JNK通过增强神经元自噬流提高大鼠缺血性脑卒中后的神经保护

为了探究应激激活蛋白激酶JNK在缺血性脑卒中后对神经元细胞的保护机制,本文采用栓线法构建雄性SD大鼠大脑中动脉梗塞(model of middle cerebral artery occlusion,MCAO)模型.在自噬变化特征性时间点加入JNK激动剂茴香霉素(anisomycin,AN),随后采用Western印迹...     

基于自噬溶酶体形成机制调控缺血性脑卒中后神经元自噬流

脑卒中是由脑血管阻塞或出血引发的急性脑血管病，约84%的临床脑卒中患者由脑缺血引起。研究表明，自噬广泛参与并显著影响脑卒中病理生理进程。自噬是一个将陈旧蛋白质、损伤细胞器及多余胞质组分等呈递给溶酶体进行降解的代谢过程，其包括自噬的激活、自噬体的形成和成熟、自噬体与溶酶体融合、自噬产物在自噬溶酶体内消化和降解等过程。自噬流通常被定义为自噬/溶酶体信号机制。最近发现，自噬流障碍是导致缺血性脑卒中后神经元损伤的重要原因，而在自噬过程中任一步骤发生障碍均可导致自噬流损伤。本文重点对自噬体-溶酶体融合的机制，以及该机制在缺血性脑卒中后发生障碍的致病机理进行详细阐述，以期基于自噬体-溶酶体融合机制对神经元自噬流进行调节，进而诱导缺血性脑卒中后的神经保护。本文可为脑卒中病理机制研究指明方向，为脑卒中治疗探寻新的线索。     

缺血性脑损伤中的自噬——研究进展与挑战

缺血性脑卒中是一类难治性疾病,细胞自噬可能参与其中,该领域的研究逐渐受到重视.本文综述了缺血性脑损伤过程中自噬相关的研究进展,概述了自噬发生的信号通路,列举了在缺血性脑损伤情况下诱发自噬的关键因素,并结合本实验室开展的工作,阐述了自噬在缺血性脑损伤中的作用以及线粒体自噬在该过程中的潜在意义.最后,对该研究领域存在的问题和新的发展方向提出了一些观点,希望能为病理学、药理学和治疗学相关研究提供新思路.     

自噬流障碍在缺血性脑卒中后的神经损伤机制

自噬是一种细胞分解代谢途径,通过降解长寿或错误折叠的蛋白质以及受损的细胞器,以维持细胞内稳态和正常细胞功能。相反,自噬流发生障碍会影响细胞内蛋白质和细胞器的降解,破坏细胞稳态,最终导致神经元死亡。研究表明,缺血性脑卒中所致脑损伤的主要原因是能量消耗、氧化应激和炎症,它们与应激后神经元自噬流的改变显著相关。该文回顾了自噬流障碍在缺血性脑卒中后的神经损伤机制及其相关的治疗药物与手段。     

缺血性脑卒中后神经元自噬流障碍的病理机制研究进展

自噬是一个将损伤细胞器、陈旧蛋白、多余胞质组分甚至病原体等通过自噬体呈递给溶酶体进行降解的细胞内代谢过程。它包括自噬启动、自噬体形成、自噬体-溶酶体融合和自噬底物在自噬溶酶体内降解和清除4个步骤。当这些过程呈连续通畅状态则可称为自噬流,自噬/溶酶体信号通路中某一或某些步骤发生阻滞均可导致自噬流障碍。众多研究表明,脑卒中后自噬流障碍是导致脑卒中后缺血半影区神经元损伤的重要原因。本文总结了缺血性脑卒中后神经元自噬流障碍的病理机制研究进展,并介绍了目前改善神经元自噬流障碍方法的研究进展,为深入探究脑卒中病理损伤机制提供参考。     

