基于转录组测序的Cd胁迫下芹菜细胞自噬相关基因的筛选

细胞自噬是植物逆境应答过程中最常见的保护机制之一。动物中,自噬相关基因抵御镉(Cd)毒害的功能研究较清楚,但植物却知之甚少。文中以芹菜品种‘皇后’为试材,采用外源Cd(终浓度为0、2、4、8mg/L)添加营养液水培处理,利用转录组测序(RNA-seq)技术筛选细胞自噬相关差异基因并进行q RT-PCR验证。结果表明Cd胁迫对芹菜植株产生了明显的毒害作用,并与浓度间产生了量效关系。在筛选的8个差异表达的自噬相关基因中,ATG8a、ATG8f、ATG13、AMPK-1、AMPK-2基因随Cd浓度升高表达上调,ATG12、VPS30和VPS34则先上调后下降,说明自噬相关基因可能通过表达上调增加了自噬小体结构以抵御Cd毒性作用;而高浓度Cd(8mg/L)可能超出芹菜的耐受范围,导致多个自噬基因又出现表达下调趋势。以上结果有助于后期自噬相关基因的功能研究,为进一步探讨芹菜对Cd胁迫的耐性机制提供参考依据。     

NADPH氧化酶参与AtTOR调控盐胁迫诱导自噬机制的研究

盐胁迫严重限制着植物的生长发育,造成农业产量下降。植物遭受盐胁迫时,细胞代谢受到抑制,体内会积累较多活性氧(ROS)进而对植物造成氧化胁迫,诱导自噬现象的产生。本文主要研究了植物对于盐胁迫诱导的自噬及其反应的调控机制。研究中发现,在高盐浓度处理的拟南芥幼苗中自噬现象迅速产生,伴随着NADPH氧化酶活性的明显上升。此外,通过用荧光探针Lyso Tracker Red(LTR)定位自噬小体,激光共聚焦观察发现At TOR不仅可以在正常生理环境下抑制自噬小体的生成,而且可以在高盐浓度胁迫环境下抑制自噬。进而我们发现在高盐浓度处理的同时添加NADPH氧化酶抑制剂DPI后,处理过后的WT株系拟南芥根细胞自噬现象受到明显抑制,而At TOR突变体中并未有明显的变化。因此NADPH氧化酶很有可能参与At TOR对盐胁迫诱导自噬的信号通路的调控。该研究结果为进一步分析植物耐受性机理和自噬的信号通路提供理论依据。     

镉胁迫引起烟草悬浮细胞程序性死亡

镉胁迫会造成烟草悬浮细胞大规模死亡。通过TUNEL技术和琼脂糖凝胶电泳技术的检测发现,这种细胞死亡伴随有典型的DNA“梯形带”出现,表明这种由Cd胁迫引起的细胞死亡是一种程序性死亡。受胁迫细胞氧化性增强及细胞中丙二醛(MDA)水平升高,说明Cd胁迫时会在细胞中造成大量活性氧(ROS),暗示烟草细胞的程序性死亡可能与ROS有关。     

镉胁迫下麻疯树转录组测序分析

麻疯树是一种能适应多种恶劣环境条件的能源植物,目前关于其抵抗重金属胁迫的分子调控机理尚不清楚。从组学水平整体分析其基因表达模式对于筛选关键基因、解析镉胁迫响应调控网络和促进分子育种具有重要意义。利用Illumina测序技术对水培条件下培养的处理组(Cd 100)和对照组(CK)麻疯树幼苗叶的转录组进行高通量测序,两个数据库的测序数据经de novo组装得到50448条高质量的Unigene。两个样品中发现了2551条差异表达基因,其中539条上调基因,2012条下调基因。根据不同数据库的注释信息,发现麻疯树镉胁迫引起叶片中多种代谢途径的变化,包括碳代谢,光合作用,植物激素信号转导以及植物病原响应途径。DAVID分析显示镉胁迫引起了麻疯树叶中与离子转运相关基因的变化,导致叶片中Na离子和铁离子稳态的变化。转录因子分析发现WRKY和ZIP在镉胁迫中发挥重要作用。用qRT-PCR技术对随机挑选的5个基因进行荧光定量验证,结果与测序数据一致,证实了差异表达基因数据的有效性。深入探讨了麻疯树镉胁迫的分子机理,为进一步应用于基因工程和植物修复提供基础。     

