VEGF靶向分子探针的制备及对卵巢癌细胞SKOV3体外成像的初步研究

目的:制备分子探针VEGF-USPIO和研究其在体外对卵巢癌细胞的靶向成像作用。方法:采用化学偶联法将VEGF抗体与USPIO连接,构建成具有免疫活性的靶向分子探针VEGF-USPIO。用CCK-8法检测该探针对卵巢癌细胞株SKOV3细胞活性的影响;普鲁士蓝染色法检测细胞磁性标记情况,并对经过标记的细胞进行体外磁共振成像,观察其对磁共振信号强度的影响。结果:成功合成了分子靶向探针VEGF-USPIO;当探针浓度在60μg/mL及以下时对细胞活性无影响(P0.05);细胞普鲁士蓝染色结果显示标记了靶向探针VEGF-USPIO的细胞其胞膜及胞浆含铁颗粒沉积较多;细胞体外磁共振成像结果显示经靶向探针标记的细胞,T2WI信号强度较未标记探针的对照组细胞降低(P0.05)。结论:所合成的VEGF-USPIO通过磁共振信号强度的变化实现MRI成像。     

RGD肽介导的MR分子探针在体外结直肠癌细胞的显像及对其生物学行为的影响

目的:探讨RGD肽介导的MR分子探针在体外结直肠癌细胞的MRI显像及对其生物学行为的影响方法:利用纳米技术构建靶向RGD荧光纳米MR探针,利用荧光倒置相差显微镜观察该探针与LOVO细胞结合情况;体外磁共振成像（MRI）显像;利用细胞克隆实验测其增殖活性;流式细胞术检测其细胞周期、凋亡。结果:荧光相差显微镜示该RGD肽介导的MR分子探针能特异性与LOVO细胞结合;体外MRI成像示靶向RGD组T₁信号强度高于非靶向组及对照组（P<0.05）;该探针作用24h后的LOVO细胞增殖活性降低,细胞分裂周期发生变化,阻滞在S+G₂M期的细胞比例上升,细胞凋亡率与其他两组相比有显著增加（P<0.05）结论:该RGD肽介导的MR分子探针能与结直肠癌LOVO细胞靶向结合,能增强MRI的显像效果,并对肿瘤细胞具有一定的抑制作用     

RGD肽介导的MR分子探针在体外结直肠癌细胞的显像及对其生物学行为的影响

目的：探讨RGD肽介导的MR分子探针在体外结直肠癌细胞的MRJ显像及对其生物学行为的影响。方法：利用纳米技术构建靶向RGD荧光纳米MR、探针,利用荧光倒置相、差显微镜观察该探针与LOVO细胞结合情况;体外磁共振成像（MRI）显像;利用细胞克隆实验测其增殖活性;流式细胞术检测其细胞周期、凋亡。结果：荧光相差显微镜示该RGD肽介导的MR分子探针能特异性与LOVO细胞结合;体外MRI成像示靶向RGD组T1信号强度高于非靶向组及对照组（P〈0．05）;该探针作用24h后的LOVO细胞增殖活性降低,细胞分裂周期发生变化,阻滞在S＋G2M期的细胞比例上升,细胞凋亡率与其他两组相比有显著增加（P〈0．05）。结论：该RGD肽介导的MR分子探针能与结直肠癌LOVO细胞靶向结合,能增强MR1的显像效果,并对肿瘤细胞具有一定的抑制作用．     

