HSF1基因剔除对HSR抗内毒素血症的影响

利用内毒素(LPS)血症小鼠模型,观察HSF1基因剔除对热休克反应(HSR)保护作用的影响.采用腹腔注射LPS建立内毒素血症小鼠模型,HSR采用肛温42℃维持15 min,室温恢复24 h,利用RT-PCR、苏木素-伊红(HE)染色、丙二醛测定以及死亡率,计算和分析重要脏器组织中炎症介质基因的表达、脏器损伤程度及小鼠存活率.注射LPS 15mg/kg 72 h后HSR LPS(HSF1 / )组存活率(7/15)显著高于LPS(HSF1 / )组(0/15)、LPS(HSF1-/-)组(0/14)和HSR LPS(HSF1-/-)组(0/14),而注射LPS 14 mg/kg 72 h后,LPS(HSF1 / )组存活率(5/15)显著高于LPS(HSF1-/-)组(0/13)和HSR LPS(HSF1-/-)组(0/13).在注射LPS 12 h后LPS(HSF1 / )组、LPS(HSF1-/-)组和HSR LPS(HSF1-/-)组的心、肺组织丙二醛含量显著升高,但HSR LPS(HSF1 / )组不升高.肺组织炎症介质基因IL-IB、IL-6、TNF-α、CCL-2、SOCS3、MCSF、GCSF、IL-15在LPS(HSF1-/-)组和LPS(HSF1 / )组表达上调,HSR LPS(HSF1-/-)组除IL-15较低外其他上调更甚,HSR LPS(HSF1 / )组除IL-1β和TNF-α较高外其他显著下调.注射LPS后LPS(HSF1 / )组和LPS(HSF1-/-)组的肺、肝、肾病理形态改变明显,HSR LPS(HSF1 / )组改变较轻,HSR LPS(HSF1-/-)组改变更加严重.HSF1基因剔除能显著消减HSR对内毒素血症小鼠的保护作用.     

低氧联合LPS刺激对星形胶质细胞中炎性因子和BNIP3表达的影响*

目的:探讨在低氧联合脂多糖(LPS)作用下,星形胶质细胞中B淋巴细胞瘤-2/腺病毒E1B 19-kD相互作用蛋白3(BNIP3)的表达和炎症反应变化。方法:将体外培养的原代星形胶质细胞和神经元进行下列分组:常氧组、LPS组、低氧组和LPS+低氧组(每组设置3个复孔)。LPS处理后,低氧组和LPS+低氧组放入低氧细胞孵箱,LPS组和常氧组放入正常的细胞孵箱。LPS浓度:100 ng/ml,氧气浓度为0.3%。处理时间为24 h。原代的星形胶质细胞进行上述的分组,时间点设为6 h、12 h和24 h。Western blot检测BNIP3的表达变化,RT-PCR和ELISA分别检测星形胶质细胞的肿瘤坏死因子-ɑ(TNF-ɑ)、白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)和白细胞介素6(IL-6)mRNA水平变化和分泌情况。结果:与常氧组比较,低氧组炎症因子的表达没有变化,LPS组和LPS＋低氧组的炎症因子TNF-ɑ、IL-1β和IL-6 mRNA水平升高(P＜0.01);与LPS组比较,LPS＋低氧组炎症因子IL-1β和IL-6 mRNA水平进一步升高(P＜0.05,P＜0.01)。与常氧组比较,低氧组炎症因子的分泌水平没有变化,LPS组和LPS＋低氧组的炎症因子TNF-ɑ和IL-6 分泌水平升高(P＜0.01),IL-1β的水平没有变化;与LPS组比较,LPS＋低氧组炎症因子TNF-ɑ和IL-6分泌水平没有进一步升高。BNIP3在体外培养的神经元和星型胶质细胞中都有表达;在星形胶质细胞中,与常氧组比较,LPS组BNIP3的表达没有变化,低氧组和LPS+低氧组BNIP3的表达明显增加(P＜0.01);在神经元中,与常氧组比较,LPS组BNIP3的表达没有变化,低氧组和LPS+低氧组BNIP3的表达增加(P＜0.05,P＜0.01);与神经元的低氧组比较,星形胶质细胞的低氧组BNIP3的表达增加更明显(P＜0.01)。在星形胶质细胞中LPS联合低氧刺激6、12、24 h后BNIP3蛋白的表达,与常氧组相同时间点比较,LPS组BNIP3的表达没有变化,低氧组和LPS+低氧组BNIP3的表达增加(P＜0.05,P＜0.01);与低氧组相同时间点比较,6 h和12 h的LPS＋低氧组BNIP3的表达增加的更高(P＜0.01)。结论:低氧联合LPS刺激可以增强星形胶质细胞的炎症反应,LPS能增加低氧下星形胶质细胞中BNIP3的表达,提示BNIP3在星形胶质细胞的炎性反应中可能具有一定的调节作用。     

