褐藻寡糖生物法制备研究进展 *

褐藻寡糖(alginate oligosaccharides,AOS)是褐藻胶的降解产物,具有抗氧化、调节免疫、调节血脂、促进细胞生长等生理活性,应用范围广泛。现有的AOS 制备法主要分为物理法、化学法和生物法。介绍AOS的生物法制备包括酶解、微生物全细胞发酵和生物合成法,基因工程的应用在改造产褐藻胶裂解酶的菌株以提高生物法效率方面具有重要意义。此外,规模化的AOS生物法制备案例进行了科学引证,并展望了未来 AOS规模化制备的发展方向,以期为 AOS 的工业化制备和应用提供参考。     

现代分离技术在抗生素提取中的应用*

详细介绍了膜分离技术在抗生素分离提取中的应用进展,并简单阐明了高效毛细管电泳技术、双水相技术和反胶束萃取技术在抗生素提取中的应用情况。对这些现代分离技术的发展前景作了简要探讨。     

微生物发酵-膜分离法制备褐藻胶寡糖及其产物分析

比较褐藻胶裂解酶产生菌Alteromonassp .在摇瓶和发酵罐培养过程中生物量、褐藻胶寡糖含量以及褐藻胶裂解酶活性的变化 ,根据其变化确立了通过微生物发酵 膜分离技术结合制备褐藻胶寡糖的条件 ,并对寡糖进行凝胶过滤色谱和薄层色谱分析。用组成为每升含酵母粉 5g、蛋白胨 10g、FeSO4 0 1g、褐藻酸钠 12g、NaCl 1 5g ,pH为7 5的培养基 ,在 2 8℃培养褐藻胶裂解酶产生菌 ,结果表明 ,发酵罐培养 30h ,发酵液寡糖含量达到最大。发酵液通过超滤 纳滤两级膜分离 ,得到褐藻胶寡糖 ,寡糖的回收率和脱盐率分别为 94 0 %和 93 3%。通过凝胶柱分离和TLC分析 ,得到 5个褐藻胶寡糖组分。     

微生物几丁质酶研究进展及应用*

几丁质由N-乙酰-D-氨基葡萄糖聚合而成,是自然界中仅次于纤维素的第二大类聚合物。微生物几丁质酶来源丰富,是生物降解或利用几丁质的主要媒介。野生型菌株几丁质酶产量低、活性弱,故近年来有关几丁质酶的研究侧重于对其产量及催化活性的提升等方面。此外,几丁质酶具有水解病原真菌细胞壁、破坏害虫体壁、生产N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖寡聚体或单体的应用价值,在医药、农业、食品加工等领域表现出巨大的市场潜力。综述微生物几丁质酶的来源、分类及工程改造,为后续几丁质酶的研究及开发利用提供参考。     

甘露寡糖分离纯化研究进展*

甘露寡糖具有润肠通便、降血脂、抗结肠炎症、增强免疫及调节肠道菌群等生理功能,在食品药品等领域具有广阔的应用前景。水解法制得的甘露寡糖含有单糖、未分解聚糖、不同聚合度寡糖及盐离子等杂质,还需要进一步分离纯化。综述了近年来国内外甘露寡糖的主要纯化方法包括柱层析法、膜分离法、乙醇沉淀法和微生物发酵法等。总结了各种方法的原理、应用范围和应用实例,并对不同方法的优缺点进行了分析。     

甘露寡糖分离纯化研究进展*

甘露寡糖具有润肠通便、降血脂、抗结肠炎症、增强免疫及调节肠道菌群等生理功能,在食品药品等领域具有广阔的应用前景。水解法制得的甘露寡糖含有单糖、未分解聚糖、不同聚合度寡糖及盐离子等杂质,还需要进一步分离纯化。综述了近年来国内外甘露寡糖的主要纯化方法包括柱层析法、膜分离法、乙醇沉淀法和微生物发酵法等。总结了各种方法的原理、应用范围和应用实例,并对不同方法的优缺点进行了分析。     

