MicroRNA与肿瘤血管生成

microRNA（miRNA）是近年来发现的一类长度约为22个核苷酸的非编码小分子RNA.它主要通过与靶标基因3′UTR的完全或不完全配对,降解靶标基因mRNA或抑制其翻译,从而参与多种生命活动.血管生成在肿瘤的发生、发展过程中起着重要的作用.实验证据表明,miRNAs可通过调控其靶标基因参与的信号通路,影响肿瘤血管的生成.本文主要介绍近年来miRNAs与血管生成相关性研究的进展.     

宿主-病毒在miRNA水平上的相互作用

微RNA(microRNA,miRNA)是近来发现的重要基因调节子,在许多生物学过程包括抗病毒防御中发挥着重要作用.越来越多的证据表明一些病毒或者编码它们自己的miRNAs或者颠覆细胞miRNAs.由此,宿主和病毒编码miRNAs及其靶标形成了宿主和病毒间新一调节层面的相互作用.深入理解宿主-病毒间miRNAs介导的相互作用,不仅有利于阐明病毒致病的分子基础,而且有利于制定更好的治疗策略.     

miRNA的异构体——isomiR

最近,深度测序技术揭示:同一个miRNA前体可能由于Drosha或Dicer的剪切位点改变,外切核酸酶介导的miRNA末端缩短,miRNA编辑或miRNA 3'末端无需模板的核苷酸添加等4种原因,而形成多种长度或序列不同的miRNAs异构体—isomiR.因为这些isomiR与已注解的miRNA可以调节同一个靶标,也可以靶向不同的靶标,所以它们不仅扩大了miRNA调节的范围,而且还有可能代表了每种miRNA基于isomiR的一种微型调节网络.研究发现,isomiR的表达具有细胞、组织、发育和疾病状况等特异性,并且很多人类疾病的致病机制也与它们有关,推测isomiR将来不仅有可能成为疾病诊断或治疗的生物学标记或靶标,而且相关的研究还对于RNA干扰技术也具有重要的指导意义.本文主要综述了isomiR的研究进展,并对isomiR应用前景做了展望.     

miRNA-124靶标功能的生物信息学挖掘

以miRNA-124为例,将miRNA的靶标预测信息与芯片数据分析中下调的基因信息整合起来,从而筛选出miRNA-124的候选靶标,然后对这些靶标的功能进行了深入分析.研究结果表明miRNA-124的靶标可分为两类:直接靶标和间接靶标,间接靶标是通过直接靶标的调控起作用的.miRNA-124靶标的功能主要是蛋白结合作用.miRNA-124靶标的筛选和功能挖掘,为科学工作者选择和验证其它miRNAs靶标的功能打下了坚实的基础,同时此方法可以推广到其它miRNAs的功能研究中.     

miRNA体内作用靶标鉴定的策略

miRNAs是一类重要的基因表达调节因子,近年的研究表明miRNA在控制细胞的生长发育、分化、凋亡等过程中发挥着十分重要的作用。但对miRNA作用机制和分子功能的研究却进展缓慢,归其原因是miRNA和靶标之间非完全配对,缺乏快捷有效的靶标鉴定方法。因此,就miRNA靶标鉴定的策略作一综述。miRNA调节靶标的鉴定有助于揭示一些疾病的致病机理,发现可用于治疗的新分子靶标,为基因治疗奠定基础。     

植物MicroRNA的特点与研究方法

MicroRNAs(miRNAs)是一类在植物、动物、单细胞藻类和病毒等中存在的具有调控基因表达作用的内源非编码小RNA(small RNAs).在植物中,miRNAs主要依靠与靶基因之间完全或近乎完全的互补配对切割靶基因或翻译抑制实现其调控功能.主要综述植物miRNA的特点,并介绍miRNA的获得方式、靶基因预测及验证方法.     

植物microRNAs研究进展

植物microRNAs(miRNAs)是一类与RNA诱导沉默复合体相关的约由22个核苷酸组成的单链小RNA分子, 其主要功能是, 通过特异性剪切靶mRNA或阻遏靶mRNA的正常翻译在转录后水平调控基因的负表达。植物miRNAs的靶标主要是参与调控植物生长发育和防御应答的转录因子家族。文章主要综述miRNAs在植物体内的生物发生、作用机制及其调控作用研究新进展。     

miRNAs与植物生长发育的调控

miRNAs是microRNAs的简称,是长度约19～25 nt的单链核苷酸片段,它们广泛存在于真核生物中.miRNAs可以调节靶基因的转录和翻译.miRNAs介导调控的靶基因很多都是转录因子.近来发现和鉴定的许多植物miRNAs在植物生长发育中起着关键的调节作用.该文概述了miRNAs的特征、作用机制、参与miRNAs途径的蛋白质、miRNAs途径的突变体、miRNAs介导的植物生长发育调控以及miRNAs与siRNAs途径交互作用的最新研究进展.     