硫化氢通过抑制镉离子内流降低拟南芥体内的镉毒性

硫化氢（H₂S）作为一种新兴的气体信号分子,在植物体内主要由半胱氨酸脱巯基酶（CDes）降解半胱氨酸产生。已有报道表明,H₂S信号与植物激素共同作用增强植物的镉（Cd）耐受。然而,H₂S信号响应重金属Cd胁迫的作用机制尚缺乏系统研究。本文以拟南芥为实验材料,从不同水平探究H₂S分子对Cd胁迫诱导氧化应激的保护作用。结果表明,CDes基因表达量和H₂S的产率随CdCl₂浓度升高而逐渐增加。重金属Cd胁迫导致幼苗干重降低约33%、体内过氧化氢显著增加、丙二醛含量升高约110%、超氧化物歧化酶活性增加约100%、谷胱甘肽还原酶活性和过氧化氢酶活性分别下降27%和21%,还原性谷胱甘肽含量随之显著降低。生理浓度NaHS（H₂S供体）预处理显著缓解以上Cd胁迫产生的影响,使恢复到对照水平。同时,H₂S处理可显著下调质膜中Cd转运蛋白（HMA4和IRT1）的表达,同时上调液泡膜中MRP3和CAX2的表达。利用非损伤微测技术测定植物根系Cd²⁺的流动速度和流动方向。结果显示,生理浓度的H2S显著抑制Cd^{2 +}内流,最终表现为植物叶片和根中的Cd含量显著降低,分别下降了15%和38.4%。总之,在Cd胁迫条件下,H₂S信号可激活植物体内的抗氧化酶促和非酶促系统,以清除细胞内H₂O₂。H₂S对Cd²⁺转运和液泡区式化的调节,降低了体内Cd²⁺的浓度,减小Cd毒性对植物生长的影响。为理解农作物应对重金属胁迫的机制提供了新的思路。     

硫化氢通过抑制镉离子内流降低拟南芥体内的镉毒性

硫化氢（H₂S）作为一种新兴的气体信号分子,在植物体内主要由半胱氨酸脱巯基酶（CDes）降解半胱氨酸产生。已有报道表明,H₂S信号与植物激素共同作用增强植物的镉（Cd）耐受。然而,H₂S信号响应重金属Cd胁迫的作用机制尚缺乏系统研究。本文以拟南芥为实验材料,从不同水平探究H₂S分子对Cd胁迫诱导氧化应激的保护作用。结果表明,CDes基因表达量和H₂S的产率随CdCl₂浓度升高而逐渐增加。重金属Cd胁迫导致幼苗干重降低约33%、体内过氧化氢显著增加、丙二醛含量升高约110%、超氧化物歧化酶活性增加约100%、谷胱甘肽还原酶活性和过氧化氢酶活性分别下降27%和21%,还原性谷胱甘肽含量随之显著降低。生理浓度NaHS（H₂S供体）预处理显著缓解以上Cd胁迫产生的影响,使恢复到对照水平。同时,H₂S处理可显著下调质膜中Cd转运蛋白（HMA4和IRT1）的表达,同时上调液泡膜中MRP3和CAX2的表达。利用非损伤微测技术测定植物根系Cd²⁺的流动速度和流动方向。结果显示,生理浓度的H2S显著抑制Cd^{2 +}内流,最终表现为植物叶片和根中的Cd含量显著降低,分别下降了15%和38.4%。总之,在Cd胁迫条件下,H₂S信号可激活植物体内的抗氧化酶促和非酶促系统,以清除细胞内H₂O₂。H₂S对Cd²⁺转运和液泡区式化的调节,降低了体内Cd²⁺的浓度,减小Cd毒性对植物生长的影响。为理解农作物应对重金属胁迫的机制提供了新的思路。     