蛋白酶体抑制剂乳胞素(LAC)对LPS诱导的人关节软骨细胞炎症反应的抑制作用

目的:探讨蛋白酶体抑制剂乳胞素(LAC)对LPS诱导的人关节软骨细胞炎症反应的抑制作用.方法:体外培养原代人关节软骨细胞,分为四组,即对照组、LPS组(100 ng/mL LPS处理6小时)、LAC组(5μM LAC处理1小时)和LAC+LPS组(5μMLAC预处理1小时后,给予LPS处理6小时),分别用ELISA和western blot检测和比较各组细胞内20s蛋白酶体,NF-κB,TNF-α和iNOS的含量.结果:LPS处理后的人关节软骨细胞内20s蛋白酶体,NF-κB,TNF-α和iNOS的表达均较对照组显著升高(P＜0.05),LAC+LPS组以上指标较LPS组均显著降低(P＜0.05),而LAC组和LAC+LPS组以上指标与对照组比较均无显著性差异(P＞0.05).结论:LAC可显著抑制LPS诱导的人关节软骨细胞炎症反应.     

PD-L1对细菌脓毒症免疫抑制的影响及其机制*

目的:探讨在脂多糖(LPS)所致细菌脓毒症免疫抑制中树突状细胞(DCs)程序性细胞死亡配体-1(PD-L1)的表达情况及其相关信号通路。方法:细菌脂多糖刺激骨髓来源树突状细胞诱导淋巴细胞免疫抑制模型,实验分为5组:对照组(Con)、脂多糖组(LPS)、2-(4-吗啉基)-8-苯基-4H-1-苯并吡喃-4-酮+脂多糖组(LY294002+LPS)、吡咯烷二硫代甲酸铵盐+脂多糖组(PDTC+LPS)和脂多糖+封闭PD-L1组(LPS+αPD-L1)。小鼠骨髓来源单核细胞用含粒细胞巨噬细胞集落刺激因子(rmGM-CSF 10 ng/ml)和白介素4(rmIL-4 1 ng/ml)的10%胎牛血清1640培养基于CO₂培养箱37℃静置培养4 d后,LPS(10 ng/ml)处理DCs静置12 h获得PD-L1高表达的DCs作为免疫抑制刺激细胞。通路抑制剂LY294002(10 μmol/L)、PDTC (20 μmol/L)作用1 h阻断PI3K和NF-κB信号。采用流式细胞分析、激光共聚焦显微成像检测LPS诱导树突状细胞PD-L1表达及磷脂酰肌醇3激酶/丝氨酸苏氨酸激酶B (PI3K/AKT) 信号通路活化情况;BrdU细胞增殖实验和γ-干扰素酶联免疫斑点实验检测LPS诱导树突状细胞PD-L1表达上调对抗原特异性T细胞增殖反应及细胞毒性T细胞杀伤作用的影响。结果:与对照组比较,LPS组DCs表面PD-L1阳性细胞百分比升高(P＜0.01),PD-L1荧光信号强度增强,且主要分布于细胞表面和细胞质,DCs介导的T细胞增殖水平降低(P＜0.01),γ-干扰素斑点形成细胞数下降(P＜0.01)。与LPS组比较,LY294002+LPS组、PDTC+LPS组和LPS+αPD-L1组PD-L1荧光信号强度降低,T细胞增殖水平升高(P＜0.01),γ-干扰素斑点形成细胞数上升(P＜0.01),改善树突状细胞介导的T细胞免疫抑制现象。 结论:PD-L1是介导脂多糖所致细菌脓毒症免疫抑制的关键分子,PI3K信号、NF-κB信号也参与此免疫抑制过程。     

