白介素6的信号转导及其相关疾病的治疗策略

IL-6是一种多功能的细胞因子, 同时IL-6的过度表达与一些疾病的发生和发展有密切关系.IL-6通过一个双链受体系统作用于靶细胞.实验结果表明,IL-6与80 ku的配基结合链IL-6R和信号转导子gp130构成一个相互作用的异六聚体模式,通过gp130的二聚体化引发胞内的信号转导.IL-6胞内的信号转导途径有两种:Jak-STATs路径和Ras-MAPK级联反应路径.靶向IL-6信号转导的药物设计和筛选研究将为IL-6相关疾病的治疗奠定坚实的基础.     

白细胞介素6及其受体结构与功能关系研究进展

白细胞介素6(IL-6)的多种生物学功能是通过其特异性受体白细胞介素6受体(IL-6R)和公共受体gp130共同传递的。近年来,对IL-6、IL-6R及gp130的结构与功能进行了大量的研究工作,为进一步揭示它们之间作用的分子机制以及该系统拮抗剂设计提供了思路。     

IL－6受体结构与功能的研究进展

IL-6是一个多功能的细胞因子,其生物学作用在很大程度上受IL-6受体(IL-6R)结构和功能的影响.IL-6R由两条多肽链组成,即配体结合链gp80和信号传导链gp130.它们在结构和功能上既有分工又有合作.两种亚基组成的高亲和力IL-6R是介导细胞效应所必需的.IL-6Rα中的造血功能区属于造血因子受体超家族成员,它决定着结合IL-6的能力.然而gp130则是多种细胞因子共用的信号传递分子,其胞内段含有与酪氨酸激酶活化有关的保守成分.IL-6+IL-6R复合物通过诱导gp130的聚合来活化胞内的多种激酶分子和转录因子并最终导致有关基因的表达.     

gp130介导的信号转导通路在哺乳动物着床中的作用

IL—6相关细胞因子家族成员包括LIF、IL-6、IL-11以及它们的共同受体gp130,在哺乳动物的着床过程中起着重要的作用。LIF敲除的小鼠不能着床。IL—11Rα敲除的小鼠不能完全发生蜕膜化,从而导致妊娠的失败。IL—6敲除的小鼠着床数和着床胚胎的存活率均降低。这些细胞因子通过与受体结合,激活下游信号分子STAT,从而形成了gp130/Jak／STAT信号转导通路,并且STAT3基因敲除的小鼠也不能着床。这些细胞因子通过gp130/Jak／STAT信号转导通路在着床过程中起着重要的作用。了解此信号通路在看床中的作用对解决一些不明原因的不孕症,以及开发着床相关的避孕药物等具有重要意义。     

人白介素6受体拮抗剂的构建及其在大肠杆菌中的表达

白介素6的过高表达往往与一些疾病的发生和发展有关,如一些自身免疫性疾病、增生性疾病和某些恶性肿瘤。这种情况下就有必要拮抗或抑制IL-6的作用以达到治疗的目的。一般来说,细胞因子的可溶性受体作为细胞因子结合蛋白(CBPs)可以拮抗相应因子的作用,但IL-6的可溶性受体(sIL-6R)却不同,它与IL-6形成的复合物仍然能与信号转导子gp130结合,介导IL-6的效应,起到IL-6激动剂的作用,因而有必要构建具拮抗效应sIL-6R的突变体分子,以用于IL-6相关疾病的治疗研究。     

白细胞介素6和病毒感染与免疫

白细胞介素6(Interleukin 6,IL-6)是一种多效性细胞因子，对机体免疫系统和非免疫系统的细胞均有较大影响，可发挥促炎或抗炎作用，影响机体生理平衡。病毒感染致病往往包括直接损伤和免疫病理机制，免疫调节是影响疾病进程和临床结果的重要干预靶点。IL-6拮抗剂的临床应用经验提示，靶向该细胞因子可改善疾病结局，但如何以及何时阻断是仍需进一步研究的重要领域。为增加对IL-6在疾病进程中的作用机制的理解，我们对IL-6主要功能、信号转导途径以及在病毒感染与免疫中的作用进行了初步的综述分析。     

利用大肠杆菌外膜蛋白A分泌表达人IL-6R突变体

白介素6(IL-6)是一种多功能的细胞因子,但其过高表达又往往与许多疾病的发生和发展有关,因而有必要构建白介素6受体(IL-6R)拮抗剂,用于拮抗IL-6的作用。可溶性IL-6R(sIL-6R)只能起IL-6激动剂作用,而与IL-6结合但不能与gp130相互作用的sIL-6R突变体则有可能拮抗IL-6的作用。为此,我们构建了sIL-6Rα亚基的突变体分子,并利用大肠杆菌外膜蛋白A(ompA)分泌信号肽分泌表达了双突变体C277D/H280I。     

