mRNA技术应对病毒传染病的研究进展

信使核糖核酸(messenger RNA,mRNA)疫苗和抗体是近年来兴起的一种新型疫苗和抗体技术。与传统疫苗相比,mRNA疫苗具有安全性高、均衡免疫性好、研发周期短、生产成本低等优势,mRNA抗体比其他形式递送的抗体在体内发挥生物学效应的时间更早也更持久。随着mRNA修饰与递送技术的快速发展,mRNA技术迅速走向成熟,在肿瘤治疗、病毒传染疾病的预防和治疗等方面展现出广阔的应用前景,特别是新型冠状病毒mRNA疫苗以创纪录的速度完成研发并成功应用,为未来mRNA技术的推广铺平了道路。本文综述了mRNA技术领域的重要突破,重点关注mRNA疫苗和抗体在应对病毒传染病中的重大进展,并展望了未来该技术在抗病毒感染领域的研究趋势。     

mRNA药物研究进展及市场应用分析

信使RNA(messenger RNA,mRNA)是一段编码蛋白质的核糖核苷酸序列,因为其进入细胞经翻译修饰后可以表达目的蛋白,所以mRNA分子可以作为药物治疗相应的疾病。mRNA药物用于治疗多种疾病,包括感染性疾病、肿瘤,以及由于缺少某种蛋白质或者某种蛋白质机能异常所引起的疾病,甚至作为基因编辑的工具参与基因治疗。mRNA分子作为疫苗用于预防感染性疾病已经在市场上取得了巨大的成功,因此其应用潜力得到了广泛的关注。由于mRNA药物应用方向广泛,且mRNA药物具有研发生产过程快、生产成本较低等优势,目前多种mRNA药物的相关研究正在进行中。就mRNA的基础结构、mRNA的递送系统、国内外mRNA药物的研究及临床进程进行综述,并对进一步广泛应用mRNA药物所面临的问题进行探讨。     

体外转录的自我复制型mRNA疫苗研究进展*

自我复制型mRNA是一种灵活的疫苗平台,该平台的开发基于甲病毒表达载体,其中复制必需基因得以完整保留,而结构蛋白基因则被来自病原的抗原基因替换。由于避免了病原培养、毒力返强和现存免疫的干扰,使其成为疫苗快速设计的理想平台。大量研究数据显示,此类疫苗可应用在人、小鼠、兔、猪、禽甚至鱼类体内诱导体液免疫和细胞免疫。过去,自我复制mRNA疫苗的研究采用重组单载体的模式,基因组骨架来源于辛德毕斯病毒、塞姆利基森林病毒和委内瑞拉马脑炎病毒。现在,反式复制型RNA和核酸修饰的反式复制型RNA作为下一代技术平台被寄予厚望。对基于甲病毒表达载体的mRNA疫苗技术的研究进展进行概述,重点介绍针对以流感病毒、新型冠状病毒和寨卡病毒等为代表的自我复制型mRNA疫苗研究现状,并探讨了该技术平台的未来发展方向。     

体外转录的自我复制型mRNA疫苗研究进展*

自我复制型mRNA是一种灵活的疫苗平台,该平台的开发基于甲病毒表达载体,其中复制必需基因得以完整保留,而结构蛋白基因则被来自病原的抗原基因替换。由于避免了病原培养、毒力返强和现存免疫的干扰,使其成为疫苗快速设计的理想平台。大量研究数据显示,此类疫苗可应用在人、小鼠、兔、猪、禽甚至鱼类体内诱导体液免疫和细胞免疫。过去,自我复制mRNA疫苗的研究采用重组单载体的模式,基因组骨架来源于辛德毕斯病毒、塞姆利基森林病毒和委内瑞拉马脑炎病毒。现在,反式复制型RNA和核酸修饰的反式复制型RNA作为下一代技术平台被寄予厚望。对基于甲病毒表达载体的mRNA疫苗技术的研究进展进行概述,重点介绍针对以流感病毒、新型冠状病毒和寨卡病毒等为代表的自我复制型mRNA疫苗研究现状,并探讨了该技术平台的未来发展方向。     

microRNAs相关新型调控技术与疾病治疗

MicroRNA（miRNA）是一类在进化中高度保守的非编码小分子单链RNA(19～25 nt）,在转录后水平调控中发挥重要作用. 越来越多的证据表明,miRNA广泛参与了机体生长发育、细胞增殖与凋亡等多种重要的生理过程,并在病毒感染、恶性肿瘤、心血管与内分泌疾病等多种病理状态下呈异常表达,影响许多疾病的发生、发展及预后. 对miRNA的表达水平进行可控性干预可能成为一种有效的治疗手段. 本文综述了目前用于干预miRNA水平的调控技术,以及疾病治疗相关给药系统的研究进展,提示miRNA相关新型调控技术具有较为广阔的临床应用前景.     

