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Crayfish retinular cells: Influence of extracellular sodium and calcium upon receptor potential

• 1.1. In crayfish, light stimulation of the retinular cells induces a depolarizing receptor potential.
• 2.2. Experiments were designed to determine the role of Na⁺ and Ca²⁺ on receptor potential during dark And light states.
• 3.3. Depolarization depends on Na⁺ and Ca²⁺ availability to the retinular cell.
• 4.4. Repolarization velocity and response duration depend on extracellular Ca²⁺ availability.
• 5.5. Light adaptation increases receptor potential dependence on calcium and sodium ions.
• 6.6. We analyse these results with respect to other invertebrate photoreceptors.

     

Integrative Proteomic and Phosphoproteomic Profiling of Testis from Wip1 Phosphatase-Knockout Mice: Insights into Mechanisms of Reduced Fertility*,

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Highlights

• •Mice lacking Wip1 display spermatogenesis defects at the late-stage germ cell types.
• •Proteome and phosphoproteome profiling reveals impaired dynamics of testis junction.
• •Elevated levels of cytokines may lead to abnormal BTB structure and spermatogenesis.

     

DDT and pyrethroids—ecotoxicological considerations

• 1.1. DDT, and a DDT metabolite, DDOH, conjugated to palmitic acid, DDOH-PA, as well as bioallethrin and deltamethrin have all been shown to affect muscarinic cholinergic receptors (MAChR) in the neonatal mouse brain after administration to 10-day-old mice during the period of rapid brain growth.
• 2.2. This early exposure has also been shown to lead to permanent changes in cholinergic and behavioural variables in the animals as adults.

     

Vascular Endothelial Receptor Tyrosine Phosphatase: Identification of Novel Substrates Related to Junctions and a Ternary Complex with EPHB4 and TIE2,

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Highlights

• •Identification of the substrates profile of the endothelial phosphatase VE-PTP.
• •A large fraction of VE-PTP substrate candidates (29%) is cell junction related.
• •Tie-2 and EPHB are substrates which associate as ternary complex with VE-PTP.

     

Breast,hips, and buttocks revisited: Honest fatness for honest fitness

This paper comments on: Low, B. S., Alexander, R. D., and Noonan, K.M. Human hips, breast, and buttocks: Is fat deceptive? Ethology and Sociobiology 8: 249-247, 1987. In it I argue that:

• 1.1. Sexual selection has probably not been the most important selection pressure on
• 2.female human body shape.
• 3.2. Male humans in different cultures find different aspects of the female body attractive
• 4.and therefore are unlikely to have exerted consistent directional sexual selection on
• 5.the female body.
• 6.3. Breast size is not correlated with lactation success.
• 7.4. Visible hip width is not correlated with parturition success.
• 8.5. Women would lower their fitness if they tried to deceive men about their internal
• 9.pelvic dimensions.
• 10.6. There are many alternative hypothesis to explain the existence of fat onwomen's
• 11.breast, hips, and buttocks.

     

A New Tool to Reveal Bacterial Signaling Mechanisms in Antibiotic Treatment and Resistance

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Highlights

• •Quantitative (phospho)proteome analysis of antibiotic treatment in E. coli.
• •Largest bacterial phosphorylation catalogue.
• •Specific phosphorylation motifs changes during resistance development.
• •Phosphorylation mediated signaling could be a potential target for drug design.

     

High-density Peptide Arrays Help to Identify Linear Immunogenic B-cell Epitopes in Individuals Naturally Exposed to Malaria Infection

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Highlights

• •Profiling antibody responses of patients with naturally acquired malaria immunity.
• •High-density peptide arrays featuring linear epitopes.
• •Epitope mapping of known and potential novel vaccine candidates.
• •Novel immunogenic epitopes discovered, and known antibody target motifs confirmed.

     

Identification of Salivary Biomarkers for Oral Cancer Detection with Untargeted and Targeted Quantitative Proteomics Approaches

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Highlights

• •iTRAQ-based analysis of saliva samples from oral cancer patients.
• •Proteome profiling of saliva samples from patients with oral premalignant lesions.
• •Verification of salivary biomarker candidates with MRM-MS and immunoassays.
• •Identification of salivary proteins as potential biomarkers of oral cancer.

     

microRNA-222 Attenuates Mitochondrial Dysfunction During Transmissible Gastroenteritis Virus Infection

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Highlights

• •microRNA-222 attenuates TGEV-induced mitochondrial dysfunction.
• •microRNA-222 downregulates THBS1 and CD47.
• •THBS1 is the target of microRNA-222 during TGEV infection.
• •THBS1 and CD47 increase mitochondrial Ca²⁺ level and reduced mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP).

     

Analysis of 1508 Plasma Samples by Capillary-Flow Data-Independent Acquisition Profiles Proteomics of Weight Loss and Maintenance

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Highlights

• •Robust capillary-flow DIA was established at 31 clinical samples per day.
• •1508 samples of dietary intervention study DiOGenes were measured on a single column.
• •Comprehensive biological reactions to weight loss and maintenance were observed.
• •Comparison to independent studies shows high reproducibility of potential biomarkers.

