瘿外不同时期的气象因子对肚倍蚜致瘿数量的影响

肚倍蚜是一种致瘿蚜虫,其虫瘿为肚倍,是重要的工业原料。2013-2015年,在湖北竹山对肚倍蚜致瘿数量和瘿外不同时期的气象因子的相关性进行了观察分析。结果表明,肚倍蚜瘿外时期(除性蚜期外)的气象因子与肚倍蚜致瘿数量密切相关,而且不同时期的主要影响因子各不相同。迁飞前期,总降水量和平均气温低于2.3℃的天数与肚倍蚜致瘿数量呈极显著负相关。迁飞期,平均气温、平均相对湿度和总降水量是主要影响因子,其中平均气温是正相关,而平均相对湿度和总降水量是负相关。致瘿期,平均相对湿度、总降水量和降水天数与当年肚倍蚜致瘿数量呈极显著负相关。而在性蚜期,气象因子与当年肚倍蚜致瘿数量无显著相关性。     

人工环境下肚倍夏迁蚜的迁飞与繁殖研究

肚倍夏迁蚜的迁飞和繁殖决定了其过夏越冬的种群基数,直接影响第2年的肚倍产量,是肚倍生产中的重要一环。2015-2016年,在湖北竹山对肚倍夏迁蚜在人工环境下的迁飞和繁殖进行了观察分析。结果表明,人工条件下,肚倍夏迁蚜的迁飞历期为11 d,有2个迁飞高峰。一日内不同时段的迁飞率存在显著差异,其中9∶30-12∶30迁飞率最高。与直接从倍子中取出的夏迁蚜相比,灯光诱集的夏迁蚜开始产若蚜的时间较早,生殖历期较短,生殖个体比例高,5 d内个体死亡比例大,平均产蚜率高(P0.01)。含不同数量夏迁蚜的各组的平均产若蚜数量存在显著差异(P0.05)。这些实验数据有助于进一步揭示人工条件对肚倍夏迁蚜的影响,为改进肚倍蚜培育技术,增加肚倍产量提供了依据。     

莎车巴旦姆物候期对气象条件的响应及花期预测模型

利用莎车县农业气象试验站2008—2013年巴旦姆物候期和同期气象观测资料,分析了巴旦姆物候期的变化特征以及气温、日照时数对物候期的影响.结果表明：巴旦姆花期之前的物候期始日之间均呈正相关,与花期之后的物候期始日的相关性大多较小,花芽膨大早迟与休眠期、生长期天数分别呈极显著的正相关和负相关.以果实成熟期为界,气温对之前、之后物候期间隔日数的影响分别为负相关和正相关,日照时数与物候期间隔日数大多为正相关.果实成熟 叶变色始期间隔日数对平均最高气温以及花序出现 开花末期、叶变色始期 落叶末期间隔日数对日照时数存在明显的响应.当巴旦姆休眠期符合日平均气温-3.0～-7.5 ℃的天数满30 d后,经过17～28 d将进入花芽萌动期.花芽萌动期、开花始期、叶变色始期和落叶末期的始日分别与首个候平均气温≥4 ℃且候平均最高气温≥12 ℃、春季侯平均气温≥14 ℃且侯平均最高气温≥22 ℃、秋季首个侯平均气温≤10 ℃且侯平均最高气温≤18 ℃和冬季首个侯平均气温≤1.9 ℃的候序一一对应.利用偏最小二乘法回归分析,建立巴旦姆盛花期始日预测模型,经过检验模型效果较好.     

吸虫塔对麦长管蚜迁飞监测的影响因素分析

【目的】为了明确吸虫塔对麦长管蚜Sitobion avenae(Fabricius)迁飞活动监测效果的影响因素。【方法】采用回归分析和通径分析等方法,分析田间麦长管蚜数量与吸虫塔吸捕量的相关性,分析不同气象因素对吸虫塔中麦蚜吸捕数量的影响程度。【结果】结果显示,吸虫塔的有翅蚜吸捕量与田间麦长管蚜种群密度及有翅蚜数量存在显著的相关性,即田间麦长管蚜有翅成蚜数量对吸虫塔的吸捕量具有直接影响,而吸虫塔中麦长管蚜的吸捕量也直接反映田间有翅成蚜及种群动态的实际情况。另外,在廊坊地区,吸虫塔初期监测到的有翅麦长管蚜要比小麦田间发生的早几天。通过对吸虫塔中麦长管蚜有翅成蚜吸捕量与气象因素灰色关联度分析的结果表明,降雨天气对麦长管蚜的迁飞和种群动态具有突出的影响作用,可以造成麦长管蚜有翅成蚜迁入的"突增"和种群的"骤降";同时温度和湿度是两个影响麦长管蚜迁飞的重要因素;在麦长管蚜的迁入初期,温度对其迁飞影响最大;在大风天气,风速也会对麦长管蚜的迁入或飞翔活动产生较大影响。【结论】田间麦长管蚜发生数量与吸虫塔的吸捕量存在正相关;降雨、温度和风速是影响麦长管蚜迁飞活动的主要气象因素。     