RNA干扰在疾病治疗上的应用

RNA干扰(RNA interference,RNAi)是一种双链RNA分子在mRNA水平上引发的特异性基因沉默现象。RNAi在基因治疗方面表现出了光明的前景,已成功地应用于多种疾病的临床治疗。本文主要介绍了RNAi在疾病治疗上的应用及研究进展。     

环状RNA在抗病毒固有免疫和甲型流感病毒感染中的作用

环状RNA(circular RNA,circRNA)是一种新型的非编码RNA,具有特殊的环状结构,由mRNA前体通过反向剪接产生。随着高通量测序技术的发展,人们发现环状RNA几乎存在于所有的生物体内,目前的研究表明,环状RNA具有多种生物学功能,在癌症、心脑血管等多种疾病中都发挥着重要作用。更重要的是,环状RNA也被证实参与病毒感染,并在抗病毒固有免疫中具有重要作用。本文对环状RNA的生物合成、分类和生物学功能以及其在抗病毒免疫和甲型流感病毒感染中的研究进展进行综述,旨在提供基于环状RNA的抗病毒新策略。     

RNAi技术的最新研究进展

RNA干扰(RNA interference,RNAi)是真核生物中由双链RNA(double-stranded RNA,dsRNA)诱发同源mRNA降解,使靶基因沉默的现象。目前,RNAi技术作为基因调控的有效工具,具有高度特异性、高效、可传播等特点,被广泛用于病虫害防治、肿瘤及癌症治疗等领域。尤其在医学上的应用,相对于传统的疫苗预防和药物治疗而言,RNAi技术在靶点用药、减少副作用、抑制致病基因表达等方面具有不可比拟的优越性,在癌症等疾病治疗的新方法中发挥越来越重要的作用。主要介绍RNAi的作用机理、导入方法及其在植物改良、生物防治、昆虫抗药性、疾病的预防与治疗中的最新应用进展,并对其应用前景进行综合分析与评价,以期为相关领域的研究者提供参考。     

RNAi技术的医疗应用潜力

RNA干扰是指双链RNA在细胞内特异性地诱导同源互补的mRNA降解,从而阻断相应基因表达的现象。RNAi发展成为一种新型的基因治疗方式的进程取决于哺乳动物砌RNAi的研究进展。在大多数哺乳动物细胞中,直接导入长dsRNA引发的非特异性基因沉默掩盖了RNAi效应,而多种有效的双链RNA导入方式在一定程度上解决了这一问题。初步的实验结果表明,用RNAi治疗癌症、病毒感染等疾病的设想有可能变成现实。     

Vaccines, coming of age after 200 years

An overview on the short, only 200 years, past history and future expectations in the field of vaccines is presented. The focus is on development trends and potential rather than individual vaccines. While the first vaccines were a result of keen observation, the further development has been tightly dependent on the development of microbiology to provide both the knowledge basis and the technology for new vaccines for new purposes. The post-genomic era just starting therefore promises an exponential increase of vaccine research and new vaccines, both improved vaccines with a greater efficacy and less adverse effects to replace old ones and vaccines for prevention of diseases for which no vaccines exist. Furthermore, fully new applications to prevention or treatment of chronic diseases not traditionally associated with infections are expected.     

mRNA疫苗非病毒载体递送系统研究进展*

新型冠状病毒肺炎(Corona Virus Disease 2019,COVID-19)疫情的暴发导致全球迫切需要大量有效的疫苗来应对。mRNA疫苗具有良好的安全性,且研发周期短,成为目前最有潜力的疫苗之一,在传染病和肿瘤研究领域也引发了更多关注。随着技术创新,mRNA不稳定性、翻译效率低等缺点得到较大改善。如何安全高效地将mRNA递送至靶细胞仍是阻碍mRNA研究的一大挑战。综述目前应用于mRNA疫苗体内递送的非病毒载体递送系统,以及mRNA在传染病疫苗和肿瘤疫苗中的应用现状,旨在为mRNA疫苗研发提供参考。     

联合疫苗应用现状及评价*

联合疫苗含有两种或多种免疫原（活的、灭活的病原体或者提纯的抗原）,用于预防多种疾病或由同一病原体的不同亚型或血清型引起的疾病,可以避免常规免疫多次注射的问题。然而和单价疫苗相比,联合疫苗研发的复杂性大大增加,将多种免疫原混合到一起进行免疫时不同免疫原间可能因为物理、化学和免疫学机制而干扰其他免疫原的免疫反应,此外佐剂和防腐剂等非活性成分也可能对联合后的活性成分产生影响,这就对联合疫苗的评价提出了特别的要求。本文对联合疫苗的研究应用现状、临床评价和发展前景等方面做一综述。     