葛根素对脂多糖导致的大鼠急性肺损伤组织中水通道蛋白-1的影响

目的:观察葛根素对脂多糖诱导的急性肺损伤大鼠肺组织水通道蛋白-1(AQP1)表达、病理形态学、湿干比等的影响,探讨其对急性肺损伤的保护作用.方法:健康Wistar大鼠36只,采用腹腔内注射脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide,LPS)法复制急性肺损伤动物模型.将大鼠随机分为盐酸对照组(对照组)、LPS损伤组(损伤组)和葛根素+LPS组(葛根素组).结果:光镜下见对照组肺泡结构清晰,肺泡腔及支气管腔未见明显炎细胞及渗出物.LPS组镜下可见肺组织水肿,表面可见暗红色点、片状出血,大量炎性细胞浸润,肺泡间隔明显增厚,葛根素+LPS组损伤较LPS组明显减轻.LPS组湿干比较对照组增高,葛根素组湿干比较LPS组降低.LPS组AQP1蛋白表达较对照组减少,葛根素组肺组织AQP1蛋白表达较LPS组明显增加.结论:葛根素对脂多糖所致的大鼠急性肺损伤具有保护作用.     

胰高血糖素样肽l对脂多糖诱导的血管内皮细胞炎性反应的影响

目的:探讨胰高血糖素样肽l(glucagon like peptide 1,GLP-1)对脂多糖(1ipopolysaccharide,LPS)诱导的血管内皮细胞(VEC)炎性反应的影响。方法:以体外培养的人动脉VEC为研究模型,将细胞分为四组(对照组、LPS刺激组、LPS+GLP-1组、GLP-1组),Rhodamin-Phalloidin检测肌动蛋白骨架F-actin分布,用苏木素-伊红(HE)染色观察细胞间连接的形态特征,用示踪剂Rhodamine B isothiocyanate-Dextran检测VECs单层通透性变化改变,酶联免疫吸附实验检测细胞分泌白介素(IL)-6和IL-8的变化。结果:GLP-1(100 nM)可减少LPS(1μg/mL)刺激后细胞肌动蛋白骨架F-actin应力纤维的形成,并抑制LPS刺激后细胞间连接的中断。Rhodamine B isothiocyanate-Dextran细胞通透性检测结果显示:GLP-1可明显降低LPS刺激引起的VEC通透性增加[由(2.57±0.19)×10-5cm/s降至(2.10±0.18)×10-5cm/s,P0.05]。此外,GLP-1可抑制LPS刺激后VEC中炎性细胞因子IL-6和IL-8的表达[分别由(42130±6522)pg/ml降至(27478±5096)pg/ml和(18376±1561)pg/ml降至(14414±927)pg/ml,均P0.05]。结论:GLP-1可对抗LPS刺激引起的VEC炎症反应和细胞通透性增加,改善LPS诱导的内皮细胞炎性损伤。     

