温度对东亚飞蝗取食影响及其食物利用效率研究

本文采用对比称重法研究温度对东亚飞蝗Locusta migratoria manilensis(Meyen)取食及食物利用率的影响。结果表明:3～5龄蝗蝻在18、21、24、27、30℃5个温度梯度下发育历期为56.9、34.0、21.3、17.2、15.0d,总取食量为0.85、0.88、0.82、0.99、0.99g。在21、24、27、30℃4个温度梯度下,雄成虫寿命为90.3、62.8、47.0、38.7d,总取食量为3.62、4.67、4.25、4.26g;雌成虫寿命为95.8、63.0、46.3、40.8d,总取食量为6.97、10.48、10.41、11.90g。随温度升高3～5龄蝗蝻近似消化力减小,食物利用率增加;成虫期在18、30℃条件下近似消化力有显著差异(P<0.05),但不同温度下食物利用率差异不显著(P>0.05)。     

温度对金银花尺蠖存活和繁殖的影响

在室内7个恒温(16、19、22、25、28、31和34℃)条件下研究了温度对金银花尺蠖Heterolocha jinyinhuaphaga Chu生长发育、存活、成虫寿命及繁殖等生物学特性的影响。结果表明,温度对其有显著的影响,金银花尺蠖各虫态的发育历期随温度升高而明显缩短,当温度继续升高到34℃,发育历期反而延长,各虫态发育历期同温度之间呈抛物线变化;25℃时金银花尺蠖各虫态的存活率最高,均达到90%以上,在高温和低温下,存活率则明显下降;低温条件下,金银花尺蠖的雌性比率大于雄性的比率,随着温度的升高,雌性比率在不断的下降;成虫寿命与温度成负相关,随着温度的升高而缩短;平均单雌产卵量在25℃时最高,为232.34粒,高温和低温下,则明显下降。     

温度对安婀珍蝶取食量的影响

安婀珍蝶Actinote anteas(Doubleday&amp;Hewitson)作为控制害草薇甘菊Mikania micrantha的生物防治因子,在14～26℃范围内,在相同温度不同龄期的取食量变化规律相同.1～4龄幼虫之间,幼虫的取食量变化不大,但在4龄以后,幼虫的取食量成倍增长.不同温度下安婀珍蝶幼虫各龄期取食量随温度的升高而增大;1、3、5、6龄幼虫的取食量在23℃时达最高,在26℃时有所回落;幼虫期的总取食量在14～26℃范围内,取食量随温度的升高而增大;14～17℃之间,取食量增加较快,在17℃以后,取食量增加缓慢.通过分析建立安婀珍蝶幼虫日平均取食量与温度间的回归模型:Y=-60.054+8.788X-0.402X2+0.006X3,P＜0.05,R2=0.9989,对模型进行计算得出安婀珍蝶取食量最适温度为25.58℃.     

金银花尺蠖幼虫、蛹和成虫的营养成分分析

【目的】了解金银花尺蠖Heterolocha jinyinhuaphaga Chu幼虫、蛹和成虫的主要营养成分,评价其营养价值,为金银花尺蠖的食用开发提供理论依据。【方法】采用国家标准检测方法,测定金银花尺蠖幼虫、蛹和成虫的水分、蛋白质、脂肪、总糖、氨基酸、脂肪酸、微量元素和维生素的含量,分析金银花尺蠖幼虫、蛹和成虫的氨基酸分、必需氨基酸指数、必需氨基酸与非必需氨基酸的比值、不饱和脂肪酸与饱和脂肪酸的比值,并与常见食物进行比较分析。【结果】结果表明,金银花尺蠖幼虫、蛹和成虫的水分含量分别为72.93%、64.92%和56.16%;蛋白质含量分别为50.64%、60.12%和48.38%;脂肪含量分别为21.98%、23.84%和20.60%;总糖含量分别为3.32%、5.35%和2.79%;总氨基酸含量分别为394.31、413.54和356.09 mg/g;必需氨基酸总含量分别为158.80、166.83、132.67 mg/g;必需氨基酸占总氨基酸的比例分别为40.27%、40.34%和37.26%;必需氨基酸与非必需氨基酸的比值分别为67.43%、67.62%和59.38%;必需氨基酸指数分别为1.02、1.07和0.87;不饱和脂肪酸的含量分别为68.45%、69.09%和66.29%,其P/S值分别为2.17、2.24和1.95;必需脂肪酸含量分别为34.35%、34.77%和32.71%;微量元素Zen的含量分别为11.29、98.42、66.98 mg/100 g,Fe的含量分别为32.31、19.84、13.04 mg/100 g,幼虫中Cu的含量为18.54 mg/100 g,蛹和成虫中均不含Cu;维生素以B6的含量最高,分别为7.93、25.82、26.21 mg/100 g。【结论】金银花尺蠖具有较高的营养价值和食用价值,具有极大的开发潜力。     