小麦禾谷缢管蚜峰期蚜量发生程度的影响因素分析

16年观测资料表明,影响禾谷缢管蚜峰期蚜量发生程度的因素有：冬前蚜量基数,年前11月份平均相对湿度,蚜峰期前一个月月平均温度、月总日照时数和月温湿系数。运用模糊综合评判法检验其发生程度,历史符合率达93.8％。1996年试报正确。     

鄱阳湖国家级自然保护区东方白鹳(Ciconia boyciana)种群数量变化与气候的关系

该研究分析了1985—2011年鄱阳湖国家级自然保护区东方白鹳(Ciconia boyciana)越冬种群数量的年际变化趋势,探究了越冬地气候条件对其种群数量变化的影响。结果表明,1985—2011年,保护区东方白鹳种群数量为(1 340±178)只,呈显著线性增长趋势,但年际波动较大。种群数量与越冬当年11月份的平均最低气温显著正相关(r=0.554,P=0.003,n=27),越冬初期较低的温度可能影响东方白鹳选择鄱阳湖作为长期越冬地的决策,而增加对长江中、下游其他湿地的利用。同时,越冬地气候条件对种群数量的影响存在显著的时滞效应。越冬初期以及越冬后期的气温变量与2~9年后的种群数量显著正相关。尤其是越冬初期10月份的气温变量与2~5年后的种群数量变化极显著相关,越冬后期2月和3月的气温变量分别与8年后和3年后的种数数量极显著正相关。多元线性回归分析结果表明,2年前的10月平均最高温度、2年前的3月平均最高气温、4年前的10月平均最高温度、4年前的3月平均气温是东方白鹳种群数量变化的显著预测变量,共同解释了种群数量年际变化的79.2%(R2=0.792,F=20.901,df=26,P=0.000)。越冬初期和末期可能是个体迁飞后补充能量和迁飞前积累能量的关键阶段,适宜的气温有利于成体的能量积累和幼体的存活,且东方白鹳性成熟年龄为2~6年,因此,越冬地气候条件对其种群增长的影响将会在2年后体现。     

广西金钟山细叶云南松径向生长及其对气候因子的响应

为探究广西金钟山细叶云南松径向生长及其对气候的响应,该文建立了细叶云南松树木年轮标准年表,采用响应分析探讨了径向生长与气候因子的关系,并使用逐步回归和方差分解量化了不同气候因子对径向生长的影响。结果表明:(1)响应分析结果显示,上一年1月、8月、9月、11月的日照时数以及上一年10月的平均最低气温和平均气温与标准年表年轮宽度均呈显著正相关,而上一年6月降雨量>10 mm的天数与年轮宽度呈显著负相关; 当年2月的降雨量、3月的空气相对湿度和平均最低气温、6月的日照时数以及9月的平均气温和平均最高气温均与年轮宽度呈显著正相关。(2)逐步回归最终模型的方差分解结果显示,上一年10月的平均最低气温对细叶云南松径向生长的影响最大(方差解释量达23.35%),其次是当年9月的平均最高气温(方差解释量为10.39%); 上一年1月和11月的日照时数分别解释了径向生长变异的3.94%和6.58%。综上表明,秋季的温度和冬季的光照条件是限制细叶云南松径向生长最主要的气候因子,早春干旱和雨季大降雨量会降低细叶云南松的径向生长。     

气象因素对心力衰竭的影响

目的:相关性分析近两年上海的气象因素及心力衰竭发病患者之间的关系,探讨影响心力衰竭高发的天气气候条件,为开展疾病预防和干预提供了理论和实践依据。方法:前瞻性统计2011年1月-2012年12月上海市胸科医院急诊的心力衰竭人数,并与同期气温,气压,湿度等气象资料进行相关性分析。结果:温度、气压、湿度对心衰的发生具有显著的影响。心力衰竭数与平均气温、最高气温、最低气温呈显著负相关,而与日平均气压呈显著正相关。前期相对湿度变化与心衰数显著相关。温度对心力衰竭数的影响具有滞后效应。结论:气温、气压及湿度与心力衰竭发病有明显相关,揭示了急性呼吸系统感染高发的天气气候条件,为开展疾病预防和干预提供了理论和实践依据。     