单分子免疫检测技术研究进展*

早诊断、早发现、早治疗是提升肿瘤患者生存率的主要手段。临床常用的免疫学检测方法如酶联免疫吸附法、化学发光法等,其检测灵敏度多限制在10^-14~10^-12 mol/L,无法满足早期诊断的需求。单分子免疫检测法,可将待检测分子限制在极小空间范围内(nL以下),对检测信号进行绝对计数,从而实现痕量(可达10^-18 mol/L)标志物的检测。这一超高灵敏度技术实现的关键在于将检测范围限制在极小体积内。经过数十年发展,不论是物理隔离还是利用纳米孔,抑或通过改进显微镜性能,均可在极小体积内(10^-21 L)对信号进行检测。目前基于微阵列的SimoA检测系统已成为单分子免疫检测的金标准,Quanterix公司基于此开发的HD-1分析仪已进入市场应用。基于微液滴的单分子免疫检测技术主要限于实验室,但具有床旁检测的优势。重点介绍了基于物理隔离形式如微阵列和微液滴的单分子免疫检测进展,为进一步开发超高灵敏度检测方法并促进未来临床应用提供理论基础。     

噬菌体分离纯化技术研究进展*

噬菌体应用领域十分广泛,因此在制备噬菌体过程中,需采用不同的技术或几种技术相结合的方法来获得具有不同纯度的噬菌体制剂。常用的技术主要包括沉淀、过滤和离心。近年来,色谱技术、场流分流技术和电泳技术等的应用,为制备噬菌体制剂提供了新的方向。     

毛细管电泳在细菌分离分析中的应用*

介绍了近年来毛细管电泳技术在细菌分离分析方面的研究进展。毛细管电泳以细菌表面的特征信息为分离的基础,可以快速鉴定相应的菌株,可以对微生物进行快速定量,可以反映细菌特殊时期的生理特征,也可以研究微生物与分子之间的相互作用。同时应用该技术可分离分析自然界不能纯培养的微生物。因而毛细管电泳分离与检测细菌方法的建立及其应用在分离科学和微生物学方面都有很大的实际意义。     

抗生素分离纯化技术研究进展

抗生素分离纯化是抗生素产业中的技术难点和关键环节,对抗生素常用的分离纯化技术及其研究进展进行了概述,以期为抗生素分离领域提供理论指导。最后对新型分离纯化技术进行了总结和展望。     

Characterization of Fucosyl Oligosaccharides Associated with Synaptic Membrane and Synaptic Junctional Glycoproteins

Rats were administered [3H]fucose by intracranial injection and synaptic membranes (SMs) isolated 18 h later. Oligosaccharides associated with SM glycoproteins were prepared by hydrazinolysis and analyzed by a combination of affinity chromatography on concanavalin A (Con A)-agarose, ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, and gel permeation chromatography. Most (94%) of the [3H]fucose-labelled oligosaccharides were present in the fraction that did not bind to Con A. Of these 41% did not bind to DEAE-cellulose, indicating the absence of negatively charged groups and the remainder were resolved into four fractions of increasing acidity. Gel permeation chromatography of the fractions from the DEAE-cellulose column suggested that the major oligosaccharides corresponded to fucosylated triantennary structures containing varying amounts of sialic acid although more highly branched structures containing peripheral branches lacking one or more sugars may also have been present. Comparison of fucosyl oligosaccharides associated with SMs prepared from 10- and 28-day-old animals indicated that although the general oligosaccharide content was similar at both ages, membranes from younger animals were characterized by an increase in the proportion of highly acidic structures. Fucosylated glycans derived from synaptic junctional (SJ) glycoproteins were also characterized by a greater percentage of highly acidic structures than SMs. The results indicate that SMs and SJs are characterized by specific complements of fucosylated glycoprotein oligosaccharides.     