     

Whole-cell outward currents in freshly dissociated rat placental cells

• 1.1.We applied whole cell voltage clamp techniques to freshly dissociated rat placental cells (20–21 days gestation). Tetraethylammonium (TEA)-sensitive outward currents were recorded in about 50% of cells.
• 2.2.The outward current had a reversal potential of -50mV which is more positive than the potassium equilibrium potential (−82mV).
• 3.3.The bath solution without NaCI decreased the outward current amplitude, while the elimination of only Na ions from the bath solution did not modify the outward current.
• 4.4.The results suggest a possible contribution of chloride ions to the outward currents in rat placental cells.

     

Cloning and characterization of rabbit pancreatic colipase

• 1.1. Among the digestive enzymes synthesized by pancreas, lipase is the principle lipolytic enzyme which hydrolyses dietary glycerides.
• 2.2. For its action it requires a coenzyme, colipase.
• 3.3. The molecular mechanisms of the interaction of these two are not fully understood.
• 4.4. Further, molecular events that regulate and influence lipid absorption are ill denned.
• 5.5. The rabbit is the conventional animal model for the study of lipid absorption. We have undertaken the molecular cloning, and characterization of rabbit pancreatic colipase, the coenzyme for pancreatic lipase.
• 6.6. Colipase has been cloned from a gt 11 library of an adult rabbit pancreatic cDNA by probing with an oligonucleotide derived from human colipase sequence.
• 7.7. The total reading frame consists of 321 nucleotides coding for 90 amino acids of the functional protein and 17 nucleotides of the leader peptide.
• 8.8. Northern blot analysis revealed a distinct band around 0.5kb. Comparison with other species revealed an over all homology of 75% at the nucleotide level.
• 9.9. At the amino acid level highest conservation is observed at the lipase-binding region (AA 53–73).
• 10.10. Rabbit enzyme also retained the N-terminal pentapeptide of it preform.
• 11.11. The regions of homology and conservation may aid to define the sites of interaction of colipase with lipase.

     

Protein Aggregation Capture on Microparticles Enables Multipurpose Proteomics Sample Preparation*

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Highlights

• •Insoluble protein aggregates preferentially precipitate on microparticles.
• •The protein aggregation capture (PAC) occurs irrespective of microparticle surface chemistry.
• •This process can be exploited for multi-purpose proteomics sample preparation.
• •Facilitates potential for low cost, efficient and high-sensitivity proteomics workflows.

     

Identification of neurons involved in the earthworm Amynthas hawayanus reflex activity

• 1.1. The medial (MGF), lateral (LGF) and motor (RMS-2) giant neurons were confirmed as neural components in the earthworm Amynthas hawayanus polysynaptic reflex circuit by simultaneous potential recording and dye injection.
• 2.2. The reflex was initiated from the mechanoreceptors when evoked by mechanical stimulation but electrical stimulation also evoked an antidromic response in the motoneuron.
• 3.3. The primary reflex response propagates decrementally along both giant axons but directly evoked action potentials conduct in an all-or-none fashion.
• 4.4. The secondary reflex response continues to propagate after the primary response disappears.
• 5.5. A rhythmically discharging neuron of uncertain function was also identified.

     

Domain structure of the 90-kDa stress protein: Heparin- and antibody-binding domain

• 1.1. To understand the physiological roles of the 90-kDa stress protein (HSP90), we investigated the heparin- and antibody-binding domains of the protein.
• 2.2. For heparin-binding sites, HSP90 was digested completely with trypsin, and the digests were applied to a heparin-Sepharose column and eluted with 1.0 M NaCl, followed by 8.0 M urea.
• 3.3. Each elutant was purified by a reverse-phase C₁₈ column.
• 4.4. Two peptides from the NaCl-eluted fraction and no peptide from the urea-eluted fraction were purified.
• 5.5. The purified peptides were sequenced by an automated peptide sequencer.
• 6.6. One of the heparin-binding sites was present between Leu-362 and Arg-365; another was present between Leu-645 and Lys-648.
• 7.7. These two peptides were basic and considerably hydrophilic.
• 8.8. For antibody-binding sites, HSP90 was mildly digested with trypsin, electrophoresed on SDS-polyacrylamide gels and transferred to PVDF membranes.
• 9.9. The four bound of the trypsin fragments could be sequenced with a peptide sequencer.
• 10.10. There was only one antibody-binding peptide, 38 kDa, starting from Pro-2. The others showed no cross-reactivity with the antibody and started from Leu-283.
• 11.11. Therefore, the epitopes of HSP90 are present between Pro-2 and Leu-282.
• 12.12. The heparin-binding sites are present from the middle region of the HSP90 molecule, and the antigen sites are at the N-terminal domain.

     

Anaerobic threshold in rats

• 1.1. The aim of this study was to find out whether the anaerobic threshold (AT) can be estimated in rats running at increasing speed and if so what is the reproducibility of the measurements.
• 2.2. Lactate (LA) concentrations in blood taken from 11 rats were determined during a discontinued, multistage treadmill exercise test repeated four times in each animal.
• 3.3. It was found that blood LA changes vs speed have an exponential pattern with a distinct, rapid rise at the speed above 25 m/min which corresponds to blood LA of approx. 4 mmol/1.
• 4.4. The variation coefficient of the speed at which AT occurred in individual animals ranged between 10 and 20%.
• 5.5. These results offer a potential application of AT determination in the animal studies concerning mechanisms controlling exercise metabolism.