自噬对高糖诱导的人冠状动脉内皮细胞凋亡的保护作用

目的:研究自噬对高糖诱导的人冠状动脉内皮细胞凋亡的影响。方法:将人冠状动脉内皮细胞,分别用常规培养基(正常对照组)、含30 mmol/L D-葡萄糖的高糖培养基(高糖组)、高糖培养基合并雷帕霉素(Rapamycin,RAPA;100 nmol/L)干预(RAPA组)和高糖培养基合并3-甲基腺嘌呤(3-Methyladenine,3-MA,5 mmol/L)干预(3-MA组)培养。利用CCK-8法检测细胞生长活力,使用流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡水平,western blot检测细胞自噬标记蛋白(Beclin1)的表达水平。结果:(1)高糖溶液刺激内皮细胞24 h后,细胞生长活力为正常组的55.0%(P0.01),自噬标记蛋白Beclin1的表达水平明显增加,凋亡水平为正常组的2.0倍;(2)与高糖组相比,RAPA组细胞生长活力明显增加,Beclin1的表达明显升高(P0.01),凋亡水平为高糖组的70.1%;(3)与高糖组相比,3-MA组细胞生长活力明显减少,Beclin1的表达明显降低(P0.01),凋亡水平为高糖组的1.42倍。结论:细胞自噬可能对高糖诱导的人冠状动脉内皮细胞具有凋亡保护作用。     

Che-1通过mTOR通路调控自噬在谷氨酸所致神经元损伤中的作用研究

目的:观察谷氨酸(glutamate, Glu)对神经元Che-1蛋白表达的影响,研究过表达Che-1对Glu所致神经元氧化应激性损伤的作用,并以mTOR调控的细胞自噬通路为靶点,探讨Che-1在Glu所致神经元损伤中发挥作用的分子机制。方法:用Glu损伤神经元后,采用免疫学及分子生物学等方法检测Che-1蛋白的表达;用慢病毒转染神经元增加Che-1表达,用乳酸脱氢酶(Lactate dehydrogenase, LDH)释放量和流式细胞术等方法检测神经元凋亡程度,采用免疫荧光染色和免疫印迹法检测神经元自噬关键蛋白表达水平;使用mTOR特异性抑制剂雷帕霉素(Rapamycin)提高神经元自噬水平,并通过检测LDH释放量和流式细胞术研究自噬在神经元转归中的作用。结果:Glu可显著增加神经元Che-1蛋白表达;过表达Che-1可减轻Glu所致神经元损伤,并减轻Glu所致神经元自噬;通过Rapamycin激活自噬可逆转Che-1对Glu所致神经元损伤的保护作用。结论:过表达Che-1蛋白可通过抑制神经元自噬对Glu所致神经元损伤发挥保护作用。     

脑缺血后N-乙基马来酰亚胺敏感因子ATP酶失活致神经元自噬流障碍的病理机制

缺血性脑卒中是由脑血管梗塞引起的急性脑血管病,具有较高的发病率、致残率和致死率。研究发现,过度自噬或自噬不足均可导致细胞损伤。自噬包括自噬体的形成和成熟、自噬体与溶酶体融合、自噬底物在自噬溶酶体内的降解和清除,这些过程呈连续状态则称为自噬流。研究发现,脑缺血可导致自噬体与溶酶体间发生融合障碍,从而引发自噬流损伤。细胞内膜融合由3种核心组分介导,即N-乙基马来酰亚胺敏感因子（N-ethylmaleimide sensitive factor,NSF） ATP酶、可溶性NSF黏附蛋白（soluble NSF attachment protein,SNAP）及可溶性NSF黏附蛋白受体（soluble NSF attachment protein receptors,SNAREs）。当SNAREs介导自噬体与溶酶体融合后以非活性的复合体形式存留于自噬溶酶体膜,须被NSF再激活为单体后方可发挥新一轮的膜融合介导作用,而NSF是唯一可再激活SNAREs的ATP酶。新近研究表明,脑缺血可显著抑制NSF ATP酶活性,导致其对SNAREs再激活减少,这可能是自噬体与溶酶体间发生融合障碍并导致神经元自噬...     