以叶酸偶联纳米Fe_3O_4颗粒的合成和标记肿瘤实验研究

目的:研究叶酸偶联的超顺磁Fe3O4纳米颗粒对活体肝癌标记效果和MRI成像功能。方法:以铁盐、十二烷基苯磺酸和3-氨基丙基3-乙氧基硅烷为原料,通过共沉淀法合成了APTES修饰的超顺磁Fe3O4纳米颗粒,通过酰胺化法合成了叶酸偶联的超顺磁Fe3O4纳米颗粒,以X射线衍射仪、透射电镜、红外光谱仪、振动样品磁强计、动态光散射仪对合成材料进行表征,采用SRB法对叶酸偶联的超顺磁Fe3O4纳米颗粒细胞进行安全性检测,同时建立活体瘤鼠动物模型,对其在叶酸偶联的超顺磁Fe3O4纳米颗粒标记前后进行MRI成像对比检测,每个肿瘤组织块各取2套切片,分别行苏木素-伊红染色和普鲁士蓝染色,观察肿瘤组织光镜下形态及组织内含Fe情况。结果:所制备的叶酸偶联的Fe3O4纳米颗粒为立方相的Fe3O4,粒径约8 nm左右,水合直径25.7nm,呈近似球形,表面分布有羧基等功能基团,呈超顺磁特性,饱和磁化强度为51 emu/g Fe。叶酸偶联的超顺磁Fe3O4纳米颗粒对人皮肤成纤维细胞(HSF)的生长与生理盐水对照组的影响一样,无明显抑制细胞生长的表现。同时,磁共振成像和染色结果均显示肿瘤的存在。结论:叶酸偶联的超顺磁Fe3O4纳米颗粒,不仅细胞毒性小,而且因其表面的叶酸与叶酸受体之间的高强结合力。同时,它能通过这种结合作用被高效介导进入肿瘤细胞内,增强MRI成像中肿瘤组织与周围正常组织的对比度,有利于肿瘤细胞的标记、示踪和靶向检测,是一种很有应用前景的肿瘤细胞靶向检测物质。     

Fe3O4-PEG-CD56/Avastin@Ce6纳米探针的合成及细胞MR成像初步研究

目的:探讨Fe_3O_4-PEG-CD56/Avastin@Ce6靶向探针与NK92细胞的结合能力并进行细胞体外MRI成像。方法:制备Fe_3O_4-PEG-CD56/Avastin@Ce6纳米探针,对合成的材料进行表征。应用凋亡试剂盒测定不同浓度的材料对NK92的细胞毒性,通过流式细胞术分析纳米材料与NK92细胞的结合能力和应用MRI对细胞进行体外成像并分析其T2信号强度的改变。结果:合成的纳米探针具有较好的生物相容性,且对NK92细胞的影响较小,不同浓度下细胞凋亡水平基本一致,与NK92细胞结合的材料随浓度的增加而逐渐增加。MRI检查提示不同浓度探针孵育的NK92细胞T2加权像(T2WI)的信号均降低。结论:Fe_3O_4-PEG-CD56/Avastin@Ce6探针对NK92细胞具有靶向性,3.0 T MR扫描仪可对其进行体外监测。     

基于磁性纳米材料的肿瘤靶向治疗研究进展

磁性纳米材料具有独特的磁学性质，可响应外磁场，产生力、热等效应。如在静磁场下将药物磁靶向递送至肿瘤部位；低频交变磁场下可将纳米药物主动渗透至病灶部位，实现瘤内均一分布；中频交变磁场作用下磁滞损耗产生热和增强的活性氧，用于肿瘤治疗。磁性纳米材料同时具有尺寸依赖的磁学性质以及表面多功能化等特点，可将磁靶向、分子靶向以及磁热疗联合。此外，磁性纳米材料具有磁共振成像性能以及纳米酶催化特性，使其在肿瘤诊疗一体化治疗方面获得了广泛应用。近年来，纳米给药系统不断被优化，基于磁性纳米材料的肿瘤靶向治疗也得到了长足的发展。鉴于此，本文围绕提高靶向肿瘤治疗效果，从磁靶向药物治疗、被动靶向磁热疗和主动分子靶向磁热疗、纳米酶特性以及诊疗一体化应用等几方面出发，综述了基于磁性纳米材料的肿瘤靶向治疗研究进展。     