靶向调控飞蝗表皮代谢相关基因的miRNA的鉴定与分析

【目的】miRNAs(microRNAs)是一类广泛存在于真核生物中并参与调控生物体多种生命活动的非编码RNA。昆虫蜕皮发育过程包括新表皮的生成和旧表皮的降解。本研究旨在鉴定靶向调控飞蝗表皮代谢关键基因的miRNAs,为研究飞蝗Locusta migratoria表皮发育的分子调控机制提供一定的实验基础,同时为研发新的害虫防治分子靶标和防治策略提供科学依据。【方法】采用生物信息学方法预测与飞蝗表皮代谢关键基因潜在结合的miRNAs;荧光定量PCR方法检测表皮代谢相关基因及以其为靶标的miRNAs在飞蝗2龄和3龄第1,3和5天若虫中的表达趋势;利用免疫共沉淀技术及双荧光素酶报告技术在体内外水平分析miRNA与其靶基因的结合情况。【结果】生物信息学方法预测到与脂肪酸合成酶(fatty acid synthase,FAS)、UDP-N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶(UDP-N-acetylglucosamine pyrophorylase,UAP)、糖基转移酶(asparagine-linked glycosylation protein 5,ALG5)和Sinuous等表皮代谢相关酶基因有潜在结合能力的miRNAs分别为miRNA-276b,miRNA-2796,miRNA-275和miRNA-184。荧光定量PCR分析表明,FAS,UAP,ALG5以及Sinuous在飞蝗2龄和3龄不同日龄若虫表皮中具有相似的表达趋势,FAS与以其为靶标的miRNA-276b表达趋势相同,其余3个基因与以其为靶标的miRNAs的表达趋势相反。通过体内免疫共沉淀研究发现,AGO1抗体可显著富集FAS,UAP,ALG5和Sinuous基因以及以其为靶标的miRNAs。体外双荧光素酶实验发现,miRNA-276b,miRNA-2796,miRNA-275和miRNA-184对表皮代谢基因FAS,UAP,ALG5和Sinuous的表达有较明显的抑制作用。【结论】本研究鉴定了靶向调控飞蝗表皮代谢基因FAS,UAP,ALG5和Sinuous的潜在miRNAs,为进一步研究表皮miRNAs对飞蝗蜕皮发育的调控机制及害虫防治新靶标的发现提供了重要科学依据。     

miRNAs调控lincRNAs的生物信息学预测与功能分析

基因间长链非编码RNAs(Long intergenic non-coding RNAs, lincRNAs)是位于蛋白编码基因之间的长度超过200 nt的非编码RNAs, 在动物中参与细胞周期调控、免疫监视、胚胎干细胞分化等多种生物学过程, 但是lincRNAs在大多数植物中的功能尚不清楚。MicroRNAs(miRNAs)是真核生物中一类在转录水平和转录后水平介导基因沉默的21 nt左右的内源性单链小非编码RNAs分子, 通过序列互补的方式调控靶标基因的表达。目前miRNAs的靶标研究主要集中于编码蛋白的基因, 而对于靶标为非编码RNAs的研究较少, 尤其在植物中的研究更为少见。为了系统挖掘植物中lincRNAs的功能, 文章整合miRNAs数据、cDNAs数据和降解组数据, 利用生物信息学方法找到拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)337个成熟miRNAs在2708个lincRNAs上的可能结合位点, 构建了miRNAs-mRNAs-lincRNAs调控网络, 并根据竞争性内源(ceRNA)假说预测lincRNAs的功能, 为进一步阐明植物中miRNAs对lincRNAs的调控机制以及lincRNAs的功能奠定了基础。     

Identification of microRNAs of the herpesvirus family

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV or HHV4), a member of the human herpesvirus (HHV) family, has recently been shown to encode microRNAs (miRNAs). In contrast to most eukaryotic miRNAs, these viral miRNAs do not have close homologs in other viral genomes or in the genome of the human host. To identify other miRNA genes in pathogenic viruses, we combined a new miRNA gene prediction method with small-RNA cloning from several virus-infected cell types. We cloned ten miRNAs in the Kaposi sarcoma-associated virus (KSHV or HHV8), nine miRNAs in the mouse gammaherpesvirus 68 (MHV68) and nine miRNAs in the human cytomegalovirus (HCMV or HHV5). These miRNA genes are expressed individually or in clusters from either polymerase (pol) II or pol III promoters, and share no substantial sequence homology with one another or with the known human miRNAs. Generally, we predicted miRNAs in several large DNA viruses, and we could neither predict nor experimentally identify miRNAs in the genomes of small RNA viruses or retroviruses.     

New microRNAs from mouse and human

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) represent a new class of noncoding RNAs encoded in the genomes of plants, invertebrates, and vertebrates. MicroRNAs regulate translation and stability of target mRNAs based on (partial) sequence complementarity. Although the number of newly identified miRNAs is still increasing, target mRNAs of animal miRNAs remain to be identified. Here we describe 31 novel miRNAs that were identified by cloning from mouse tissues and the human Saos-2 cell line. Fifty-three percent of all known mouse and human miRNAs have homologs in Fugu rubripes (pufferfish) or Danio rerio (zebrafish), of which almost half also have a homolog in Caenorhabditis elegans or Drosophila melanogaster. Because of the recurring identification of already known miRNAs and the unavoidable background of ribosomal RNA breakdown products, it is believed that not many more miRNAs may be identified by cloning. A comprehensive collection of miRNAs is important for assisting bioinformatics target mRNA identification and comprehensive genome annotation.     