浮游植物细胞自噬作用特点及研究方法

自噬(Autophagy)是真核生物细胞中一类高度保守的、依赖于溶酶体或液泡途径对胞质蛋白和细胞器进行降解的生物学过程。细胞自噬除维持细胞稳态外,在细胞响应各种外界胁迫中也发挥重要作用。近年来,陆续发现浮游植物能够通过细胞自噬应答众多环境胁迫,并在浮游植物细胞中鉴定出了类似于哺乳动物细胞中的核心自噬功能单位。自噬作为一种独特的程序性细胞死亡(PCD)形式,对浮游植物遭受胁迫后的个体存活及种群延续具有至关重要的作用。因此,细胞自噬也将成为浮游植物研究领域的一个新的着力点。主要综述了浮游植物细胞中自噬的保守性、诱导因素、调控机制、自噬与凋亡的交互作用以及浮游植物自噬研究方法等研究进展。     

细胞自噬与神经退行性疾病

细胞自噬是一条依赖溶酶体降解的途径,它对于清除细胞质内蛋白质聚集体、损伤的细胞器,维持细胞内稳态等具有重要的生理功能。神经退行性疾病是一类由于突变蛋白质在神经细胞中堆积而引起的神经系统失调症。细胞自噬是清除胞质内蛋白质聚集体的重要途径,利用提高细胞自噬能力对神经退行性疾病进行治疗具有光明前景。简要介绍了细胞自噬的机制及细胞自噬与神经退行性疾病之间的关系。     

银杏叶提取物对牛主动脉内皮细胞增殖及其机制

研究银杏叶提取物(extract of ginkgo biloba,EGB)对牛主动脉内皮细胞(bovine aortic endothelial cells,BAECs)增殖的影响及其机制。分离培养BAECs,给予EGB刺激,采用噻唑蓝比色法检测细胞增殖改变,用流式细胞仪检测对细胞增殖周期的影响,同时用Western印迹检测细胞内皮型一氧化氮合酶(endothelial nitric oxide synthase,eNOS)表达的变化。结果EGB刺激显著促进BAECs的增殖并呈剂量依赖效应,而一氧化氮合酶抑制剂可显著抑制上述效应。EGB刺激显著促进牛主动脉内皮细胞eNOS的表达,并呈剂量依赖效应。EGB显著促进BAECs增殖,其作用由EGB上调的NO介导。     

Inhibition of Autophagy Contributes to Ischemic Postconditioning-Induced Neuroprotection against Focal Cerebral Ischemia in Rats

Background

Ischemic postconditioning (IPOC), or relief of ischemia in a stuttered manner, has emerged as an innovative treatment strategy to reduce programmed cell death, attenuate ischemic injuries, and improve neurological outcomes. However, the mechanisms involved have not been completely elucidated. Recent studies indicate that autophagy is a type of programmed cell death that plays elusive roles in controlling neuronal damage and metabolic homeostasis. This study aims to determine the role of autophagy in IPOC-induced neuroprotection against focal cerebral ischemia in rats.

Methodology/Principal Findings

A focal cerebral ischemic model with permanent middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion plus transient common carotid artery (CCA) occlusion was established. The autophagosomes and the expressions of LC3/Beclin 1/p62 were evaluated for their contribution to the activation of autophagy. We found that autophagy was markedly induced with the upregulation of LC3/Beclin 1 and downregulation of p62 in the penumbra at various time intervals following ischemia. IPOC, performed at the onset of reperfusion, reduced infarct size, mitigated brain edema, inhibited the induction of LC3/Beclin 1 and reversed the reduction of p62 simultaneously. Rapamycin, an inducer of autophagy, partially reversed all the aforementioned effects induced by IPOC. Conversely, autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine (3-MA) attenuated the ischemic insults, inhibited the activation of autophagy, and elevated the expression of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2, to an extent comparable to IPOC.