丙戊酸钠对LPS诱导的急性呼吸窘迫综合征小鼠的治疗作用

为了探讨丙戊酸钠(valproic acid,VPA)对急性呼吸窘迫综合征(acute respiratory distress syndrome,ARDS)小鼠治疗作用及分子机制,本研究将30只雌性C57BL/6小鼠分为空白组、LPS组、LPS+VPA组,LPS+VPA组小鼠造模前腹腔预注射VPA,以LPS气管内注射诱导ARDS小鼠模型,6 h后检测各组小鼠肺水肿(湿重/干重),检测各组小鼠血液SOD和MDA水平;通过ELISA检测各组小鼠肺泡灌洗液中TNFα和IL-1β水平,Western blotting检测各组小鼠NF-κB p65和p-H2A.X蛋白表达水平。研究结果表明:与空白组相比,LPS组小鼠肺水肿显著升高,与LPS组比较,LPS+VPA组和阳性组小鼠肺水肿显著降低,差异具有统计学意义(p<0.01)。ELISA结果显示,与空白组比较,LPS组小鼠肺组织TNFα和IL-1β含量显著升高,与LPS组比较,LPS+VPA组小鼠肺组织TNFα和IL-1β含量显著降低,差异具有统计学意义(p<0.01)。与空白组比较,LPS组小鼠血液SOD活性显著降低,MDA含量显著升高,与LPS组比较,LPS+VPA组和阳性组小鼠血液SOD活性显著升高,MDA含量显著降低。Western blotting结果显示,与空白组比较,LPS组小鼠肺NF-κB p65和p-H2A.X蛋白表达显著升高,与LPS组比较,LPS+VPA组和阳性组小鼠肺NF-κB p65和p-H2A.X蛋白表达显著降低,差异具有统计学意义(p<0.01)。本研究初步表明:VPA能够抑制NF-κB通路,抑制小鼠氧化应激和炎症反应,保护ARDS小鼠肺组织。     

PI3K/Akt/mTOR信号通路在脂多糖诱导的大鼠肝星状细胞自噬中的作用

该文探讨了磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶(PI3K)/蛋白激酶B(Akt)/哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mTOR)信号通路在脂多糖(LPS)诱导的大鼠肝星状细胞-T6(HSC-T6)自噬中的作用。体外培养HSCT6细胞,随机分为对照组、LPS组、雷帕霉素(Rapamycin, Rapa)组、LPS+Rapa组、LY294002组、LPS+LY294002组, SC79组、LPS+SC79组,各组经相应处理后,单丹磺酰尸胺(MDC)染色法观察自噬溶酶体变化;细胞免疫荧光法检测各组微管相关蛋白轻链Ⅱ(LC3 Ⅱ)表达; Western blot检测各组通路蛋白p-Akt、p-mTOR、Akt、mTOR及自噬相关蛋白LC3 Ⅱ、Beclin1的表达; qRT-PCR检测各组LC3 Ⅱ和Beclin1 mRNA的表达。结果显示,LPS+Rapa组、LPS+LY294002组较LPS组的自噬溶酶体、LC3 Ⅱ荧光亮点含量无明显差异(P0.05), LPS+SC79组较LPS组的自噬溶酶体、LC3 Ⅱ荧光亮点含量明显减少(P0.05); Western blot显示, LPS+Rapa组、LPS+LY294002组较LPS组LC3 Ⅱ、Beclin1、p-Akt、p-mTOR蛋白表达水平无明显差异(P0.05), LPS+SC79组较LPS组LC3 Ⅱ、Beclin1含量明显减少, p-Akt、p-mTOR蛋白表达水平明显增加(P0.05); qRT-PCR显示LPS+Rapa组、LPS+LY294002组较LPS组LC3 Ⅱ、Beclin1 mRNA含量无明显差异(P0.05), LPS+SC79组较LPS组LC3 Ⅱ、Beclin1 mRNA含量明显减少(P0.05)。该项研究结果表明,LPS可能通过抑制PI3K/Akt/mTOR信号通路促进HSC-T6细胞自噬。     