镉毒害下植物氧化胁迫发生及其信号调控机制的研究进展

土壤重金属污染引发了一系列严峻的环境问题.其中,镉(Cd)是生物毒性最强的重金属元素之一.活性氧(ROS)过量积累引起的氧化胁迫,是Cd毒害植物的主要原因之一.本文围绕Cd胁迫引起的ROS积累及清除过程,重点阐述介导上述过程的一些信号调控物质包括一氧化氮(NO)、钙(Ca)、植物激素如生长素(IAA)和脱落酸(ABA)等及有丝分裂原活化蛋白激酶(MAPKs)的变化及其在缓解Cd诱导的氧化胁迫中的作用,以期为今后植物抗Cd胁迫生理生化机制的研究提供一定的理论依据.     

植物过氧化物酶体在活性氧信号网络中的作用

过氧化物酶体是高度动态、代谢活跃的细胞器,主要参与脂肪酸等脂质的代谢及产生和清除不同的活性氧(reactive oxygen species, ROS)。ROS是细胞有氧代谢的副产物。当胁迫长期作用于植物,过量的ROS会引起氧胁迫,损害细胞结构和功能的完整性,导致细胞代谢减缓,活性降低,甚至死亡;但低浓度的ROS则作为分子信号,感应细胞ROS/氧化还原变化,从而触发由环境因素导致的过氧化物酶体动力学以及依赖ROS信号网络改变而产生快速、特异性的应答。ROS也可以通过直接或间接调节细胞生长来控制植物的发育,是植物发育的重要调节剂。此外,过氧化物酶体的动态平衡由ROS、过氧化物酶体蛋白酶及自噬过程调节,对于维持细胞的氧化还原平衡至关重要。本文就过氧化物酶体中ROS的产生和抗氧化剂的调控机制进行综述,以期为过氧化物酶体如何感知环境变化,以及在细胞应答中,ROS作为重要信号分子的研究提供参考。     

植物过氧化物酶体在活性氧信号网络中的作用北大核心CSCD

过氧化物酶体是高度动态、代谢活跃的细胞器,主要参与脂肪酸等脂质的代谢及产生和清除不同的活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)。ROS是细胞有氧代谢的副产物。当胁迫长期作用于植物,过量的ROS会引起氧胁迫,损害细胞结构和功能的完整性,导致细胞代谢减缓,活性降低,甚至死亡;但低浓度的ROS则作为分子信号,感应细胞ROS/氧化还原变化,从而触发由环境因素导致的过氧化物酶体动力学以及依赖ROS信号网络改变而产生快速、特异性的应答。ROS也可以通过直接或间接调节细胞生长来控制植物的发育,是植物发育的重要调节剂。此外,过氧化物酶体的动态平衡由ROS、过氧化物酶体蛋白酶及自噬过程调节,对于维持细胞的氧化还原平衡至关重要。本文就过氧化物酶体中ROS的产生和抗氧化剂的调控机制进行综述,以期为过氧化物酶体如何感知环境变化,以及在细胞应答中,ROS作为重要信号分子的研究提供参考。     