小麦穗期麦长管蚜发生程度的综合预测

据9年资料,影响小麦穗期麦长管蚜发生程度的主要因子有:5月1～3日蚜量变动系数,5月1～5日每亩七星瓢虫数量,4月份平均相对湿度,3月中旬平均温度、3月份平均温度、4月上旬平均相对湿度。应用模糊综合评判法进行其发生程度预测,准确率高,历史符合率达100％。     

陇东黄土高原塬区农业气象要素的变化特征

对1971—2000年陇东塬区气象资料分析表明,该区气温呈现出明显的线性上升趋势,且以冬季和春季增温为主。增温表现为平均气温、最高气温和最低气温同时上升。最高气温以季节转换时升幅最大,最低气温多数时间呈现上升趋势,且升温较最高气温显著。最高气温和最低气温均以12月上升最为显著。在气候变暖的趋势下,蒸发量显著增大,界限温度初日提前、终日推后,气温稳定通过0℃和10℃积温增加,无霜期延长,春秋土壤水分减少等。降水量、日照时数、太阳辐射和空气相对湿度等农业气象要素的整体变化不显著。认为气候变暖引起的多要素变化对农业的影响有利有弊,农业管理部门应根据当地气候变化特征,及时调整种植结构,优化种植模式,趋利避害,充分挖掘气候资源潜力,提高农业经济效益。     

pha-2 encodes the C. elegans ortholog of the homeodomain protein HEX and is required for the formation of the pharyngeal isthmus

The pha-2 mutant was isolated in 1993 by Leon Avery in a screen for worms with visible defects in pharyngeal feeding behavior. In pha-2 mutant worms, the pharyngeal isthmus is abnormally thick and short and, in contrast to wild-type worms, harbors several cell nuclei. We show here that pha-2 encodes a homeodomain protein and is homologous to the vertebrate homeobox gene, Hex (also known as Prh). Consistent with a function in pharyngeal development, the pha-2 gene is expressed in the pharyngeal primordium of Caenorhabditis elegans embryos, particularly in pm5 cells that form the bulk of the isthmus. We show that in the pha-2 mutant there is a failure of the pm5 cells to elongate anteriorly while keeping their nuclei within the nascent posterior bulb to form the isthmus during the 3-fold embryonic stage. We also present evidence that pha-2 regulates itself positively in pm5 cells, that it is a downstream target of the forkhead gene pha-4, and that it may also act in the isthmus as an inhibitor of the ceh-22 gene, an Nkx2.5 homolog. Finally, we have begun characterizing the regulation of the pha-2 gene and find that intronic sequences are essential for the complete pha-2 expression profile. The present report is the first to examine the expression and function of an invertebrate Hex homolog, that is, the C. elegans pha-2 gene.     

Multilocus phylogenetic analysis of the genus Aeromonas

A broad multilocus phylogenetic analysis (MLPA) of the representative diversity of a genus offers the opportunity to incorporate concatenated inter-species phylogenies into bacterial systematics. Recent analyses based on single housekeeping genes have provided coherent phylogenies of Aeromonas. However, to date, a multi-gene phylogenetic analysis has never been tackled. In the present study, the intra- and inter-species phylogenetic relationships of 115 strains representing all Aeromonas species described to date were investigated by MLPA. The study included the independent analysis of seven single gene fragments (gyrB, rpoD, recA, dnaJ, gyrA, dnaX, and atpD), and the tree resulting from the concatenated 4705 bp sequence. The phylogenies obtained were consistent with each other, and clustering agreed with the Aeromonas taxonomy recognized to date. The highest clustering robustness was found for the concatenated tree (i.e. all Aeromonas species split into 100% bootstrap clusters). Both possible chronometric distortions and poor resolution encountered when using single-gene analysis were buffered in the concatenated MLPA tree. However, reliable phylogenetic species delineation required an MLPA including several “bona fide” strains representing all described species.     

