血管内支架和支架内皮化

简要介绍了血管内支架产生的背景、发展进程及其应用于临床后出现的再狭窄问题,着重综述了十几年来内皮细胞种植血管内支架预防术后再狭窄的相关研究成果。血管内支架内皮化的最终实现可以使现行的血管支架具有正常血管内皮的生物相容性及生理功能,是控制支架植入术后再狭窄问题的很有前途的支架改进方法。     

远端血管通路导管治疗急性脑梗死对血清Adropin蛋白、载脂蛋白A1的影响

摘要 目的：探讨远端血管通路导管治疗急性脑梗死对血清Adropin蛋白、载脂蛋白A1（ApoA1）的影响。方法：将2018年6月到2021年4月选择在本院急诊的急性脑梗死患者84例作为研究对象,根据随机信封1:1抽签原则把患者分为导管组与支架组,各42例。支架组给予支架溶栓治疗,导管组给予远端血管通路导管治疗,比较两组手术相关指标、mTICI分级情况、脑血液流变学变化以及血清Adropin、ApoA1含量等指标。结果：导管组的导引导管到位时间、血管获得再通时间均较支架组少（P<0.05）;导管组治疗后1个月的血管灌注改良脑梗死溶栓试验（mTICI）分级优于支架组（P<0.05）;两组颅脑椎动脉与基底动脉血流速度治疗前均无差异（P>0.05）,治疗后两组的颅脑椎动脉与基底动脉血流速度高于治疗前（P<0.05）,导管组较支架组高（P<0.05）;两组血清Adropin、ApoA1含量治疗前对比无差异（P>0.05）,治疗后两组的血清Adropin、ApoA1含量较治疗前高（P<0.05）,导管组较支架组高（P<0.05）。结论：远端血管通路导管治疗急性脑梗死可加快手术操作改善患者的血管灌注分级情况,促进血清Adropin、ApoA1的释放,有利于患者脑动脉血流速度的恢复。     

以CT图像为基础的冠状动脉狭窄处血流动力学研究

目的:冠状动脉粥样硬化好发于具有特殊几何构型的血管部位,提示血流动力学参数在粥样硬化形成方面起到重要作用.以往研究多局限于理想的血管模型,本文旨在探索以CT图像为基础构建个体化冠状动脉血流动力学模型的技术方法,对人体左冠状动脉前降支粥样硬化病变狭窄处进行计算流体动力学(computational fluid dynamics,CFD)数值模拟,探讨冠状动脉粥样硬化病变形成和发展的血流动力学机制.方法:用MIMICS软件读取CTA数据,以CT图像为基础进行冠状动脉三维几何建模,假设动脉血流为层流、不可压缩、牛顿流体,入口血液流速随时间周期性变化,应用有限体积法FLUENT软件进行血流数值模拟,分析与动脉粥样硬化形成、发展相关的血流动力学参数.结果:获得个体化左冠状动脉前降支狭窄处血管模型及血流动力学参数,数值模拟结果包括冠状动脉的血液流场、壁面压力(wall pressure WP)及壁面切应力(wall shear stress WSS)分布,可见狭窄段血管血液流速加快,WP降低、WSS增高,且在狭窄邻近区域出现低WSS区、较高的WP及血液湍流区域.结论:以CT图像为基础的CFD技术是在体评价人狭窄冠状动脉内血流动力学状况与冠状动脉粥样硬化病变之间关系的有效方法,能够更为真实的建立人体血管几何模型,为分析血流动力学参数与冠状动脉粥样硬化形成与发展的关系提供研究手段.     