白细胞介素-27与疾病关系的研究进展

IL-27由p28(IL-12p35相关多肽)和EBI3(IL-12p40相关蛋白)组成,主要是由抗原呈递细胞产生;其受体是由WSX-1/TCCR(T细胞细胞因子受体)和gp130组成。初步研究表明IL-27可能在炎症性疾病、寄生虫感染、自身免疫性疾病、抗肿瘤作用等方面发挥作用。     

IL-6: TNF-α之后的类风湿关节炎治疗关键靶点

IL-6是一种重要的细胞因子,在类风湿关节炎发病过程中发挥重要作用。本文对已上市的IL-6受体单克隆抗体tocilizumab对类风湿关节炎的临床疗效和安全性进行了总结,并和TNF-α阻断药物进行了对比,证明tocilizumab在药物疗效和副作用方面与TNF-α阻断药物相比各有优劣。另外也对在研的IL-6通路阻断单抗的临床试验结果进行了总结。结合本中心近年的研究和总结,IL-6是继TNF-α之后的另一个重要的类风湿关节炎治疗关键靶点,该类药物的上市为以后类风湿关节炎的个性化治疗提供了更多的选择。     

IL-39:IL-12家族的新成员

白细胞介素-39(interleukin,IL-39)是最近发现的IL-12家族新成员,由IL-23p19和EB病毒诱导基因3两个亚基组成。它主要由脂多糖刺激的B细胞和狼疮小鼠体内活化的GL7~+B细胞产生,IL-23R/gp130为其受体,在狼疮小鼠体内通过激活信号转导与转录激活因子1(STAT1)/STAT3信号通路介导炎症反应。因此,深入研究IL-39的结构、信号通路以及生物学功能,对系统性红斑狼疮和其它自身免疫性疾病的治疗具有重要价值。     

IL-6 Trans-Signaling via the Soluble IL-6 Receptor: Importance for the Pro-Inflammatory Activities of IL-6

Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a cytokine with many activities. It has functions in the regulation of the immune system and the nervous system. Furthermore, IL-6 is involved in liver regeneration and in the metabolic control of the body. On target cells, IL-6 binds to an 80 kDa IL-6 receptor (IL-6R). The complex of IL-6 and IL-6R associates with a second protein, gp130, which thereupon dimerizes and initiates intracellular signaling. Whereas gp130 is expressed on all cells, IL-6R is only present on few cells in the body including hepatocytes and some leukocytes. Cells, which do not express IL-6R cannot respond to the cytokine, since gp130 alone has no measurable affinity for IL-6. Interestingly, a soluble form of IL-6R (sIL-6R) comprising the extracellular portion of the receptor can bind IL-6 with a similar affinity as the membrane bound IL-6R. The complex of IL-6 and sIL-6R can bind to gp130 on cells, which do not express the IL-6R, and which are unresponsive to IL-6. This process has been called trans-signaling. Here I will review published evidence that IL-6 trans-signaling is pro-inflammatory whereas classic IL-6 signaling via the membrane bound IL-6R is needed for regenerative or anti-inflammatory activities of the cytokine. Furthermore, the detailed knowledge of IL-6 biology has important consequences for therapeutic strategies aimed at the blockade of the cytokine IL-6.     

No inhibition of IL-27 signaling by soluble gp130

Soluble gp130 is the natural inhibitor of trans-signaling mediated by the soluble IL-6/IL-6R complex. In mouse models, recombinant sgp130 has been successfully applied for the treatment of diseases that are triggered and maintained by soluble IL-6R like Crohn's disease, peritonitis, rheumatoid arthritis, and colon cancer. The novel heterodimeric cytokine IL-27 (p28/EBV-induced gene 3) has been shown to act via a heterodimeric receptor complex of gp130 and the WSX-1 receptor, and to co-regulate the Th(1) immune response after infection. Therefore, we have tested the potential of the recombinant sgp130-Fc protein to also inhibit signaling-mediated IL-27. Here we show that sgp130-Fc does not interfere with IL-27 signaling. We therefore conclude that IL-27 does not bind with high affinity to gp130.     

A panoramic review of IL-6: Structure,pathophysiological roles and inhibitors

Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a pleiotropic pro-inflammatory cytokine. Its deregulation is associated with chronic inflammation, and multifactorial auto-immune disorders. It mediates its biological roles through a hexameric complex composed of IL-6 itself, its receptor IL-6R, and glycoprotein 130 (IL-6/IL-6R/gp130). This complex, in turn, activates different signaling mechanisms (classical and trans-signaling) to execute various biochemical functions. The trans-signaling mechanism activates various pathological routes, like JAK/STAT3, Ras/MAPK, PI3K–PKB/Akt, and regulation of CD4+ T cells and VEGF levels, which cause cancer, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, anemia, inflammatory bowel disease, Crohn’s disease, and Alzheimer’s disease. Involvement of IL-6 in pathophysiology of these complex diseases makes it an important target for the treatment of these diseases. Though some anti-IL-6 monoclonal antibodies are being used clinically, but their high cost, only parenteral administration, and possibility of immunogenicity have limited their use, and warranted the development of novel small non-peptide molecules as IL-6 inhibitors. In the present report, all molecules reported in literature as IL-6 inhibitors have been classified as IL-6 production, IL-6R, and IL-6 signaling inhibitors. Reports available till date are critically studied to identify important and salient structural features common in these molecules. These analyses would assist medicinal chemists to design novel and potent IL-6 production and signaling inhibitors, through knowledge- and/or computer-based approaches, for the treatment of complex multifactorial diseases.     

