seriously threatened the growth status of tea trees and caused quality and yield reduction of tea industry. Thus, timely and accurate early warning of frost damage occurrence in specific tea garden is very important for tea plantation management and economic values. Aiming at the problems existing in current meteorological disaster forecasting methods, such as difficulty in obtaining massive meteorological data, large amount of calculation for predicted models and incomplete information on frost damage occurrence, this paper proposed a two-fold algorithm for short-term and real-time prediction of temperature using field environmental data, and temperature trend results from a nearest local weather station for accurate frost damage occurrence level determination, so as to achieve a specific tea garden frost damage occurrence prediction in a microclimate. Time-series meteorological data collected from a small weather station was used for testing and parameterization of a two-fold method, and another dataset acquired from Tea Experimental Base of Zhejiang University was further used to validate the capability of a two-fold model for frost damage forecasting. Results showed that compared with the results of autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) and multiple linear regression (MLR), the proposed two-fold method using a second order Furrier fitting model and a K-Nearest Neighbor model (K = 3) with three days historical temperature data exhibited excellent accuracy for frost damage occurrence prediction on consideration of both model accuracy and computation (98.46% forecasted duration of frost damage, and 95.38% for forecasted temperature at the onset time). For field test in a tea garden, the proposed method accurately predicted three times frost damage occurrences, including onset time, duration and occurrence level. These results suggested the newly-proposed two-fold method was suitable for tea plantation frost damage occurrence forecasting. 相似文献
17.
D. Jean Lodge 《Biodiversity and Conservation》1997,6(5):681-688
Recent studies suggest that host-preferences are common among certain groups of tropical fungal decomposers but rare in others, and sometimes occur where we least expect them. Host preferences among microfungi and ascomycetes that decompose leaf litter are common but usually involve differences in relative frequencies more than presence/absence, so their diversity may be loosely correlated with species richness of host trees. Strong host-specificity appears to be rare among wood decomposer fungi, whereas characteristics of their substrata and habitat are very important for this group. Anthropogenic disturbance predisposed a tropical forest to subsequent hurricane damage, and the resulting direct and indirect effects on host diversity and habitat heterogeneity were reflected in the decomposer fungal community more than sixty years after the original disturbance. While species richness of dictyostelid slime molds and functional diversity of their bacterial prey increased with disturbance, the more diverse microfungi and ascomycetes were apparently negatively affected by disturbance. 相似文献
18.
A recent Ecology Letters paper of Fisher et al. (2008) utilized a modelling framework to investigate disturbance effects on forest biomass dynamics. But it contains serious methodological and conceptual errors. Associated conclusions are unlikely to be correct. 相似文献
19.
M. Alison Dunn Kate Brown Robert Lightowlers Monica A. Hughes 《Plant molecular biology》1996,30(5):947-959
A low-temperature-responsive gene, blt 801, isolated from a winter barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cDNA library prepared from leaf meristematic tissue, was sequenced. The deduced amino acid sequence predicts a glycine-rich RNA-binding protein (GR-RNP) which was homology to stress-responsive GR-RNPs from several other plant species. BLT 801 is a two-domain protein, the amino-terminal domain comprises a consensus RNA-binding domain similar to that found in many eukaryotic genes and the carboxy-terminal domain is extremely glycine-rich (68.5% glycine). Blt 801 mRNA also accumulates in response to the phytohormone abscisic acid. The protein encoded by blt 801 has been produced as a recombinant fusion protein using a bacterial expression vector. The fusion protein, a chimaera of glutathione S-transferase and BLT 801, has been used in studies to determine nucleic acid binding and other characteristics. Binding studies with single-stranded nucleic acids show that BLT 801 has affinity for homoribopolymers G, A and U but not C, it also binds to single-stranded DNA and selects RNA molecules containing open loop structures enriched in adenine but low in cytosine. BLT 801 has a consensus motif for phosphorylation by cAMP protein kinase (PKA) at the junction between the two domains which can be phosphorylated by PKA in vitro and which, by analogy to animal studies, may have significance for controlling enzyme function. 相似文献
20.
Frost events during the active growth period of plants can cause extensive frost damage with tremendous economic losses and dramatic ecological consequences. A common assumption is that climate warming may bring along a reduction in the frequency and severity of frost damage to vegetation. On the other hand, it has been argued that rising temperature in late winter and early spring might trigger the so called “false spring”, that is, early onset of growth that is followed by cold spells, resulting in increased frost damage. By combining daily gridded climate data and 1,489 k in situ phenological observations of 27 tree species from 5,565 phenological observation sites in Europe, we show here that temporal changes in the risk of spring frost damage with recent warming vary largely depending on the species and geographical locations. Species whose phenology was especially sensitive to climate warming tended to have increased risk of frost damage. Geographically, compared with continental areas, maritime and coastal areas in Europe were more exposed to increasing occurrence of frost and these late spring frosts were getting more severe in the maritime and coastal areas. Our results suggest that even though temperatures will be elevated in the future, some phenologically responsive species and many populations of a given species will paradoxically experience more frost damage in the future warming climate. More attention should be paid to the increased frost damage in responsive species and populations in maritime areas when developing strategies to mitigate the potential negative impacts of climate change on ecosystems in the near future. 相似文献