金银花尺蠖发育起点温度和有效积温的研究

利用光照培养箱,在16、19、22、25、28、31和34℃7个恒温条件下饲养金银花尺蠖Heterolocha jinyinhuaphaga Chu,对其各虫态的发育历期、发育起点温度和有效积温进行了研究。结果表明,该虫在16～34℃的温度范围内均能正常生长发育,但各虫态的发育历期随温度变化而变化,在31℃以下的温度时,发育历期随温度的升高而缩短,超过31℃时,发育速度反而减慢,发育历期则逐渐延长;卵、幼虫、蛹、产卵前期和整个世代的发育起点温度分别为9.42、11.44、5.42、13.98和9.74℃,有效积温分别为122.64、303.15、195.95、39.15和673.03日.度;根据有效积温法则预测该虫在滁州市1年的理论发生代数为3.07代,这与实际发生情况基本相符合。     

温度对鸭跖草负泥虫发育、取食量和繁殖力的影响

在温度为19±0.5℃、22±0.5℃、25±0.5℃、28±0.5℃、31±0.5℃和34±0.5℃及光照周期为18L6D条件下,分别研究了温度对鸭跖草负泥虫LemadiversaBaly.各虫态发育、幼虫取食量及变温对其成虫繁殖力的影响,建立了发育速度、发育历期的理论模型,同时得出温度与幼虫取食量无明显相关关系及31±0.5℃转至25±0.5℃(幼虫)和19±0.5℃转至25±0.5℃(成虫)两种变温条件能显著提高其室内成虫繁殖力。     

低温处理对金银花尺蠖卵和蛹的影响

将金银花尺蠖Heterolocha jinyinhuaphaga Chu的卵、蛹分别在5℃和8℃下处理1 d、3 d、5 d、7 d后,放在25℃下培养,研究低温处理对金银花尺蠖卵和蛹的影响。结果表明,低温处理对金银花尺蠖卵的发育历期和孵化率、蛹的发育历期和羽化率均有显著的影响。低温处理后,卵、蛹的发育历期比对照显著缩短,并且随着低温处理天数的增加,发育历期逐渐缩短,差异达显著水平;卵的孵化率和蛹的羽化率比对照也显著下降。经过5℃低温处理1 d、3 d卵的发育历期分别比对照缩短286 d、473 d;孵化率分别比对照下降了4234%和4967%;处理5 d、7 d的卵均不能孵化。经过8℃低温处理1 d、3 d卵的发育历期分别比对照缩短125 d、300 d;卵的孵化率分别比对照下降了3035%和4500%,处理5 d、7 d的卵也均不能孵化。经过5℃低温处理1 d、3 d、5 d的金银花尺蠖蛹的发育历期分别比对照缩短了249 d、454 d和701 d;羽化率分别比对照下降了5777%、6784%和7810%;处理7 d的蛹均不能羽化。经过8℃低温处理1 d、3 d、5 d的金银花尺蠖蛹的发育历期分别比对照缩短了133 d、354 d和549 d;羽化率分别比对照下降了3945%、5873%和7441%;处理7 d的蛹均不能羽化。     

小菜蛾幼虫对菜心叶片取食量的测定及其拟合模型

通过小菜蛾Plutella xylostellaL.幼虫对菜心取食量变化的研究,得知小菜蛾幼虫在不同阶段的取食量以及变化规律,累计取食量在一定程度上表明了害虫的某一发育阶段对寄主的危害程度.并根据小菜蛾幼虫取食量与时间关系使用SAS 8.1和Matlab 7.1软件进行曲线拟合.小菜蛾幼虫取食菜心的叶面积的拟合曲线为f...     

明纹柏松毛虫各龄幼虫取食量和排粪量

观察明纹柏松毛虫Dendrolimus suffuscus illustratus Lajonquiere各龄幼虫取食习性和排粪规律,测量各龄幼虫的取食量和排粪量.结果表明,1)明纹柏松毛虫幼虫多为8个龄期,幼虫全期取食,主要在夜间进食,取食量和排粪量随着幼虫龄期的增大而增加,其中第7龄和第8龄幼虫的平均取食量和排粪量...     