Conclusions/Significance

The present study suggests that inhibition of the autophagic pathway plays a key role in IPOC-induced neuroprotection against focal cerebral ischemia. Thus, pharmacological inhibition of autophagy may provide a novel therapeutic strategy for the treatment of stroke.     

Autophagy Activation Contributes to the Neuroprotection of Remote Ischemic Perconditioning Against Focal Cerebral Ischemia in Rats

Remote ischemic perconditioning (RIPer) has been proved to provide potent cardioprotection. However, there are few studies on neuroprotection of RIPer. This study aims to clarify the neuroprotective effect of RIPer and the role of autophagy induced by RIPer against cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury in rats. Using a transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model in rats to imitate focal cerebral ischemia. RIPer was carried out 4 cycles of 10 min ischemia and 10 min reperfusion, with a thin elastic band tourniquet encircled on the bilateral femoral arteries at the start of 10 min after MCAO. Autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine (3-MA) and autophagy inducer rapamycin were administered respectively to determine the contribution of autophagy in RIPer. Neurologic deficit scores, infarct volume, brain edema, Nissl staining, TUNEL assay, immunohistochemistry and western blot was performed to analyze the neuroprotection of RIPer and the contribution of autophagy in RIPer. RIPer significantly exerted neuroprotective effects against cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury in rats, and the autophagy-lysosome pathway was activated by RIPer treatment. 3-MA reversed the neuroprotective effects induced by RIPer, whereas rapamycin ameliorated the brain ischemic injury. Autophagy activation contributes to the neuroprotection by RIPer against focal cerebral ischemia in rats.     

Mitochondria and Neuronal Death/Survival Signaling Pathways in Cerebral Ischemia

Apoptotic cell death pathways have been implicated in acute brain injuries, including cerebral ischemia, brain trauma, and spinal cord injury, and in chronic neurodegenerative diseases. Experimental ischemia and reperfusion models, such as transient focal/global ischemia in rodents, have been thoroughly studied and suggest the involvement of mitochondria and the cell survival/death signaling pathways in cell death/survival cascades. Recent studies have implicated mitochondria-dependent apoptosis involving pro- and anti-apoptotic protein binding, the release of cytochrome c and second mitochondria-derived activator of caspase, the activation of downstream caspases-9 and –3, and DNA fragmentation. Reactive oxygen species are known to be significantly generated in the mitochondrial electron transport chain in the dysfunctional mitochondria during reperfusion after ischemia, and are also implicated in the survival signaling pathway that involves phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3-K), Akt, and downstream signaling molecules, like Bad, 14-3-3, and the proline-rich Akt substrate (PRAS), and their bindings. Further studies of these survival pathways may provide novel therapeutic strategies for clinical stroke.Special issue dedicated to Lawrence F. Eng.     

银杏叶提取物注射液联合阿替普酶静脉溶栓治疗急性脑梗死的疗效及对血液流变学和炎症因子的影响

摘要 目的：观察急性脑梗死（ACI）在溶栓治疗的基础上联合银杏叶提取物注射液治疗后的疗效,并分析该治疗方案对炎症因子、血液流变学的影响。方法：选择2019年6月到2020年10月期间来我院接受诊治的ACI患者60例,按照入院奇偶顺序法将患者分为对照组（奇,30例,阿替普酶静脉溶栓治疗）和观察组（偶,30例,银杏叶提取物注射液联合阿替普酶静脉溶栓治疗）,疗程为7 d。对比两组治疗7 d后的疗效,对比两组治疗前、治疗7 d后的血液流变学、美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表（NIHSS）评分、炎症因子、日常生活能力量表（ADL）评分,观察两组治疗期间不良反应发生情况。结果：观察组的临床总有效率较对照组高（P<0.05）。观察组治疗7 d后NIHSS评分低于对照组,ADL评分高于对照组（P<0.05）。观察组治疗7 d后超敏C-反应蛋白（hs-CRP）、白细胞介素-6（IL-6）水平低于对照组（P<0.05）。观察组治疗7 d后血小板压积、血小板分布宽度、纤维蛋白原低于对照组（P<0.05）。两组不良反应发生率对比,差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。结论：银杏叶提取物注射液联合阿替普酶静脉溶栓治疗ACI患者疗效明确,可改善血液流变学,减少神经功能损伤,降低炎症因子水平,提高患者生活自理能力,且安全性好。     