胃癌血管靶向肽GX1修饰的人血清白蛋白用于胃癌近红外活体成像

目的:以肿瘤血管靶向肽GX1修饰的人血清白蛋白(HSA)作为吲哚菁绿(ICG)的载体,合成近红外荧光探针GX1-HSA-ICG,研究其作为近红外荧光探针在荷人胃癌裸鼠活体中的靶向成像能力。方法:以HSA作为ICG的载体,通过化学修饰与GX1共价连接,合成GX1-HSA-ICG纳米颗粒探针;使用SDS-PAGE对探针合成进行鉴定;采用探针与脐静脉内皮细胞HUVEC以及与肿瘤细胞共培养的脐静脉内皮细胞Co-HUVEC进行结合和竞争抑制试验,验证探针和Co-HUVEC细胞结合的特异性;利用小动物活体成像系统对皮下荷胃癌小鼠进行近红外荧光活体成像,验证探针在体内的胃癌靶向性。结果:成功合成GX1-HSA-ICG。细胞结合与竞争抑制实验显示GX1-HSA-ICG可与Co-HUVEC细胞特异性结合;荷瘤小鼠活体成像也显示出GX1-HSA-ICG较ICG有更长体内的循环时间,并且胃癌组织局部较HSA-ICG有更强的聚集。结论:本研究成功合成了胃癌血管靶向肽GX1修饰的HSA为荧光染料载体的胃癌血管靶向探针,成功对荷胃癌裸鼠进行了活体成像。使用HSA为载体的探针较单纯使用ICG的肿瘤局部滞留能力显著提高,GX1增加了探针的胃癌靶向特异性。该探针在胃癌的早期诊断和抗肿瘤血管生成治疗评估中具有潜在的应用价值。     

PEG-G5.NH2-FITC-DOTA(Gd)-Monalizumab/IPH4301探针的初步研究

摘要 目的：制备PEG-G5.NH2-FITC-DOTA(Gd)- Monalizumab/IPH4301纳米探针,并研究其与NK-92MI细胞的结合能力、毒性、细胞体外MRI成像能力、促进NK-92MI细胞对MDA-MB-231三阴性乳腺癌细胞的杀伤能力。方法：制备PEG-G5.NH2-FITC-DOTA(Gd)- Monalizumab/IPH4301纳米探针,利用透射电子显微镜（Transmission Electron Microscope,TEM）进行表征,并使用ImageJ对其粒径进行统计;通过流式细胞术分析纳米材料和NK-92MI细胞的结合能力;应用MRI对纳米探针标记的NK-92MI细胞体外成像并分析其T1加权（T1WI）的信号改变。利用蛋白印迹（Western blot）检测经过与NK-92MI细胞共培养后三阴性乳腺癌MDA-MB-231细胞凋亡相关蛋白的表达以及Elisa法检测培养体系内的IFN-γ的表达量。结果：制备的纳米探针颗粒粒径分布均匀,形态近似球形。其与NK-92MI细胞结合的量以及T1信号随着纳米探针浓度增加而逐渐增加。使用Monalizumab和IPH4301两种抗体修饰的纳米探针增强了NK-92MI细胞释放IFN-γ并促进MDA-MB-231乳腺癌细胞的凋亡。结论：PEG-G5.NH2-FITC-DOTA(Gd)-Monalizumab/IPH4301纳米探针在结合NK-92MI细胞后,可以在3.0T磁共振下进行体外成像,并增强了NK-92MI细胞对MDA-MB-231细胞的杀伤能力。     

叶酸修饰的磁性纳米材料在肿瘤诊断和治疗中的应用进展

癌症是威胁人类健康的主要疾病之一,由于检测方法和治疗手段的局限,其成为全球主要的公共卫生难题。叶酸修饰的磁性纳米材料由于同时具有肿瘤细胞靶向性和磁性,不仅可以用于肿瘤组织的成像和肿瘤细胞的检测,还可以用于肿瘤患者的磁热疗、药物载体和基因载体,为肿瘤的靶向诊治提供技术手段。本文综述了叶酸修饰的磁性纳米材料在肿瘤诊断和治疗中的研究进展。     

磁性氧化铁纳米颗粒及其磁共振成像应用

磁性氧化铁纳米颗粒在磁共振成像方面的应用,已经在全世界范围内得到了广泛的关注,相关研究也被各国科学家高度重视.目前,磁性氧化铁纳米颗粒正在从早期的基于被动识别的肝部磁共振造影,快速转向基于主动识别的磁共振分子影像应用.本文将围绕磁性氧化铁纳米颗粒的生物体内应用,着重介绍磁性纳米颗粒的制备及其在疾病诊断,尤其是在肿瘤早期...     

Magnetic resonance imaging of inducible E-selectin expression in human endothelial cell culture.