膜分离技术在硫酸软骨素分离方面的应用

介绍了硫酸软骨素的生产工艺 ,应用膜分离技术对现有工艺进行了改进 ,使硫酸软骨素纯度达 95 .2 % ,收率提高3% ,并且简化了操作     

Separation of lactobacilli bacteriocins from fermented broths using membranes

Current separation, isolation and purification techniques to obtain highly potent purified lactobacilli and lactococci bacteriocins include chemical precipitation, separation employing solvents and chromatographic techniques. These methods are arduous, costly, with limited scalability, offering low bacteriocin yields (<20%). To address these challenges, the alternatives of ultrafiltration and nanofiltration, as separation methods were tested. Three promising bacteriocin producing strains, Lactobacillus casei NCIMB 11970, Lactobacillus plantarum NCIMB 8014 and Lactococcus lactis NCIMB 8586 were selected to investigate the applicability and feasibility of the method.To facilitate separation, the microorganisms were grown on specially developed low molecular weight medium (LMWM) mainly containing nutritive sources up to 4 kDa molecular weight. Bacterial cells were removed by centrifugation. The clarified broths were filtered using 4 and 1 kDa MWCO. Bacteriocin activity was determined by an antimicrobial activity test using nisin, which has an inhibitory effect on the growth of susceptible microorganisms. Recovery yields using filtration were found to range between 53 and 68%, a high recovery performance.The bacteriocin activity of crude extracts of all the three lactobacilli were between 95 and 105 IU ml^?1. When the substances were separated using ultrafiltration membrane (4 kDa MWCO) their activity was enhanced to 145–150 IU ml^?1, achieving a total potency yield of 44–53%. Further enhancement of yields up to 36% was attained employing nanofiltration (1 kDa MWCO) membranes with an activity increased up to 200 IU ml^?1.Bacteriocin isolation from crude extracts using filtration was found to be effective, offering high recovery yields, optimising their activity as well as presenting a realistic option towards the formulation of these as commercially available antibacterial agents.     

Separation and purification of phycocyanin from Spirulina sp. using a membrane process

The highest purity ratio of phycocyanin extract was obtained when fresh biomass was used as raw material. The crude extract was purified by membrane process using microfiltration and ultrafiltration. Membrane of pore sizes 5 μm, at feed flow rate of 150 mL min⁻¹, permeate flux of 58.5 L h⁻¹ m⁻² was selected for coarse filtration and membrane with pore size 0.8/0.2 μm at the flow rate of 100 mL min⁻¹, permeate flux of 336 L h⁻¹ m⁻² was selected for fine filtration, giving phycocyanin recovery of 88.6% and 82.9%, respectively. For ultrafiltration, membrane with MWCO at 50 kDa, 69 kPa and 75 mL min⁻¹ of flow rate with a mean permeate flux 26.8 L h⁻¹ m⁻² and a retention rate of 99% was found to be optimal. Under these filtration conditions, food grade phycocyanin with the purity around 1.0 containing c-phycocyanin as the major component was obtained.     

人乳寡糖的分离分析

糖是一类重要的生命活性物质,它不仅是细胞能量代谢的源泉,还常作为信号分子参与细胞的各种活动。人乳寡糖（human milk oligosaccharides,HMOs）在人乳干物质中的含量仅次于乳糖和脂肪,高于蛋白质,对婴儿的发育和健康具有重要作用。为了更好的理解人乳寡糖的生物功能和结构的关系,对其组成和结构开展分析研究是必不可少的。对人乳寡糖进行了简要的介绍,并就其预处理方法、分离分析和结构表征方法进行了综述,以期为人乳寡糖的深入研究提供参考。     

膜分离技术及其在生物农药生产中的应用

膜分离技术与传统分离技术相比,具有明显的优势,常用于现代生物制药中分离、浓缩、分级与纯化蛋白质、多肽等热敏性生物药品.该文重点讨论微滤(MF)、超滤(UF)、纳滤(NF)等膜分离技术在生物农药生产中的应用.     

微滤膜分离提纯苦楝素的研究

通过对不同孔径和材质的微孔滤膜对苦楝提取液过滤分离比较,优选出孔径为0.45μm的聚醚砜微滤膜对苦楝提取液具有良好的过滤性能。确定的膜分离提纯苦楝素优化工艺条件是:在料液浓度为0.374 mg/mL,料液温度35℃,操作压力差为0.08 MPa,循环流量为0.15 L/h,pH=7.0,苦楝素的转移率为99.4%,除杂率为8.3%,通量为147.2 L/m2.h,苦楝素的纯度为由提取液的0.89%,提高到了8.79%。     

大黄酚和大黄素甲醚的制备性分离

经系统分离得到大黄酚和大黄素甲醚的混合物后,取该混合物约1g,用少量的氯仿溶解,加入少量的层析用硅胶（100～200目）拌匀,减压使氯仿蒸干。将吸附有大黄酚和大黄素甲醚的硅胶装在已装好的硅胶层析柱的上端,然后进行洗脱。通过实验,得到了最佳分离大黄酚和大黄素甲醚的条件：硅胶与混合物的质量比=150：1;层析柱长与直径的比=23：1;洗脱剂比例：石油醚（60～90℃）：乙酸乙酯（V/V）=17：1;减压淋洗。