食物对三突花蛛生长发育的影响 Ⅱ.食物对三突花蛛营养指标的影响

研究不同食物对三突花蛛相对生长率(RGR)、相对取食量(RCR)、食物利用率(ECI)的影响。结果表明,三突花蛛各龄相对生长率以取食混合食物为高,取食单一食物为低。各龄相对取食量对棉铃虫和果蝇较高,对摇蚊则较低,食物利用率则以对摇蚊的利用率为最高,对棉铃虫和果蝇的利用率较低。     

四种昆虫饵料对穴蚁蛉幼虫生长发育及消化利用的影响

选择4种可规模化饲养的昆虫——米蛾Corcyra cephalonica、家蝇Musca domestica、斜纹夜蛾Spodoptera litura、甜菜夜蛾Spodoptera exigu幼虫来饲养穴蚁蛉Myrmeleon sagax(Walker)幼虫(俗称蚁狮),研究这4种饵料对蚁狮生长发育及消化利用的影响。结果显示,用家蝇幼虫饲养的蚁狮,其体重增长、相对生长率、化蛹率、蛹重均显著高于用斜纹夜蛾和甜菜夜蛾幼虫饲养的蚁狮,而幼虫历期则比斜纹夜蛾和甜菜夜蛾幼虫饲养的短;用米蛾幼虫饲养,虽然蚁狮体重增长、化蛹率和蛹重与用家蝇幼虫饲养的差异不显著,但其相对生长率却显著低于用家蝇幼虫饲养的蚁狮,幼虫历期也比用家蝇幼虫饲养的明显延长。同时食物消化利用的结果显示,用4种饵料饲养蚁狮,它们的近似消化率差异不显著,但食物利用率和食物转化率均以家蝇幼虫饲养的蚁狮最高。经分析比较,在4种饵料昆虫中,以用家蝇幼虫每4d喂蚁狮1次的饲养效果最佳。     

Effects of temperature on growth and efficiency of food utilization in fifth-instar caterpillars of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta

Fifth-instar larvae of Manduca sexta were reared from hatching on artificial diet at 15, 20, 25, 30 and 35°C. Total development time decreased with increasing temperature. Very few larvae (12%) survived at 15°C, so this temperature was not considered further. There was some mortality at 30°C (11%), and at 35°C (50%).The absolute rate of growth in the fifth instar was faster at 25 than at 20°C, but was similar at 25, 30 and 35°C. This was true both for caterpillars that were chronically exposed to experimental temperatures (i.e. since hatching) and for those acutely exposed (i.e. reared up to fifth instar at 25°C).There was a progressive decrease with higher rearing temperatures in both the initial and final sizes of chronically exposed fifth-instar larvae. Acutely exposed caterpillars matched for initial size showed smaller temperature related differences in final size. Because of these size differences there were differences in relative growth rate which did not reflect true differences in absolute growth rate.Total food consumed by chronically exposed caterpillars was greatest at the lowest temperature (20°C), and decreased progressively with increasing temperature. The absolute rate of food consumption increased from 20 to 25°C, but did not vary significantly between 25 and 35°C. Differences in the sizes of the insects at the different temperatures meant that there were differences among relative measures of consumption that did not reflect absolute food consumption.For chronically exposed caterpillars, none of the three usual indices of food conversion efficiency (AD, ECI and ECD) varied significantly with temperature between 20 and 35°C. This implies that the effects of temperature on metabolic costs are closely matched to food consumption.Oxygen consumption increased with temperature between 20 and 25°C but was temperature compensated between 25 and 35°C.These findings are discussed in terms of their implications for the optimal temperature for growth in Manduca.     