Description of Idiomarina insulisalsae sp. nov., isolated from the soil of a sea salt evaporation pond,proposal to transfer the species of the genus Pseudidiomarina to the genus Idiomarina and emended description of the genus Idiomarina

A halophilic, aerobic Gram-negative bacterium, designated strain CVS-6^T, was isolated from a sea salt evaporation pond on the Island of Sal in the Cape Verde Archipelago. Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence revealed a clear affiliation of the organism with members of the family Idiomarinaceae. Sequence similarities between CVS-6^T and the type strains of the species of the genera Pseudidiomarina and Idiomarina ranged from 93.7% to 96.9%. The major isoprenoid quinone was ubiquinone 8 (Q-8). The major cellular fatty acids were 15:0 iso (21.8%), 17:0 iso (12.5%), 17:1 iso ω9c (10.7%), and 16:1 ω7c (10.6%). The DNA G+C content was 51.6 mol%. The species represented by strain CVS-6^T could be distinguished from the species of the genera Pseudidiomarina and Idiomarina; however, it was not possible to distinguish both genera from each other using the phenotypic or chemotaxonomic characteristics examined. Consequently, we propose that the species classified in the genus Pseudidiomarina should be transferred to the genus Idiomarina. We also propose that, on the basis of physiological and biochemical characteristics, strain CVS-6^T (=LMG 23123=CIP 108836) represents a new species which we name Idiomarina insulisalsae.     

Fate map of the distal portion of Drosophila proboscis as inferred from the expression and mutations of basic patterning genes

The late-third-instar labial disc is comprised of two disc-proper cell layers, one representing mainly the ventral half of the anterior compartment (L-layer) and the other, the dorsal half of the anterior compartment and most, if not all, of the posterior compartment (M-layer). In the L-layer, Distal-less represses homothorax whereas no Distal-less-dependent homothorax repression occurs in the M-layer where Distal-less is coexpressed with homothorax. In wild-type labial discs, clawless, one of the two homeobox genes expressed in distal cells receiving maximum (Decapentaplegic+Wingless) signaling activity in leg and antennal discs, is specifically repressed by proboscipedia. A fate map, inferred from data on basic patterning gene expression in larval and pupal stages and mutant phenotypes, indicates the inner surface of the labial palpus, which includes the pseudotracheal region, to be a derivative of the distal portion of the M-layer expressing wingless, patched, Distal-less and homothorax. The outer surface of the labial palpus with more than 30 taste bristles derives from an L-layer area consisting of dorsal portions of the anterior and posterior compartments, each expressing Distal-less. Our analysis also indicates that, in adults and pupae, the anterior-posterior boundary, dividing roughly equally the outer surface of the distiproboscis, runs along the outer circumference of the inner surface of distiproboscis.     

Differential Delta expression underlies the diversity of sensory organ patterns among the legs of the Drosophila adult

Many studies have shown that morphological diversity among homologous animal structures is generated by the homeotic (Hox) genes. However, the mechanisms through which Hox genes specify particular morphological features are not fully understood. We have addressed this issue by investigating how diverse sensory organ patterns are formed among the legs of the Drosophila melanogaster adult. The Drosophila adult has one pair of legs on each of its three thoracic segments (the T1-T3 segments). Although homologous, legs from different segments have distinct morphological features. Our focus is on the formation of diverse patterns of small mechanosensory bristles or microchaetae (mCs) among the legs. On T2 legs, the mCs are organized into a series of longitudinal rows (L-rows) precisely positioned along the leg circumference. The L-rows are observed on all three pairs of legs, but additional and novel pattern elements are found on T1 and T3 legs. For example, at specific positions on T1 and T3 legs, some mCs are organized into transverse rows (T-rows). Our studies indicate that the T-rows on T1 and T3 legs are established as a result of Hox gene modulation of the pathway for patterning the L-row mC bristles. Our findings suggest that the Hox genes, Sex combs reduced (Scr) and Ultrabithorax (Ubx), establish differential expression of the proneural gene achaete (ac) by modifying expression of the ac prepattern regulator, Delta (Dl), in T1 and T3 legs, respectively. This study identifies Dl as a potential link between Hox genes and the sensory organ patterning hierarchy, providing insight into the connection between Hox gene function and the formation of specific morphological features.     

Spatial and temporal regulation of the homeotic selector gene Antennapedia is required for the establishment of leg identity in Drosophila

Antennapedia is one of the homeotic selector genes required for specification of segment identity in Drosophila. Dominant mutations that ectopically express Antennapedia cause transformation of antenna to leg. Loss-of-function mutations cause partial transformation of leg to antenna. Here we examine the role of Antennapedia in the establishment of leg identity in light of recent advances in our understanding of antennal development. In Antennapedia mutant clones in the leg disc, Homothorax and Distal-less are coexpressed and act via spineless to transform proximal femur to antenna. Antennapedia is negatively regulated during leg development by Distal-less, spineless, and dachshund and this reduced Antennapedia expression is needed for the proper development of distal leg elements. These findings suggest that the temporal and spatial regulation of the homeotic selector gene Antennapedia in the leg disc is necessary for normal leg development in Drosophila.