RAKE and LNA-ISH reveal microRNA expression and localization in archival human brain

microRNAs (miRNAs) are small (approximately 22 nucleotide) regulatory RNAs which play fundamental roles in many biological processes. Recent studies have shown that the expression of many miRNAs is altered in various human tumors and some miRNAs may function as oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes. However, with the exception of glioblastoma multiforme, the expression of miRNAs in brain tumors is unknown. Furthermore, methods to profile miRNAs from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) archival tissues or to study their cellular and subcellular localization in FFPE tissues have been lacking. Here we report the coordinated miRNA expression analysis from the tissue level to the subcellular level, using the RAKE (RNA-primed, array-based, Klenow Enzyme) miRNA microarray platform in conjunction with Locked Nucleic Acid (LNA)-based in situ hybridization (LNA-ISH) on archival FFPE human brains and oligodendroglial tumors. The ability to profile miRNAs from archival tissues at the tissue level, by RAKE microarrays, and at the cellular level by LNA-ISH, will accelerate studies of miRNAs in human diseases.     

Identification of Novel Oryza sativa miRNAs in Deep Sequencing-Based Small RNA Libraries of Rice Infected with Rice Stripe Virus

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play essential regulatory roles in the development of eukaryotes. Methods based on deep-sequencing have provided a powerful high-throughput strategy for identifying novel miRNAs and have previously been used to identify over 100 novel miRNAs from rice. Most of these reports are related to studies of rice development, tissue differentiation, or abiotic stress, but novel rice miRNAs related to viral infection have rarely been identified. In previous work, we constructed and pyrosequenced the small RNA (sRNA) libraries of rice infected with Rice stripe virus and described the character of the small interfering RNAs (siRNA) derived from the RSV RNA genome. We now report the identification of novel miRNAs from the abundant sRNAs (with a minimum of 100 sequencing reads) in the sRNA library of RSV-infected rice. 7 putative novel miRNAs (pn-miRNAs) whose precursor sequences have not previously been described were identified and could be detected by Northern blot or RT-PCR, and were recognized as novel miRNAs (n-miRNAs). Further analysis showed that 5 of the 7 n-miRNAs were up-expressed while the other 2 n-miRNAs were down-expressed in RSV-infected rice. In addition, 23 pn-miRNAs that were newly produced from 19 known miRNA precursors were also identified. This is first report of novel rice miRNAs produced from new precursors related to RSV infection.     

MicroRNAs in farm animals

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of ∼22 nucleotide-long small noncoding RNAs that target mRNAs for translational repression or degradation. miRNAs target mRNAs by base-pairing with the 3′-untranslated regions (3′-UTRs) of mRNAs. miRNAs are present in various species, from animals to plants. In this review, we summarize the identification, expression, and function of miRNAs in four important farm animal species: cattle, chicken, pig and sheep. In each of these species, hundreds of miRNAs have been identified through homology search, small RNA cloning and next generation sequencing. Real-time RT-PCR and microarray experiments reveal that many miRNAs are expressed in a tissue-specific or spatiotemporal-specific manner in farm animals. Limited functional studies suggest that miRNAs have important roles in muscle development and hypertrophy, adipose tissue growth, oocyte maturation and early embryonic development in farm animals. Increasing evidence suggests that single-nucleotide polymorphisms in miRNA target sites or miRNA gene promoters may contribute to variation in production or health traits in farm animals.     

Novel and stress-regulated microRNAs and other small RNAs from Arabidopsis

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) and short interfering RNAs (siRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs that have recently emerged as important regulators of mRNA degradation, translational repression, and chromatin modification. In Arabidopsis thaliana, 43 miRNAs comprising 15 families have been reported thus far. In an attempt to identify novel and abiotic stress regulated miRNAs and siRNAs, we constructed a library of small RNAs from Arabidopsis seedlings exposed to dehydration, salinity, or cold stress or to the plant stress hormone abscisic acid. Sequencing of the library and subsequent analysis revealed 26 new miRNAs from 34 loci, forming 15 new families. Two of the new miRNAs from three loci are members of previously reported miR171 and miR319 families. Some of the miRNAs are preferentially expressed in specific tissues, and several are either upregulated or downregulated by abiotic stresses. Ten of the miRNAs are highly conserved in other plant species. Fifty-one potential targets with diverse function were predicted for the newly identified miRNAs based on sequence complementarity. In addition to miRNAs, we identified 102 other novel endogenous small RNAs in Arabidopsis. These findings suggest that a large number of miRNAs and other small regulatory RNAs are encoded by the Arabidopsis genome and that some of them may play important roles in plant responses to environmental stresses as well as in development and genome maintenance.