无创血流动力学监测指导严重脓毒症患者血管活性药物的应用

目的:探讨无创血流动力学监测技术在严重脓毒症患者液体复苏后指导血管活性药物使用的意义。方法:选择2014年6月至2016年6月我院急诊处收治的严重脓毒症患者56例为研究对象,分为观察组和对照组,每组各28例。对照组进行常规对症治疗,观察组在对照组治疗基础上使用无创血流动力学监测仪指导治疗。观察两组患者在治疗前及治疗后6 h血流动力学及微循环灌注指标、液体复苏6 h后液体平衡量及血管活性药物使用量,及在重症监护病房(EICU)的入住时间。结果:治疗后两组患者尿量均大于30 m L/h,提示复苏成功。两组患者治疗后血液动力学指标和微循环灌注指标较治疗前均明显好转(均P0.05);治疗后,两组间血液动力学指标和微循环灌注指标比较无明显差异(P0.05)。观察组液体复苏6 h后液体平衡量明显少于对照组(P0.05),观察组血管活性药物用量均明显高于对照组(P0.05),观察组患者在EICU病房住院时间明显短于对照组(P0.05)。结论:无创血流动力学监测对严重脓毒症患者的液体恢复管理和治疗过程具有指导意义,使血管活性药物得到有效利用,精确进行液体管理,减少盲目补液,缩短病程,减少患者的住院时间,经济高效,是指导治疗和评估治疗疗效的重要手段。     

犬囊状动脉瘤模型的制作

本文报道用“静脉囊镶嵌技术·制成犬的囊状动脉瘤模型。18个模型(6个单侧型,6个分叉型,6个末梢型)造型后2周经IA DSA检查。本模型在分型、血流动力学改变方面与人类囊状脑动脉瘤类似。不同类型的动脉瘤模型既有相同的血流动力学特征,又有各自的特点,这与动脉瘤与载瘤动脉的角度有关。我们认为该模型可应用于研究动脉瘤的血流动力学与血管内栓塞治疗。     

运动性血管适应及其血流动力学机制研究进展

运动对于人类脉管系统具有深远的影响,是维持血管健康的重要因素。运动产生的血流动力学刺激直接影响血管结构与功能,而长期运动引起的结构重塑可能抵消短期运动对血管舒张功能的改善,使二者产生时程差异,但其机制尚未明确。运动产生的血流动力学刺激主要为切应力和周向应力两种,血管内皮细胞和平滑肌细胞可以将机械刺激转化为化学信号,进而影响细胞表面的离子通道,改变转录因子和有关基因的激活,并发生适应性变化。该文基于血管结构与功能对运动的适应及其血流动力学机制进行综述,为血管疾病的预防和治疗提供新的思路与策略。     

无创血流动力学监测临床应用的研究进展

随着重症医学的发展,血流动力学监测也受到越来越多的关注。准确判断患者血流动力学变化能指导临床医生做出正确的治疗措施。在重症患者中,患者的前负荷,后负荷及心肌收缩力均发生巨大改变且三者相互影响。在这种情况下,准确判断患者血流动力学变化是临床工作中面临的重大挑战。目前临床上,很多血流动力学监测设备正在使用,帮助临床医生做出准确判断。近十年来,血流动力学监测从有创向微创甚至无创的方向发展,由短时监测向长时连续监测的方向发展。无创血流动力学监测设备因其操作简单及无创伤性在临床使用越来越广泛。本文主要回顾分析临床中常用几种无创血流动力学监测仪,介绍它们的作用原理,及各自的优缺点。     

孤立性肠系膜上动脉夹层介入血管腔内治疗的初步体会

目的:评价介入血管腔内治疗孤立性肠系膜上动脉夹层(ISMAD)的安全性和疗效。方法:5例患者均通过腹部CT及血管造影明确诊断ISMAD,本组病例确诊后行介入血管腔内治疗,术后继予抗凝抗血小板治疗,并术后1、3、6个月进行CTA或血管造影随访。结果:5例患者手术成功率100%,其中支架联合弹簧圈栓塞2例,双支架重叠技术3例,无并发症发生。全部患者术后3周内症状逐渐消失;术后3～6个月时肠系膜上动脉CTA及血管造影显示动脉瘤腔不显影,支架腔内血流通畅;随访3～12个月(平均7.8个月)夹层动脉瘤无复发。结论:介入血管腔内治疗是治疗ISMAD的安全有效的方法。     