干旱胁迫下镉处理对互叶醉鱼草幼苗生长、镉积累及光合生理的影响

为探究干旱条件下,互叶醉鱼草(Buddleja alternifolia Maxim.)幼苗对重金属镉胁迫的生长及光合生理响应机制,以两年生互叶醉鱼草幼苗为试验材料,设置对照与干旱两个水分处理组(土壤相对含水率分别为:65%—60%,35%—30%),每个水分处理条件下再分别设置3个镉处理浓度(0.28、(0.6+0.28)、(1.2+0.28)mg/kg),共6个处理。测定不同水分及镉处理对互叶醉鱼草生长、生物量、光合参数及体内重金属含量的影响。结果表明:干旱与镉复合胁迫下植物的存活率为100%。镉胁迫、干旱与镉复合胁迫均不同程度抑制了互叶醉鱼草幼苗生长、生物量积累、植株的光合作用及叶绿素含量,且其光合和叶绿素含量的降幅明显大于单一镉胁迫。镉胁迫下,互叶醉鱼草幼苗单株最高镉富集量为69.33 mg/kg,而复合胁迫下单株最高镉富集量为50.68 mg/kg。以上结果表明:干旱胁迫能够加重镉胁迫对植物的影响,使复合胁迫下互叶醉鱼草生长、光合生理及镉富集能力下降。但单一镉胁迫下,互叶醉鱼草对镉具有更强的耐受性,并有较高的生物富集能力,且干旱与Cd复合胁迫下互叶醉鱼草幼苗仍有一定的镉积累量。因此在干旱半干旱区园林绿化以及Cd污染地区的生态建设中,互叶醉鱼草是一种具有巨大应用潜力和前景的灌木树种。     

外源Ca2+对水杨酸诱导番茄抗灰霉病的增效机制

探讨了外源Ca²⁺对水杨酸(SA)诱导番茄抗灰霉病的增效机制.以番茄灰霉病敏感型品种‘L402’幼苗为材料,分别进行H₂O(对照)、SA、SA+Ca和SA+EGTA(Ca²⁺螯合剂)处理,期间(1～5 d)分析各处理植株叶片活性氧(ROS)含量,苯丙氨酸解氨酶、几丁质酶和β-1,3-葡聚糖酶活性,以及病程相关蛋白编码基因PR1、PR2和PR3表达水平的变化,并调查处理3 d后灰霉病情指数.结果表明： 与对照(病情指数为74.8)相比,SA、SA+Ca和SA+EGTA处理的植株叶片灰霉病的病情指数分别为46.9、38.5和70.3;SA处理明显提高叶片ROS含量以及苯丙氨酸解氨酶、几丁质酶和β-1,3-葡聚糖酶活性,这些参数在SA+Ca处理的植株中被进一步提高,但在SA+EGTA处理的植株中则被降低;SA处理明显提高了PR1、PR2a和PR3b的表达水平,Ca²⁺进一步加强了这一效果,而EGTA则起抑制作用.SA或SA+Ca处理期间的PR2b和PR3a表达较未处理的对照上调了1～2倍,而PR1、PR2a和PR3b上调了2～5倍.表明Ca²⁺对SA诱导番茄抗灰霉病具有增效作用,其机理至少与Ca²⁺和SA协同作用促进ROS形成有关,而ROS作为信号分子增加植株抗病相关酶活性以及PR1、PR2a和PR3b等防卫基因的表达.     

外源Ca2+对水杨酸诱导番茄抗灰霉病的增效机制

探讨了外源Ca²⁺对水杨酸(SA)诱导番茄抗灰霉病的增效机制.以番茄灰霉病敏感型品种‘L402’幼苗为材料,分别进行H₂O(对照)、SA、SA+Ca和SA+EGTA(Ca²⁺螯合剂)处理,期间(1～5 d)分析各处理植株叶片活性氧(ROS)含量,苯丙氨酸解氨酶、几丁质酶和β-1,3-葡聚糖酶活性,以及病程相关蛋白编码基因PR1、PR2和PR3表达水平的变化,并调查处理3 d后灰霉病情指数.结果表明： 与对照(病情指数为74.8)相比,SA、SA+Ca和SA+EGTA处理的植株叶片灰霉病的病情指数分别为46.9、38.5和70.3;SA处理明显提高叶片ROS含量以及苯丙氨酸解氨酶、几丁质酶和β-1,3-葡聚糖酶活性,这些参数在SA+Ca处理的植株中被进一步提高,但在SA+EGTA处理的植株中则被降低;SA处理明显提高了PR1、PR2a和PR3b的表达水平,Ca²⁺进一步加强了这一效果,而EGTA则起抑制作用.SA或SA+Ca处理期间的PR2b和PR3a表达较未处理的对照上调了1～2倍,而PR1、PR2a和PR3b上调了2～5倍.表明Ca²⁺对SA诱导番茄抗灰霉病具有增效作用,其机理至少与Ca²⁺和SA协同作用促进ROS形成有关,而ROS作为信号分子增加植株抗病相关酶活性以及PR1、PR2a和PR3b等防卫基因的表达.     