食物和温湿度对二点委夜蛾幼虫取食和为害玉米苗的影响

【目的】调查显示,二点委夜蛾Athetis lepigone在田间的虫口密度与玉米被害率之间无明显的相关性,田间虫口密度并不能准确预测玉米苗被害率。为了探索二点委夜蛾幼虫发生量与玉米苗被害程度之间的关系,解释田间调查遇到的幼虫即使有时大量发生玉米苗却受损轻微的现象,本研究室内检测了外部环境条件如温度和湿度对二点委夜蛾幼虫取食为害玉米的影响以及昆虫自身的相关取食习性。【方法】将3龄末、4龄初二点委夜蛾幼虫分别置于下述8种温湿度和食物组合条件下进行处理：低温低湿无食物(15℃, 30%RH, 饥饿)、低温干燥无食物(15℃, 0%RH, 饥饿)、低温低湿有食物［15℃, 30%RH, 饲喂人工饲料(AD)］、低温干燥有食物(15℃, 0%RH, AD)、高温高湿有食物(36℃, 90%RH, AD)、高温干燥有食物(36℃, 0%RH, AD)、高温高湿无食物(36℃, 90%RH, 饥饿)、高温干燥无食物(36℃, 0%RH, 饥饿);处理4 h后,评价其对盆栽玉米苗的为害程度,并测定幼虫在4个不同温度(15℃, 24℃, 28℃和33℃)下对玉米叶片的取食量。分别用8种食物(马齿苋、紫苏、甘薯、白菜、大豆、南瓜和玉米叶叶片以及麦秸)将初孵幼虫驯化饲喂至3龄后,检测经过驯化处理后的幼虫对初始驯化食物、麦秸和和玉米叶片的选择性。【结果】在干燥条件下,无论是否经过饥饿处理,幼虫对玉米苗的为害程度均较高,尤其是高温干燥处理后,对玉米苗的平均为害级别达3.1级;低温干燥处理组和高温干燥处理组为害级别在4级以上(含4级)的幼苗数分别占幼苗总数的50%和40%。在15-33℃,二点委夜蛾幼虫的取食量随温度的升高而逐渐增加,48 h校正取食量分别为12.8, 31.8, 38.0和60.0 mg。用甘薯、白菜、大豆和南瓜叶片驯化的幼虫对初始驯化食物的选择率显著高于对玉米和麦秸的选择率;初始取食紫苏叶片的幼虫对紫苏和麦秸的选择率显著高于对玉米的选择性,初始取食玉米叶片、麦秸的幼虫分别对玉米、麦秸的选择性更高。【结论】干燥是二点委夜蛾幼虫增加对玉米摄入量的一个主要因素;二点委夜蛾适应短时高、低温的能力较强,在一定的温度范围(15-33℃),短时间内的取食量随温度升高而增加。作为干燥的一个辅助因素,温度通过影响二点委夜蛾幼虫的取食量而决定其为害玉米苗的程度;二点委夜蛾倾向于选择初孵幼虫最先接触的食物;二点委夜蛾在玉米苗上的发生为害在很大程度上取决于其自身食性。     

Effects of food density and temperature on feeding and growth of young inland silversides (Menidia beryllina)

Food consumption and growth rates of 7–28-day-old Menidia beryllina were measured in response to natural ranges of temperature and prey availability. Feeding level, temperature and age all had significant effects on growth rate, although the effect of feeding level explained most of the variance. Feeding level also had a significant effect on gross growth efficiency, but temperature and age did not. Absolute growth rates (mg per day) increased dramatically with temperature, feeding level, and age. Variability in growth was greatest for fish feeding at the lowest feeding level. For a given fish weight, temperature had a positive effect on consumption rate, and maximum consumption ( C _max) of any treatment combination reached 75% body weight per day. Maximum growth rate was estimated at 24.6% body weight per day, and gross growth efficiency reached an estimated maximum of 0.375 at an ingestion rate of 25% body weight per day. Starved larvae lost on average 5.4% body weight per day and larvae required 6.4% body weight food consumption per day for maintenance. Multiple regressions of feeding level, temperature, and age/size on instantaneous growth rates indicated that increases in temperature increased maintenance requirements and required that fish consume a greater proportion of C _max to attain maximum growth. Growth rates decreased with increases in temperature for fish eating a specific weight of food.     

温度、盐度和食物条件对西藏拟溞摄食强度的影响

报道了不同温度、盐度和饵料条件下西藏拟溞的摄食强度、西藏拟溞对不同饵料生物蛋白核小球藻(Chlorellapyrenoidesa)、牟氏角毛藻(Chaetoceros muelleri)、湛江等鞭金藻(Isochrysis zhanjiangensis)、亚心形扁藻(Platymonas subcordiformis)、盐藻(Dunaliella salina)、新月拟菱形藻(Nitzschiella closterium)的选择性以及摄食节律。结果表明,在适温范围(2 20℃)内,西藏拟溞的滤水率、摄食率随着温度的升高而增加,14 16℃为西藏拟溞的适宜温度。在盐度20时,西藏拟溞的摄食率最高,幼、成溞对等鞭金藻的摄食率分别为1.88 ng C/(ind.h)和3.46 ng C/(ind.h)。西藏拟溞对角毛藻的滤水率和摄食率均随着龄期增加而增加,而对等鞭金藻呈相反趋势,但二者的日粮均随体长增大而减小。幼、成溞的滤水率和摄食率随食物密度变化的趋势基本一致,均是在盐藻密度为1×106 ind./L时均最高,分别为0.194、0.221 mL/(ind.h)和0.030μgC/(ind.h)和0.034μgC/(ind.h)。幼溞对6种藻的食物选择性为角毛藻小球藻盐藻扁藻金藻拟菱形藻;成溞为扁藻角毛藻盐藻金藻小球藻拟菱形藻。幼溞、成溞均对角毛藻和盐藻的选择性较好。西藏拟溞的幼溞和成溞对牟氏角毛藻的摄食有相同的节律,在15:00 17:00和01:00 03:00时有两个摄食高峰,在09:00 11:00和23:00 01:00有两个低谷。