人参皂苷Rb1调节脑微血管NOS/NO改善脑细胞膜通透性

目的:探究人参皂苷Rb1在脂多糖(LPS)诱导的人脑微血管细胞模型中对脑细胞膜通透性的影响。方法:采用噻唑蓝比色法(MTT)及乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)释放检测不同浓度人参皂苷Rb1对LPS刺激人脑微血管内皮细胞系(HBMEC)存活率的影响;采用EVOM法检测HBMEC细胞通透性;采用Griess法、ELISA法及DAF-FM DA荧光探针分别检测NO、ONOO~-含量及eNOS、iNOS活性;Western blot法检测p-eNOS(ser1177)、iNOS蛋白的表达水平。结果:与正常对照组比较,LPS(5μg/m L)可明显降低HBMEC细胞存活率(P0.01);与LPS组比较,随着人参皂苷Rb1浓度的增加细胞存活率明显升高,且中、高剂量组(40、80μmol/L)具有显著性差异(P0.05、P0.01);LPS导致HBMEC单层细胞电阻值明显降低(P0.01),人参皂苷Rb1高剂量组(80μmol/L)可显著抑制LPS所致的细胞膜通透性升高(P0.05);LPS可明显降低HBMEC细胞NO含量(P0.01)升高ONOO~-含量(P0.05),人参皂苷Rb1中、高剂量组(40、80μmol/L)较LPS组具有显著升高NO含量,降低ONOO~-含量的作用(P0.05);与正常对照组比较,LPS组可明显降低HBMEC细胞磷酸化eNOS (ser1177)蛋白的表达水平,而显著升高iNOS蛋白表达水平(P0.01)。人参皂苷Rb1高剂量组(80μmol/L)较LPS组可显著升高p-eNOS(ser1177)蛋白的表达水平,降低iNOS蛋白的表达水平(P0.05)。结论:人参皂苷Rb1可有效降低iNOS活性,升高eNOS活性继而减少NO水平及ONOO~-含量,显著降低LPS导致的脑细胞膜通透性升高。     

脂多糖通过mTOR途径抑制肝细胞脂质自噬

本研究旨在探讨脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide, LPS)对肝细胞脂质自噬的影响及其机制。体外培养人肝癌细胞株HepG2,用0.1 mmol/L软脂酸(palmitic acid, PA)负荷,分为对照(0μg/mL LPS)组、LPS (10μg/mL)组、LPS+DMSO组、LPS+雷帕霉素(rapamycin, RAPA, 10μmol/L)组。油红O染色观察HepG2细胞内脂质积聚情况;自噬双标腺病毒mRFP-GFP-LC3转染细胞后激光共聚焦显微镜观察细胞自噬流;通过氟硼二吡咯BODIPY 493/503荧光染料和溶酶体标记物溶酶体关联膜蛋白1 (lysosomal associated membrane protein 1, LAMP1)进行脂滴和溶酶体的共定位,反映细胞内脂质自噬水平;Western blot检测哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mammalian target of rapamycin, mTOR)、p-mTOR、核糖体S6激酶1 (ribosome protein subunit 6 kinase 1,S6K1)、p-S6K1、LC3II/I、P62蛋白表达。结果显示,与对照组相比,LPS组细胞油红O染色红染脂滴增加,自噬体增加,自噬溶酶体明显降低,LAMP1/BODIPY共定位率降低(P 0.05),p-mTOR/mTOR、p-S6K1/S6K1和LC3II/LC3I比值升高,P62蛋白表达增加(P 0.05)。加入RAPA干预后,与LPS+DMSO组相比,自噬体减少,自噬溶酶体明显增加,LAMP1/BODIPY共定位率升高(P 0.05),肝细胞油红O染色红染脂滴减少(P 0.001)。综上,LPS通过激活mTOR通路抑制HepG2细胞脂质自噬,从而加重细胞内脂质积聚。     