Hydrogen peroxide generation by the pepper extracellular peroxidase CaPO2 activates local and systemic cell death and defense response to bacterial pathogens

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are responsible for mediating cellular defense responses in plants. Controversy has existed over the origin of ROS in plant defense. We have isolated a novel extracellular peroxidase gene, CaPO2, from pepper (Capsicum annuum). Local or systemic expression of CaPO2 is induced in pepper by avirulent Xanthomonas campestris pv vesicatoria (Xcv) infection. We examined the function of the CaPO2 gene in plant defense using the virus-induced gene silencing technique and gain-of-function transgenic plants. CaPO2-silenced pepper plants were highly susceptible to Xcv infection. Virus-induced gene silencing of the CaPO2 gene also compromised hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) accumulation and hypersensitive cell death in leaves, both locally and systemically, during avirulent Xcv infection. In contrast, overexpression of CaPO2 in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) conferred enhanced disease resistance accompanied by cell death, H(2)O(2) accumulation, and PR gene induction. In CaPO2-overexpression Arabidopsis leaves infected by Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato, H(2)O(2) generation was sensitive to potassium cyanide (a peroxidase inhibitor) but insensitive to diphenylene iodonium (an NADPH oxidase inhibitor), suggesting that H(2)O(2) generation depends on peroxidase in Arabidopsis. Together, these results indicate that the CaPO2 peroxidase is involved in ROS generation, both locally and systemically, to activate cell death and PR gene induction during the defense response to pathogen invasion.     

Net cadmium flux and accumulation reveal tissue-specific oxidative stress and detoxification in Populus × canescens

To characterize the dynamics of Cd²⁺ flux in the rhizosphere and to study cadmium (Cd) plant‐internal partitioning in roots, wood, bark and leaves in relation to energy metabolism, reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation and antioxidants, Populus × canescens plantlets were exposed to either 0 or 50 µM CdSO₄ for up to 20 days in the nutrient solution. A strong net Cd²⁺ influx in root apex was observed after Cd exposure for 24 h, even if net Cd²⁺ influx decreased gradually in roots. A large amount of Cd was accumulated in roots. Cd ions were uploaded via the xylem to leaves and further transported to the phloem where significant accumulation was detected. Cd accumulation led to decreased photosynthetic carbon assimilation but not to the depletion in soluble carbohydrates. Increased levels of ROS were present in all tissues, except the bark of Cd‐exposed poplars. To combat Cd‐induced superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, P.×canescens appeared to rely mainly on the formation of soluble phenolics as these compounds showed the highest accumulation in the bark and the lowest in wood. Other potential radical scavengers such as proline, sugar alcohols and antioxidant enzymes showed tissue‐ and exposure time‐specific responses to Cd. These results indicate a complex pattern of internal Cd allocation in P.×canescens resulting in higher ROS stress in wood than in bark and intermediate responses in roots and leaves, probably because of differential capacities of these tissues for the production of protective phenolic compounds.     

CAX1 suppresses Cd‐induced generation of reactive oxygen species in Arabidopsis halleri