高原低氧环境下影响肺动脉压力的相关因素分析

肺动脉压力变化是反映机体在高原低氧环境中适应习服或病理损伤的重要生理指标，不同海拔、不同时间的低氧刺激对肺动脉压力的影响也不尽相同，其中许多因素影响肺动脉压力的变化，如血管平滑肌的收缩、血流动力学改变、血管活性调节异常以及心肺功能的异常改变等，深入探讨低氧环境下肺动脉压力的调节因素对明确低氧适应和习服的相关机制及急慢性高原病预防、诊断、治疗、预后具有重要的意义。近年来关于高海拔低氧环境下影响肺动脉压力的相关因素研究有了较大的进展，本文从循环系统血流动力学、血管活性状态及心肺功能变化等方面对低氧环境下肺动脉压力的调节因素和干预措施进行综述。     

阿司匹林联合氯吡格雷治疗伴有血管狭窄的脑梗死的临床观察

目的:探讨阿司匹林联合氯吡格雷治疗伴有颅内外血管狭窄的脑梗死患者血同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)、血尿酸(UA)、血流动力学及临床效果。方法:选取60例因脑梗死且伴有颅内外血管狭窄的在我院住院治疗的患者,随机分为对照组和实验组。常规治疗基础上,对照组予以阿司匹林100 mg·d-1口服,实验组于对照组基础上加氯吡格雷75 mg·d-1口服,共21 d。比较两组患者血Hcy、UA、血小板(PLT)、血流动力学水平及NIHSS评分。结果:患者在接受治疗后,Hcy、UA及血小板水平均降低,与对照组比较,实验组Hcy、UA及血小板水平较低,P0.05;实验组治疗后NIHSS评分明显优于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:阿司匹林联合氯吡格雷治疗伴有血管狭窄的脑梗死效果优于单用阿司匹林,对临床具有指导意义。     

Advanced Age and Disease Predict Lack of Symptomatic Improvement after Endovascular Iliac Treatment in Male Veterans

Background: Endovascular angioplasty and stent placement is currently the most frequent treatment for iliac artery occlusive disease. However, despite a successful endovascular procedure, some patients do not experience symptomatic improvement and satisfaction with their care. This study seeks to identify patient-related factors associated with lack of symptomatic improvement after endovascular iliac artery treatment in male veterans.Methods: Retrospective review of patients treated with endovascular methods for iliac artery occlusive disease between January 2008 and July 2012 at VA Connecticut Healthcare System. Symptomatic improvement on the first post-operative visit was evaluated, with bilateral treatments counted separately.Results: Sixty-two patients had 91 iliac arteries treated with angioplasty and stent placement. Forty-seven (52 percent) legs had critical limb ischemia, and 77 (85 percent) had at least two-vessel distal runoff. Angiographic success was 100 percent. Patient-reported symptomatic improvement at the first post-operative visit was 55 percent (50/91). Lack of symptomatic improvement correlated with older age (OR 1.09 [1.03-1.17], p = 0.008), presence of critical limb ischemia (OR 3.03 [1.09-8.65], p = 0.034), and need for additional surgical intervention (OR 5.61 [1.65-17.36], p = 0.006). Survival, primary and secondary patency, and freedom from restenosis were comparable between patients who reported symptomatic improvement and those who did not.Conclusions: Despite angiographically successful revascularization, patients who are older or have critical limb ischemia who are treated with isolated endovascular iliac artery intervention are more likely to require additional interventions and less likely to experience symptomatic improvement. These patients may need more extensive infra-inguinal revascularization than isolated iliac angioplasty and stent placement, despite a preserved ankle-brachial index. Quality of life needs to be measured with formal instruments after iliac artery endovascular treatment, especially to determine long term outcomes.     

A Murine Model of Stent Implantation in the Carotid Artery for the Study of Restenosis

Despite the considerable progress made in the stent development in the last decades, cardiovascular diseases remain the main cause of death in western countries. Beside the benefits offered by the development of different drug-eluting stents, the coronary revascularization bears also the life-threatening risks of in-stent thrombosis and restenosis. Research on new therapeutic strategies is impaired by the lack of appropriate methods to study stent implantation and restenosis processes. Here, we describe a rapid and accessible procedure of stent implantation in mouse carotid artery, which offers the possibility to study in a convenient way the molecular mechanisms of vessel remodeling and the effects of different drug coatings.     

The effects of stenting on coronary endothelium from a molecular biological view: Time for improvement?