粒细胞集落刺激因子对小鼠内毒素性急性肝损伤的保护作用

目的观察粒细胞集落刺激因子对小鼠内毒素性急性肝损伤的作用,并对其机制进行初步探讨。方法昆明（KM）小鼠随机分为模型组、预防组和正常组,模型组小鼠腹腔注射内毒素（LPS）10mg／kg或30mg／kg,预防组于造模前1小时皮下注射重组人粒细胞集落刺激因子（rhG-CSF）500btg／kg,正常组注射等剂量的生理盐水,观察各组小鼠的存活率及造模后6h、24h小鼠肝脏组织病理变化,全自动生化分析仪检测血清丙氨酸氨基转移酶（ALT）和天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶（AsT）的水平,酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）检测血清肿瘤坏死因子（TNF—a）和白介素10（IL-10）的水平。结果预防组小鼠存活率与模型组相比无明显差异（80％VS66．7％,P〉0．05）;预防组肝组织损伤及肝功能酶学指标ALT和AST均好于模型组（P〈0．05）;预防组小鼠血清IL-10的表达水平在6小时点明显高于模型组（P〈0．05）,24小时点与模型组相比无明显差异（P〉0．05）,血清TNF-a表达水平与模型组相比差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论粒细胞集落刺激因子对小鼠内毒素性急性肝损伤具有保护作用,对小鼠的存活率无明显影响。     

Hepatoprotective effects of IL-22 on fulminant hepatic failure induced by d-galactosamine and lipopolysaccharide in mice

Interleukin-22 (IL-22), a member of the IL-10 cytokine family that is produced by activated Th22, Th1 and Th17 cells as well as natural killer cells, plays an important role in increase of innate immunity, protection from damage and enhancement of regeneration. Here, we examined the effects of IL-22 on acute liver failure model induced by d-galactosamine (GalN) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Administration of recombinant human IL-22 (rhIL-22) reduced the death rate markedly and prevented mice from severe hepatic injury, as evidenced by decreased serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and total bilirubin (T.Bil) activity as well as improved histological signs in liver. Furthermore, IL-22 treatment decreased the hepatic malondialdehyde (MDA) contents and increased the reduced glutathione levels. Serum tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) level and hepatic caspase-3 activity were significantly lower in mice administrated with IL-22. Moreover, IL-22 treatment significantly enhanced activation of STAT3 and up-regulated the expression of Bcl-xL, heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and redox factor-1 (Ref-1) in the liver injury induced by GalN/LPS. Collectively, these data indicate that IL-22 can provide critical protection against GalN/LPS-induced liver injury through anti-apoptotic, anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory actions.     

The sirtuin 1 activator SRT1720 alleviated endotoxin-induced fulminant hepatitis in mice

The metabolic sensor sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) also functions as a checkpoint in inflammation, and SRT1720 is a highly active and selective SIRT1 activator shown to alleviate inflammatory injury in several recent experimental studies. In the present study, the potential effects and underlying mechanisms of SRT1720 on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced fulminant hepatitis in D-galactosamine (D-Gal)-sensitized mice were investigated. The results indicated that treatment with SRT1720 inhibited LPS/D-Gal-induced elevation of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alleviated the histological abnormalities, suppressed the induction of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and IL-6, mitigated the phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), downregulated the activities of caspase 8, caspase 9 and caspase 3, decreased the level of cleaved caspase 3, reduced the TUNEL-positive cells, and improved the survival rate of the LPS/D-Gal-exposed mice. These data indicated that treatment with the SIRT1 activator SRT1720 alleviated LPS/D-Gal-induced fulminant hepatitis, which might be attributed to the suppressive effects of SRT1720 on TNF-α production and the subsequent activation of the apoptosis cascade.     