Inhibition of classic signaling is a novel function of soluble glycoprotein 130 (sgp130), which is controlled by the ratio of interleukin 6 and soluble interleukin 6 receptor

IL-6 trans-signaling via the soluble IL-6 receptor (sIL-6R) plays a critical role in chronic inflammation and cancer. Soluble gp130 (sgp130) specifically inhibits IL-6 trans-signaling but was described to not interfere with classic signaling via the membrane-bound IL-6R. Physiological and most pathophysiological conditions are characterized by a molar excess of serum sIL-6R over IL-6 characterized by free IL-6 and IL-6 found in IL-6·sIL-6R complexes allowing both classic and trans-signaling. Surprisingly, under these conditions, sgp130 was able to trap all free IL-6 molecules in IL-6·sIL-6R·sgp130 complexes, resulting in inhibition of classic signaling. Because a significant fraction of IL-6 molecules did not form complexes with sIL-6R, our results demonstrate that compared with the anti-IL-6R antibody tocilizumab or the anti-trans-signaling monoclonal antibody 25F10, much lower concentrations of the dimeric sgp130Fc were sufficient to block trans-signaling. In vivo, sgp130Fc blocked IL-6 signaling in the colon but not in liver and lung, indicating that the colon is a prominent target of IL-6 trans-signaling. Our results point to a so far unanticipated role of sgp130 in the blockade of classic signaling and indicate that in vivo only low therapeutic concentrations of sgp130Fc guarantee blockade of IL-6 trans-signaling without affecting IL-6 classic signaling.     

Theoretical investigation of IL-6 multiprotein receptor assembly

Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a multifunctional cytokine that regulates cell growth, differentiation, and cellular functions in many cell lineages. Recently, evidences for the formation of an active hexameric complex with an IL-6:IL-6Rα:gp130 stoichiometry of 2:2:2 have been obtained by different experimental approaches. Analysis of the electrostatic potential complementarity between IL-6 and its receptors has been used, in this study, to guide the assembly of homology-based 3D models of the components. The results strongly support a mechanism whereby the active cytokine (IL-6:IL-6Rα) associates with the signal transducing gp130 protein, and the trimeric complex formed further dimerizes to form the hexameric species. Furthermore, computational simulations of the multiprotein complexes provide a rationalization of data from mutation experiments and highlight some key protein–protein interactions which have not yet been the subject of mutagenesis studies. Proteins 29:528–544, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Function and proteolytic generation of the soluble interleukin-6 receptor in health and disease

The pleiotropic cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) is involved in numerous physiological and pathophysiological functions that include development, immune cell differentiation, inflammation and cancer. IL-6 can signal via the membrane-bound IL-6 receptor (IL-6R, classic signaling) or via soluble forms of the IL-6R (sIL-6R, trans-signaling). Both modes of signaling induce the formation of a homodimer of the signal transducing β-receptor glycoprotein 130 (gp130) and the activation of several intracellular signaling cascades, e.g. the Jak/STAT pathway. Intriguingly, only IL-6 trans-signaling is required for the pro-inflammatory properties of IL-6, while regenerative and anti-inflammatory functions are mediated via classic signaling. The sIL-6R is generated by different molecular mechanisms, including alternative mRNA splicing, proteolysis of the membrane-bound IL-6R and the release of extracellular vesicles. In this review, we give an in-depth overview on these molecular mechanisms with a special emphasize on IL-6R cleavage by the metalloprotease ADAM17 and other proteases. We discuss the biological functions of the sIL-6R and highlight attempts to selectively block IL-6 trans-signaling in pre-clinical animal models as well as in clinical studies in patients with inflammatory bowel disease.     

2014 年全球热门药物靶点分析—— IL-6 靶标药物

IL-6 是一种多效性前炎症细胞因子,具有多种生物学活性,包括介导炎症反应、免疫反应等。随着对 IL-6 及其受体信号通路研究 的不断深入,IL-6 现已成为一个有效的治疗靶点,在炎症及自身免疫性疾病的治疗过程中发挥重要作用。采用文献调研、数据库检索、数 据统计与分析等定性定量情报学研究方法,从研发阶段、适应证、临床及上市药物等方面对全球 IL-6 靶标药物的研发情况进行分析,旨在 为我国免疫药物的研发提供参考。