Entwicklung von RNA‐basierten Impfstoffen

mRNA‐based vaccines Despite substantial improvements in the development of influenza vaccines, the production and availability of these vaccines remain suboptimal. mRNA‐based vaccines provide an alternative because they can be produced in a fast, flexible and scalable manner. This new vaccine format induces B‐ as well as T‐cell responses and generates memory cells. It confers balanced, long lasting and protective immunity against influenza. Even after thermic stress the efficacy of the vaccines remains fully functional and therefore demonstrates the stability of this new class of drug substances. Since these mRNA based‐vaccines elicit long lived, humoral and cellular immune responses, this new vaccine platform is a technology to produce not only prophylactic vaccines against infection diseases but also to develop effective tumor immunotherapeutics.     

Protection against establishment of retroviral persistence by vaccination with a live attenuated virus

Many human viruses not only cause acute diseases but also establish persistent infections. Such persistent viruses can cause chronic diseases or can reactivate to cause acute diseases in AIDS patients or patients receiving immunosuppressive therapies. While the prevention of persistent infections is an important consideration in the design of modern vaccines, surprisingly little is known about this aspect of protection. In the current study, we tested the feasibility of vaccine prevention of retroviral persistence by using a Friend virus model that we recently developed. In this model, persistent virus can be detected at very low levels by immunosuppressing the host to reactivate virus or by transferring persistently infected spleen cells into highly susceptible mice. Two vaccines were analyzed, a recombinant vaccinia virus vector expressing Friend virus envelope protein and a live attenuated Friend virus. Both vaccines reduced pathogenic virus loads to levels undetectable by infectious center assays. However, only the live, attenuated vaccine prevented immunosuppression-induced reactivation of persistent virus. Thus, even very low levels of persistent Friend virus posed a significant threat during immunosuppression. Our results demonstrate that vaccine protection against establishment of retroviral persistence is attainable.     

近年来出现的几类新概念动物疫苗

动物疫病流行广泛、传播迅速,严重危害养殖业的发展。疫苗接种是预防和控制动物传染病最有效的策略之一。目前,随着生物技术的发展和疫病防控的需要,安全、高效、广谱、用量少、具有标记特征的新型疫苗成为研发重点。文中就近年来出现的黏膜疫苗、长效与速效疫苗、嵌合疫苗、纳米颗粒疫苗等新概念动物疫苗的发展、应用及优缺点进行了评述,并提出了其发展方向,以期为动物疫苗的研发提供借鉴。     

Historical Advances in Structural and Molecular Biology and How They Impacted Vaccine Development

Vaccines are among the greatest tools for prevention and control of disease. They have eliminated smallpox from the planet, decreased morbidity and mortality for major infectious diseases like polio, measles, mumps, and rubella, significantly blunted the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, and prevented viral induced cancers such as cervical cancer caused by human papillomavirus. Recent technological advances, in genomics, structural biology, and human immunology have transformed vaccine development, enabling new technologies such as mRNA vaccines to greatly accelerate development of new and improved vaccines. In this review, we briefly highlight the history of vaccine development, and provide examples of where advances in genomics and structural biology, paved the way for development of vaccines for bacterial and viral diseases.     

Plasmid-DNA lipid and polymeric nanovaccines: a new strategic in vaccines development

Vaccination is the most effective and least expensive technique used for human diseases prevention and eradication. The need for more vaccine doses and the rapid establishment of facilities for the development of new vaccines are stimulating significate changes in the vaccine industry, which is gradually moving towards cell culture production. One approach is the third generation of vaccines, which are based on the use of plasmid DNA (pDNA) containing transgenes that encode an antigen capable of mimicking intracellular pathogenic infection and triggering both humoral and cellular immune responses. Plasmid DNA vaccination has distinct advantages over other vaccine technologies in terms of safety, ease of fabrication and stability. The effectiveness of pDNA vaccines against viruses, bacteria, parasites and cancer cells has been demonstrated in preclinical and clinical assays. Furthermore, currently there are a few veterinary pDNA vaccines in the market. The application of a simple formulation of naked pDNA as a vaccine is attractive, but a low transfection efficiency is often obtained. The use of nanoparticles to increase transfection efficiency is an approach that has been tested clinically. This review provides a summary of vaccine production, advances and major challenges associated with pDNA lipid and polymeric nanovaccines applications.