LPS／D—GalN诱发ⅣF—KB转基因小鼠急性致死性肝损伤模型的建立

目的以NF—KB转基因BALB／c小鼠建立一个LPS／D—GaIN诱发的急性致死性肝损伤模型。方法采取腹腔注射高剂量的LPS／D-GalN建立急性致死性肝损伤小鼠模型,观察模型小鼠的促炎症细胞因子水平和NF—KB的活性改变,以及肝脏功能和病理改变情况。结果模型组小鼠生存时间为8—10h,模型建立后小鼠血清TNF—a、IL-6和MCP-1水平显著升高,在2—4h达到高峰;肝脏外观出现瘀血和出血,肝脏小叶被严重破坏,肝细胞严重坏死和出血;血清ALT／AST水平在模型诱发后持续迅速上升;整体成像显示胛-KB的活性在4～6h达到高峰。正常对照组小鼠以上指标无显著变化。结论成功建立LPS／D-GalN诱发的M-船转基因小鼠的急性致死性肝损伤模型。     

Hepcidin protects against lipopolysaccharide-induced liver injury in a mouse model of obstructive jaundice

Obstructive jaundice (OJ) increases the risk of liver injury and sepsis, leading to increased mortality. Cholestatic liver injury is associated with a downregulation of hepcidin expression levels. In fact, hepcidin has an important antimicrobial effect, especially against Escherichia coli. It is unknown whether supplementing recombinant hepcidin is effective in alleviating cholestasis-induced liver injury and mortality in mice with superimposed sepsis. A mouse model of cholestasis was developed using extrahepatic bile duct ligation for 3 days. In addition, sepsis due to E. coli 0111:B4 lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was induced in the model. The serum levels of total bilirubin, AST, ALT, and LDH and the mRNA levels of IL-1β, TNF-α, and MCP-1 in the liver were significantly higher in the OJ mice receiving LPS than in the sham-operated mice receiving LPS. Compared to the OJ mice receiving LPS, the hepcidin-pretreated OJ mice receiving LPS showed a significant decrease in the above mentioned parameters, as well as a reversal in the downregulation of LC3B-II and upregulation of cleaved caspase-3; this, in turn, led to significantly decreased lethality in 24h. In conclusion, these results indicate that hepcidin pretreatment significantly reduced hepatic proinflammatory cytokine expression and liver injury, leading to reduced early lethality in OJ mice receiving LPS. Enhanced autophagy and reduced apoptosis may account for the protective effects of hepcidin.     

β‐Hydroxybutyrate exacerbates lipopolysaccharide/ d‐galactosamine‐induced inflammatory response and hepatocyte apoptosis in mice

β‐Hydroxybutyrate (BHB), one of ketone body, has been traditionally regarded as an alternative carrier of energy, but recent studies found that BHB plays versatile roles in inflammation. It has been previously reported that the level BHB declined in mice with lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/d ‐galactosamine (d ‐Gal)‐induced liver damage, but the pathological significance remains unclear. In the present study, the pathophysiological roles of BHB in LPS/d ‐Gal‐induced hepatic damage has been investigated. The results indicated pretreatment with BHB further enhanced LPS/d ‐Gal‐induced elevation of aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase, exacerbated the histological abnormalities and increased the mortality. Pretreatment with BHB upregulated the level of tumor necrosis factor α and interleukin‐6 in plasma, promoted the activities of caspase‐3, caspase‐8, and caspase‐9 and increased the count of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling‐positive cells. In addition, post‐insult supplement with BHB also potentiated LPS/d ‐Gal‐induced apoptotic liver damage. Therefore, BHB might be a detrimental factor in LPS/d ‐Gal‐induced liver injury via enhancing the inflammation and the apoptosis in the liver.     

海珠益肝胶囊对免疫性肝损伤模型小鼠的保护作用

目的：观察海珠益肝胶囊对卡介苗（BCG）加脂多糖（LPS）诱导的小鼠免疫性肝损伤的防护作用。方法：采用卡介苗（BCG）加脂多糖（LPS）诱导小鼠免疫性肝损伤,通过检测小鼠的血清谷丙转氨酶（ALT）和谷草转氨酶（AST）活性及肝脏病理变化来研究海珠益肝胶囊的保肝功能。结果：海珠益肝胶囊防治组小鼠血清ALT及AST活性比模型组显著降低,两组比较,差异有统计学意义。海珠益肝胶囊可明显减轻肝组织病理损伤,以大剂量组作用最佳;海珠益肝胶囊的使用使免疫性肝损伤小鼠肝细胞凋亡减少,且有剂量依赖关系。结论：海珠益肝胶囊对BCG加LPS诱导小鼠产生免疫性肝炎的模型免疫性肝损伤具有显著的保护作用。     