Coronary artery stenting following balloon angioplasty represents the gold standard in revascularization of coronary artery stenoses. However, stent deployment as well as percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) alone causes severe injury of vascular endothelium. The damaged endothelium is intrinsically repaired by locally derived endothelial cells and by circulating endothelial progenitor cells from the blood, leading to re‐population of the denuded regions within several weeks to months. However, the process of re‐endothelialization is often incomplete or dysfunctional, promoting in‐stent thrombosis and restenosis. The molecular and biomechanical mechanisms that influence the process of re‐endothelialization in stented segments are incompletely understood. Once the endothelium is restored, endothelial function might still be impaired. Several strategies have been followed to improve endothelial function after coronary stenting. In this review, the effects of stenting on coronary endothelium are outlined and current and future strategies to improve endothelial function after stent deployment are discussed.     

冠心病强化标准化药物治疗最新进展

冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病的患病人数呈逐年上升趋势,目前治疗冠心病的方法主要包括改善生活方式,药物治疗,经皮冠状动脉介入治疗（PCI）和外科冠状动脉旁路移植手术治疗（CABG）。虽然介入治疗在治疗阻塞性冠心病取得了显著的进展,但因支架再狭窄,晚期血栓形成,及未知的机制,其死亡率未见明显下降。冠状动脉旁路移植手术虽可降低死亡率,但因其为侵入性操作及手术费用的较高成本,不能为大部分患者接受。近几年来进行了一些全球多中心的临床试验研究,以评估不同诊疗方案对冠心病的预后及远期疗效。目前一些研究表明强化标准化药物治疗（optimal medical therapy,OMT）可与再血管化治疗同效。本文将针对冠心病强化标准化药物治疗方面的实验研究进展进行简要综述。     

冠心病强化标准化药物治疗最新进展

冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病的患病人数呈逐年上升趋势,目前治疗冠心病的方法主要包括改善生活方式,药物治疗,经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)和外科冠状动脉旁路移植手术治疗(CABG)。虽然介入治疗在治疗阻塞性冠心病取得了显著的进展,但因支架再狭窄,晚期血栓形成,及未知的机制,其死亡率未见明显下降。冠状动脉旁路移植手术虽可降低死亡率,但因其为侵入性操作及手术费用的较高成本,不能为大部分患者接受。近几年来进行了一些全球多中心的临床试验研究,以评估不同诊疗方案对冠心病的预后及远期疗效。目前一些研究表明强化标准化药物治疗(optimal medical therapy,OMT)可与再血管化治疗同效。本文将针对冠心病强化标准化药物治疗方面的实验研究进展进行简要综述。     

Long-term clinical outcome after stent implantation in coronary arteries

The long-term clinical outcome after planned and unplanned stent implantation was assessed in a single-center, observational study in 178 patients who underwent coronary stent implantation between November 1986 and July 1994. Main outcome measures were survival and event-free survival at 5 years (Kaplan-Meier method). Independent predictors for event-free survival were determined by using multivariate logistic regression analysis. Patients underwent planned (group 1, n 3 101) or unplanned (group 2, n 3 77) stent implantation. During the in-hospital period, there were no deaths. The incidence of Q-wave and non-Q-wave acute myocardial infarction (AMI), coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) and repeat percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) was 5.0%, 2.0% and 4.0%, respectively, in group 1, versus 32.5%, 23.4% and 10.4%, respectively, in group 2. During the follow-up period (median 4.0 years, range 0.29-9.8 years), the incidence of death, AMI, and repeat revascularization (CABG and PTCA) was 5.9%, 8.9% and 40.6%, respectively, in group 1, versus 1.3%, 5.2% and 36.4%, respectively, in group 2. Survival and event-free survival at 5 years was 73 (7%) and 47 (7%), respectively, for patients who underwent planned stent implantation. It was 98 (0.1%) and 34 (6%), respectively, for patients who underwent unplanned stent implantation. At the end of follow-up, 31.9% of patients had angina pectoris class III or IV (Canadian Cardiovascular Society). The long-term clinical outcome after both planned and unplanned stent implantation was characterized by a high incidence of repeat revascularization. It is conceivable that changes in stent design and implantation techniques, in addition to novel therapeutic approaches addressing neointima formation and progression of atherosclerosis, may improve the long-term clinical outcome.     