Neuroprotection of aucubin in primary diabetic encephalopathy

Hippocampal neuronal apoptosis accompanied by impairment of cognitive function occurs in primary diabetic encephalopathy. In this study, we investigated the neuroprotective mechanism of the iridoid glycoside, aucubin, using rats (n=8). Diabetes mellitus was induced in the rats by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of streptozotocin (60 mg/kg body weight). After 65 d, half of the DM rats were administered aucubin (5 mg/kg; i.p.) for 15 d, yielding treatment DM A. A third group of rats received no strepto- zotocin or aucibin, and served as controls (CON). Encephalopathy was assessed using Y-maze be- havioral testing. Rats were euthanized on Day 87, and hippocampi were excised for visual (light and transmission electron microscopic) and immunochemical (Western blot; immunohistochemical) as- sessments of the CA1 subfield for apoptosis and expression of regulatory proteins Bcl-2 and Bax. Treatment responses to all the parameters examined (body weight, plasma glucose, Y-maze error rates, pyramidal cell ultrastructure, proportions of apoptotic cells, levels of expression of Bcl-2 and Bax, and survivability of neuronal cells) were identical: there were highly significant differences between DM and CON groups (P<0.001), but the effects were significantly moderated (P<0.01) in DM A compared with DM. These findings confirm the association of apoptosis with the encephalopathic effects of diabetes mellitus, and suggest a major role of the expression levels of Bcl-2 and Bax in the regulation of apop- totic cell death. All of the results suggest that aucubin could effectively inhibit apoptosis by modulating the expressions of Bcl-2 and Bax genes.     

细胞自噬与肿瘤耐药

细胞自噬是一种细胞自我降解的过程,在适应代谢应激、保持基因组完整性及维持内环境稳定方面发挥重要作用. 在肿瘤治疗中,凋亡耐受是产生肿瘤耐药的重要机制. 细胞自噬可防止抗肿瘤药诱导的凋亡,促进肿瘤耐药. 然而,自噬性细胞死亡可能是凋亡耐受肿瘤细胞的一种死亡方式. 因此,细胞自噬对肿瘤细胞的耐药性有双重影响. 本文综述了细胞自噬的分子机制、细胞自噬与凋亡的关系、细胞自噬与肿瘤耐药以及治疗的主要研究进展.     

Ginkgo Biloba Extract EGB 761 or Trolox C Prevent the Ascorbic Acid/FE2+ Induced Decrease in Synaptosomal Membrane Fluidity

The ability of synaptosomes, prepared from striata, to take up ³H-dopamine declined rapidly during incubation at 37°C, in an oxygenated Krebs-Ringer medium with 0.1 mM ascorbic acid. Ascorbic acid was responsible for this decrease. Its effectiveness after a 60 min incubation was concentration dependent from 1 μM and virtually complete for 0.1 mM. Furthermore, a decrease of synaptosomal membrane fluidity was revealed by measurements of fluorescence polarization using 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene. This decrease was potentiated by Fe²⁺ ions (1 μM). In contrast, it was prevented by the Fe²⁺ ion chelator, desferrioxamine (0.1 mM), by the Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761 [2-16 μg/ml], as well as by the flavonoid quercetin (0.1 μM). This preventive effect was shared by trolox C (from 0.1 mM). It is concluded that peroxidation of neuronal membrane lipids induced by ascorbic acid/Fe²⁺ is associated with a decrease in membrane fluidity which, in turn, reduces the ability of the dopamine transporter to take up dopamine.