The molecular analysis of metal hyperaccumulation in species such as Arabidopsis halleri offers the chance to gain insights into metal homeostasis and into the evolution of adaptation to extreme habitats. A prerequisite of metal hyperaccumulation is metal hypertolerance. Genetic analysis of a backcross population derived from Arabidopsis lyrata × A. halleri crosses revealed three quantitative trait loci for Cd hypertolerance. A candidate gene for Cdtol2 is AhCAX1, encoding a vacuolar Ca²⁺/H⁺ antiporter. We developed a method for the transformation of vegetatively propagated A. halleri plants and generated AhCAX1‐silenced lines. Upon Cd²⁺ exposure, several‐fold higher accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was detectable in roots of AhCAX1‐silenced plants. In accordance with the dependence of Cdtol2 on external Ca²⁺ concentration, this phenotype was exclusively observed in low Ca²⁺ conditions. The effects of external Ca²⁺ on Cd accumulation cannot explain the phenotype as they were not influenced by the genotype. Our data strongly support the hypothesis that higher expression of CAX1 in A. halleri relative to other Arabidopsis species represents a Cd hypertolerance factor. We propose a function of AhCAX1 in preventing a positive feedback loop of Cd‐elicited ROS production triggering further Ca²⁺‐dependent ROS accumulation.     

Fission yeast HMT1 lowers seed cadmium through phytochelatin-dependent vacuolar sequestration in Arabidopsis

Much of our dietary uptake of heavy metals is through the consumption of plants. A long-sought strategy to reduce chronic exposure to heavy metals is to develop plant varieties with reduced accumulation in edible tissues. Here, we describe that the fission yeast (Schizosaccharomyces pombe) phytochelatin (PC)-cadmium (Cd) transporter SpHMT1 produced in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) was localized to tonoplast, and enhanced tolerance to and accumulation of Cd2+, copper, arsenic, and zinc. The action of SpHMT1 requires PC substrates, and failed to confer Cd2+ tolerance and accumulation when glutathione and PC synthesis was blocked by L-buthionine sulfoximine, or only PC synthesis is blocked in the cad1-3 mutant, which is deficient in PC synthase. SpHMT1 expression enhanced vacuolar Cd2+ accumulation in wild-type Columbia-0, but not in cad1-3, where only approximately 35% of the Cd2+ in protoplasts was localized in vacuoles, in contrast to the near 100% found in wild-type vacuoles and approximately 25% in those of cad2-1 that synthesizes very low amounts of glutathione and PCs. Interestingly, constitutive SpHMT1 expression delayed root-to-shoot metal transport, and root-targeted expression confirmed that roots can serve as a sink to reduce metal contents in shoots and seeds. These findings suggest that SpHMT1 function requires PCs in Arabidopsis, and it is feasible to promote food safety by engineering plants using SpHMT1 to decrease metal accumulation in edible tissues.     

Extracellular pyridine nucleotides induce PR gene expression and disease resistance in Arabidopsis

Although it is well known that the pyridine nucleotides NAD and NADP function inside the cell to regulate intracellular signaling processes, recent evidence from animal studies suggests that NAD(P) also functions in the extracellular compartment (ECC). Extracellular NAD(P) [eNAD(P)] can either directly bind to plasma membrane receptors or be metabolized by ecto-enzymes to produce cyclic ADP-ribose and nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate, and/or may ADP-ribosylate cell-surface receptors, resulting in activation of transmembrane signaling. In this study, we report that, in plants, exogenous NAD(P) induces the expression of pathogenesis-related ( PR ) genes and resistance to the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. maculicola ES4326. Chelation of Ca²⁺ by EGTA significantly inhibits the induction of PR genes by exogenous NAD(P), suggesting that exogenous NAD(P) may induce PR genes through a pathway that involves Ca²⁺ signaling. We show that exogenous application of NAD(P) causes accumulation of the defense signal molecule salicylic acid (SA), and induces both SA/NPR1-dependent and -independent PR gene expression and disease resistance. Furthermore, we demonstrate that NAD(P) leaks into the plant ECC after mechanical wounding and pathogen infection, and that the amount of NAD(P) leaking into the ECC after P. syringae pv. tobacco DC3000/ avrRpt2 infection is sufficient for induction of both PR gene expression and disease resistance. We propose that NAD(P) leakage from cells losing membrane integrity upon environmental stress may function as an elicitor to activate plant defense responses. Our data provide evidence that eNAD(P) functions in plant signaling, and illustrate the potential importance of eNAD(P) in plant innate immunity.