Debate: PCI vs CABG: a moving target, but we are gaining

The treatment of patients with coronary artery disease continues to evolve; all three strategies – medical therapy, surgical revascularization, and percutaneous coronary intervention – have changed. Medical therapy with intense risk-factor modification and treatment with a statin, aspirin, and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, should be used unless contraindicated. Surgical therapy has also changed with the introduction of minimally invasive, beating heart surgery. Percutaneous coronary intervention has perhaps changed the most radically with adjunctive therapy – glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors, thienopyridines, and reliance on stent implantation. The future, with new distal protection devices and drug-coated stents, should continue to see increased numbers of patients who can benefit from percutaneous intervention.     

Clinical outcomes of long coronary stents: a single-center experience

BACKGROUND: Coronary artery stenting is particularly useful during percutaneous coronary intervention for long lesions previously associated with a low procedural success rate and a high complication rate of dissection and occlusion. Current treatment options include implantation of a single long stent, multiple contiguous stents, or 'spot' stenting. However, multiple stent implantation may result in sections of overlapping stent or gaps of unstented segments and is an independent predictor of restenosis. The early and intermediate clinical outcome of single and multiple long stent (>/= 30 mm) implantation is not established. METHODS AND RESULTS: The authors retrospectively identified 123 consecutive patients who had undergone stenting using one or more long coronary stents. Baseline clinical data, procedural outcomes and completed clinical follow-up to 52 weeks were obtained by case-note review. The majority (69%) required intervention for stable coronary disease. Seventy-seven per cent of lesions were either type B2 or C and only 2% were in saphenous vein grafts. The procedural success rate was 94%. A total of 15 major events occurred in 13 patients (11%). Ten acute events occurred and five events were during the follow-up period from 30 days to 52 weeks. Two patients died, one from uncontrolled bleeding secondary to the use of antithrombotic agents and one at four weeks due to sudden death. One patient had a postprocedural infarct. Two patients required in-hospital repeat revascularization for acute vessel closure and eight required revascularization during follow-up (three cases of occlusion/thrombosis and five cases of restenosis). CONCLUSIONS: The use of long coronary stents (>/= 30 mm) for the treatment of long diffuse native vessel disease, saphenous vein graft disease and long coronary dissections is associated with a reasonable procedural success rate and acceptable early and intermediate-term clinical outcomes.     

Intravascular-ultrasound-guided percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty/provisional stent implantation strategy: impact on long-term clinical follow-up

Two hundred and eighty-four consecutive patients with 438 native coronary artery stenoses were enrolled prospectively in a study of intravascular ultrasound (IVUS)-guided percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) with provisional stenting: (1) aggressive lesion-site media-to-media balloon-sizing; (2) IVUS-assessment of residual lumen dimensions to identify optimal PTCA results (minimum lumen area = 65% of the average of the proximal and distal reference lumen areas or = 6.0 mm(2) and no major dissection); and (3) liberal stent crossover. Overall, 206 stenoses in 134 patients (47%) were treated with PTCA alone. Reasons for crossover were flow-limiting or lumen-compromising dissections in 28% of patients and suboptimal IVUS minimum lumen area in 72% of patients. At one year, 8% of stenoses in the PTCA group and 16% in the stent crossover group required revascularization. In approximately half of the patients treated using an IVUS-guided aggressive PTCA strategy, stent implantation could be avoided without sacrificing an increase in acute complications or worse clinical outcome.     

Realistic finite element-based stent design: the impact of balloon folding

At present, the deployment of an intravascular stent has become a common and widely used minimally invasive treatment for coronary heart disease. To improve these coronary revascularization procedures (e.g. reduce in-stent restenosis rates) the optimal strategy lies in the further development of stent design, material and coatings. In the context of optimizing the stent design, computational models can provide an excellent research tool. In this study, the hypothesis that the free expansion of a stent is determined by the unfolding and expansion of the balloon is examined. Different expansion modeling strategies are studied and compared for a new generation balloon-expandable coronary stent. The trifolded balloon methodology presented in this paper shows very good qualitative and quantitative agreement with both manufacturer's data and experiments. Therefore, the proposed numerical expansion strategy appears to be a very promising optimization methodology in stent design.