Lipopolysaccharide Preconditioning Protects Hepatocytes from Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury (IRI) through Inhibiting ATF4-CHOP Pathway in Mice

Background

Low-dose lipopolysaccharide (LPS) preconditioning-induced liver protection has been demonstrated during ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) in several organs but has not been sufficiently elucidated underlying causal mechanism. This study investigated the role of low-dose LPS preconditioning on ATF4-CHOP pathway as well as the effects of the pathway on tissue injury and inflammation in a mouse model of liver partial-warm IRI.

Methods

LPS (100 µg/kg/d) was injected intraperitoneally two days before ischemia. Hepatic injury was evaluated based on serum alanine aminotransferase levels, histopathology, and caspase-3 activity. The ATF4-CHOP pathway and its related apoptotic molecules were investigated after reperfusion. The role of LPS preconditioning on apoptosis and ATF4-CHOP pathway was examined in vitro. Moreover, the effects of the ATF4-CHOP pathway on apoptosis, Caspase-12, and Caspase-3 were determined with ATF4 small interfering RNA (siRNA). Inflammatory cytokine expression was also checked after reperfusion. Inflammatory cytokines and related signaling pathways were analyzed in vitro in macrophages treated by LPS preconditioning or ATF4 siRNA.

Results

LPS preconditioning significantly attenuated liver injury after IRI. As demonstrated by in vitro experiments, LPS preconditioning significantly reduced the upregulation of the ATF4-CHOP pathway and inhibited Caspase-12 and Caspase-3 activation after IRI. Later experiments showed that ATF4 knockdown significantly suppressed CHOP, cleaved caspase-12 and caspase-3 expression, as well as inhibited hepatocellular apoptosis. In addition, in mice pretreated with LPS, TNF-α and IL-6 were inhibited after reperfusion, whereas IL-10 was upregulated. Similarly, low-dose LPS significantly inhibited TNF-α, IL-6, ATF4-CHOP pathway, NF-κB pathway, and ERK1/2 in high-dose LPS-stimulated macrophages, whereas IL-10 and cytokine signaling (SOCS)-3 suppressor were induced. Importantly, ATF4 siRNA is consistent with results of LPS preconditioning in macrophages.

Conclusions

This work is the first time to provide evidence for LPS preconditioning protects hepatocytes from IRI through inhibiting ATF4-CHOP pathway, which may be critical to reducing related apoptosis molecules and modulating innate inflammation.     

TLR4在急性肝衰竭模型大鼠中的动态变化及意义

目的 探讨TLR4在D-Gal/LPS诱导的大鼠急性肝衰竭中的表达变化及其作用。方法 65只SD雄性大鼠随机分为正常对照组（n=5）、D-Gal/LPS模型组（n=25）、PDTC干预组（n=25）,于不同时间点检测肝功能,免疫组化观察肝组织TLR4的表达,TUNEL法观察肝脏细胞凋亡。结果 模型组大鼠4h开始ALT、AST明显升高,8h达峰值,4-24h ALT、AST明显高于正常对照组（P〈0.05）。模型组各时间点TLR4表达明显高于正常对照组（P〈0.05）。模型组凋亡的肝脏细胞数随时间的延长逐渐增多,均高于正常对照组（P〈0.05）。PDTC干预后ALT、AST水平,TLR4的表达及凋亡的肝脏细胞数低于模型组（P〈0.05）。结论 急性肝衰竭模型鼠TLR4表达增强,PDTC干预可下调其表达,提示TLR4在急性肝衰竭的发生发展中可能具有一定作用。