Covalent conjugates of the cross-linked iron oxide nanoparticles (CLIO) and high-affinity (K(d)(app) = 8.5 nM) anti-human E-selectin (CD62E) F(ab')(2) fragments were prepared and tested in vitro to establish feasibility of endothelial proinflammatory marker magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. The conjugates were obtained by using thiol-disulfide exchange reaction between 3-(2-pyridyl)propionyl-CLIO and S-acetylthioacetate-modified F(ab')(2) fragments. The purified CLIO-F(ab')(2) conjugates (average hydrodynamic diameter 40.6 nm) were used in experiments with the live human endothelial umbilical vein cells (HUVEC). Cells treated with IL-1 beta expressed E-selectin and showed a 100-200 times higher binding of CLIO particles (83-104 ng iron/million cells) than control cells. The binding resulted in a high superparamagnetism of HUVEC with the transverse water proton relaxation time (T2) decrease to 30-40 ms in cell precipitates. Cells did not bind/internalize CLIO-F(ab')(2) conjugates prepared using a control fragment or nonconjugated iron oxide particles before or after treatment with IL-1 beta. MR imaging of cells showed a highly specific T2-weighted signal darkening associated with cells treated with IL-1 beta and incubated with anti-E selectin. Demonstration of MR imaging of E-selectin expression justifies further development of MR-targeted agents for monitoring tumor vascular endothelial proliferation, angiogenesis, and atherosclerosis.     

Magnetic nanoparticles for multi-imaging and drug delivery

Various bio-medical applications of magnetic nanoparticles have been explored during the past few decades. As tools that hold great potential for advancing biological sciences, magnetic nanoparticles have been used as platform materials for enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) agents, biological separation and magnetic drug delivery systems, and magnetic hyperthermia treatment. Furthermore, approaches that integrate various imaging and bioactive moieties have been used in the design of multi-modality systems, which possess synergistically enhanced properties such as better imaging resolution and sensitivity, molecular recognition capabilities, stimulus responsive drug delivery with on-demand control, and spatio-temporally controlled cell signal activation. Below, recent studies that focus on the design and synthesis of multi-mode magnetic nanoparticles will be briefly reviewed and their potential applications in the imaging and therapy areas will be also discussed.     

Magnetic nanoparticles based cancer therapy: current status and applications

Nanotechnology holds a promising potential for developing biomedical nanoplatforms in cancer therapy. The magnetic nanoparticles, which integrate uniquely appealing features of magnetic manipulation, nanoscale heat generator, localized magnetic field and enzyme-mimics, prompt the development and application of magnetic nanoparticles-based cancer medicine. Considerable success has been achieved in improving the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) sensitivity, and the therapeutic function of the magnetic nanoparticles should be given adequate attention. This work reviews the current status and applications of magnetic nanoparticles based cancer therapy. The advantages of magnetic nanoparticles that may contribute to improved therapeutics efficacy of clinic cancer treatment are highlighted here.     

多核19F磁共振成像研究进展

~(19)氟(~(19)F)的磁共振成像(MRI)研究可追溯到35年以上。在这段时间里,~1H磁共振成像的蓬勃发展使磁共振成为影像医学的支柱,但~(19)F磁共振成像研究的进展却较为缓慢。然而最近几年,~(19)F磁共振成像的研究受到了广泛的关注。在某种程度上,这是由于MR成像中软件与硬件的发展,更因为分子影像学的概念的提出与发展。本文将对~(19)F多核磁共振成像的应用,特别是使用全氟化碳纳米成像探针的19F多核磁共振成像进行综述。     

Targeted Herceptin–dextran iron oxide nanoparticles for noninvasive imaging of HER2/neu receptors using MRI

A novel magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agent containing Herceptin is reported. The surfaces of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles were modified with dextran and conjugated with Herceptin (Herceptin–nanoparticles) to improve their dispersion, magnetization, and targeting of the specific receptors on cells. From analytical results, we found that Herceptin–nanoparticles were well dispersed in solutions of various pH range, and had no hysteresis, high saturation magnetization (80 emu/g), and low cytotoxicity to a variety of cells. Notably, the magnetic resonance enhancements for the different breast cancer cell lines (BT-474, SKBR-3, MDA-MB-231, and MCF-7) are proportional to the HER2/neu expression level in vitro. When Herceptin–nanoparticles were administered to mice bearing breast tumor allograft by intravenous injection, the tumor site was detected in T ₂-weighted magnetic resonance images as a 45% enhancement drop, indicating a high level of accumulation of the contrast agent within the tumor sites. Therefore, targeting of cancer cells was observed by in vitro and in vivo MRI studies using Herceptin–nanoparticles contrast agent. In addition, Herceptin–nanoparticles enhancing the magnetic resonance signal intensity were sufficient to detect the cell lines with a low level of HER2/neu expression. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

综述——新型纳米生物材料的研发：磁性纳米材料：化学合成、功能化与生物医学应用

磁性纳米材料,由于其独特的磁学性能、小尺寸效应,被广泛应用于生物医学领域．本文总结了磁性纳米材料的化学设计与合成、表面功能化方法,及其在核磁共振成像、磁控治疗、磁热疗和生物分离等生物医学领域的应用进展．     

超顺磁氧化铁纳米探针用于磁共振分子成像的研究进展

分子影像学是近年来分子生物学和影像学相结合而形成的新型交叉学科,磁共振分子成像技术是分子影像学的重要手段之一,为临床医学诊断提供重要依据。但是由于不同组织之间的弛豫时间相互重叠等问题,导致较小的病变难以显示,磁共振造影剂能提高对软组织的分辨率,其中超顺磁性氧化铁纳米探针作为近年来发展起来的一种新型磁共振分子造影剂。由于具有敏感性、安全性、大的比表面积、高稳定性、靶向性等优点,近年来已成为国内外研究的热点之一。本文就超顺磁性氧化铁纳米探针的增强原理、制备工艺及靶向作用做一综述,以期为该技术的应用与研究提供借鉴和启示。     

新型磁性纳米脂质复合物对肝癌细胞和肝细胞的作用研究

目的:研究新型磁性纳米脂质复合物对肝癌细胞和肝细胞的作用。方法:将肝癌细胞(Hep-G2)和肝细胞(L-02)根据加入的不同浓度新型纳米脂质复合物,各自分为空白对照组、不同浓度含铁脂质体组、空脂质体组,用MTT法观察各组细胞毒性,筛选出适合的浓度和时间;用普鲁士蓝染色、电镜检测观察各组细胞吞噬情况;用原子分光光度计观察各组细胞内铁含量;用细胞磁共振观察新型纳米脂质复合物体外显影效果。结果:新型磁性纳米脂质复合物含铁浓度在0.238μg/ml以上时,24小时有较强的细胞毒性,对肝癌细胞和肝细胞的抑制率均超过40%,故以下实验选择含铁浓度在0.238μg/ml以下;肝癌细胞和肝细胞与各浓度新型磁性纳米脂质复合物共同培养,24小时普鲁士蓝染色最高阳性率分别为5.5%和1.25%,24小时细胞内铁含量最高值分别为0.675pg/cell和0.460pg/cell;24小时电镜观察肝癌细胞和肝细胞空白对照组均未见颗粒样物质,各含铁脂质体组和空脂质体组均可见颗粒样物质;24小时肝癌细胞和肝细胞磁共振感兴趣区均未见明显信号表达。结论:新型磁性纳米脂质复合物含铁浓度在0.238μg/ml以下时,24小时细胞毒性较小;肝癌细胞对新型磁性纳米脂质复合物的吞噬作用稍高于肝细胞对其的吞噬;进入细胞内的新型磁性纳米脂质复合物含铁量低,体外显影效果不佳。     

Magnetic quantum dots in biotechnology – synthesis and applications

Quantum dots (QDs) have great promise in biological imaging, and as this promise is realized, there has been increasing interest in combining the benefits of QDs with those of other materials to yield composites with multifunctional properties. One of the most common materials combined with QDs is magnetic materials, either as ions (e.g. gadolinium) or as nanoparticles (e.g. superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles, SPIONs). The fluorescent property of the QDs permits visualization, whereas the magnetic property of the composite enables imaging, magnetic separation, and may even have therapeutic benefit. In this review, the synthesis of fluorescent–magnetic nanoparticles, including magnetic QDs is explored; and the applications of these materials in imaging, separations, and theranostics are discussed. As the properties of these materials continue to improve, QDs have the potential to greatly impact biological imaging, diagnostics, and treatment.