台湾地区斑马鱼研究现况

台湾地区斑马鱼研究起始于1996年,在经历了约8年的萌芽期(1996~2003年)之后,目前已进入到茁壮期(2004~现今),现今全台湾共有83个实验室使用斑马鱼作为实验材料,台湾地区斑马鱼研究社群的研究主题可大致分成3大类:(1)胚胎发育;(2)人类疾病;(3)生物技术。累积至今与斑马鱼相关论文发表总数已达到342篇。自2010年起,台湾也成立了两个斑马鱼种质资源库(TZCAS与ZeTH)。在种质资源库的充分协助下,目前许多医院的临床医师、工程与生物信息相关领域的研究人员,也开始加入斑马鱼研究社群进行跨领域的整合性研究,成为现今台湾地区斑马鱼研究的一大特色。     

Status of research in stock enhancement and sea ranching

Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries -     

Stock enhancement as a fisheries management tool

Stock enhancement has been viewed as a positive fisheries management tool for over 100 years. However, decisions to undertake such activities in the past have often been technology-based, i.e., driven by the ability to produce fishes, with most stock enhancement projects having limited or no demonstrated success. The reasons for this have been due to an inability to identify and/or control the underlying reasons why a fishery is under-performing or not meeting management objectives. Further, stock enhancement has often been applied in isolation from other fisheries management tools (e.g., effort control). To address these issues and consider stock enhancement in a broader ecosystem perspective, a new approach for stock enhancement is proposed. The proposed model comprises four major steps; a review of all information about an ecosystem/fishery/stock and the setting of clear management targets; a comparison of all relevant fisheries management tools with the potential to meet the management targets; the instigation of a scientifically based, pilot-scale, stock enhancement program with clear objectives, targets, and evaluations; and a full-scale stock enhancement program if the pilot project meets the objectives. The model uses a flow-chart that highlights a broad range of scientific and other information, and the decisions that need to be made in relation to stock enhancement and fisheries management in general. In this way all steps are transparent and all stakeholders (managers, scientists, extractive and non-extractive users, and the general public) can contribute to the information collection and decision making processes. If stock enhancement is subsequently identified as the most-appropriate tool, then the stepwise progression will provide the best possible chance of a positive outcome for a stock enhancement project, while minimizing risks and costs. In this way, stock enhancement may advance as a science and develop as a useful fisheries management tool in appropriate situations.     

Salmon stock and recruitment, and stock enhancement

The precise nature of the stock and recruitment relationship in natural populations is of vital importance to any attempt at stock enhancement by removing or by-passing a limiting factor, or at management by manipulation of spawning stock. In this paper the evidence for and against a dome-shaped stock and recruitment curve is reviewed, and consideration given to several factors which complicate the conventional, simplistic interpretation of density-dependent mortality. These include environmentally mediated changes in 'carrying capacity', distribution of spawning, and the need to consider whole river systems. The implications of these factors for fisheries management and stock enhancement are discussed.     

Stock enhancement and conservation culture of sturgeons: problems and prospects

Stock enhancement is the main source of Acipenser gueldenstaedtii and A. stellatus recruitment in the Sea of Azov, where up to 30 million juveniles have been released in recent years. The hatchery production strategy aimed solely to produce and release the largest possible number of juveniles, utilizing only the most mature broodfish of the spring spawning run. Although monitoring of age, mass and physiological conditions of the broodstock during the period of hatchery breeding did not show significant changes, the spawning run was dramatically shortened from several months to just 15 days, and includes only fish with advanced gonadal maturity. Conservation of the Azov Sea species and their unique spawning ecotypes is currently supported by the Federal Living Gene Bank, which maintains over 9000 adults of eight endangered species. This paper summarizes the results of comparative analysis of biological characteristics such as growth, age of the first sexual maturation, relative fecundity, and morphological and physiological indices in wild and cultured specimens of different species and intraspecific groups of sturgeons. We conclude that there is a need for developing better hatchery technologies to maintain diversity of the stocks, through breeding protocols that maximize the genetic diversity of offspring based on evaluation of parentage and relatedness in farmed stocks by microsatellite loci.     

Fish stock assessments in Lake Konnevesi

In 1977, the average fish yield in the oligotrophic and oligohumic lake Konnevesi was 6.4 kg ha^–1 (2.6 kg vendace, 1.3 kg perch, 0.7 kg whitefish, 0.5 kg roach, 0.3 kg pike and 0.3 kg burbot). In that year the stock of vendace was exceptionally poor. A study was made to determine the optimum strategy for exploiting the stocks. The field work included test fishing (1970–78), sampling of catches (1977–80) and collection of catch per unit effort data (1978–80), and catch statistics (1969, 1970, 1977). The stocks were assessed by the Beverton and Holt method. Whitefish is exploited at a proper level. Fishing of vendace and roach can be increased, and the yield of pike would be greater, if the recruiting age were higher than at present.     

Diversity and distribution of the mangrove forests in Taiwan

In a survey of 1992 to 1994, mangrove forests withfour species of true mangroves, Kandelia candel(L.) Druce, Avicennia marina(Forsk.) Vierh.,Rhizophora stylosaGriff., and Lumnitzera racemosaWilld., were found at 22locations in the west coast of Taiwan. The northernrange of their distribution was at Tanshui Estuary(Latitude 25^°11N) and the southern range atTapen Bay (22^°28N). The total area wasestimated to be 286.95 ha. There was an obvious changein species composition and a decrease in speciesnumber of true mangroves from south to north: the fourspecies dominated by A. marinain thesouth and K. candelas thesole species in the north. Air temperature associatedwith sea surface temperature and oceanic currents inwinter, but not soil property, was found to be theprimary environmental factor, affecting the diversityand distribution of true mangroves in Taiwan as wellas in the northeast region of Asia.     

台湾根螨属种类、寄主、分布与检验技术

根螨是鳞茎、球茎、块茎、块根和根茎等植物的重要地下害螨,是贸易中最危险的有害生物类群之一。对台湾的根螨属螨类:花叶芋根螨、刺足根螨、罗宾根螨、长毛根螨和单列根螨的寄主与分布进行了介绍,并提供了根螨的检验技术。     

基因治疗的发展现状、问题和展望

基因治疗是一种新的治疗手段,可以治疗多种疾病,包括癌症、遗传性疾病、感染性疾病、心血管疾病和自身免疫性疾病。癌症基因治疗是基因治疗的主要应用领域。过去几年里,全球基因治疗临床试验取得了很大的进步。实际上,基因治疗也遇到了很多困难。未来,基因治疗的主要目标是发展安全和高效的基因导入系统,它们能将外源遗传物质靶向性地导入到特异的细胞。本文主要综述基因治疗所取得的突出进展、所遇到的困难和发展前景。     

Carotenoids: recent progress, problems and prospects

1. This is a review of the current state of research on the structure and functions of carotenoids, a common group of natural pigments. 2. Discussed in this paper are recent advances in carotenoid studies and problems that still await elucidation. 3. A new natural nomenclature is proposed to rationalize investigation of biological functions of carotenoids. 4. Data included in the paper are taken from the book, "Biological Functions of Carotenoids" (Karnaukhov, 1988).     

The use of inter-specific hybrids in aquaculture and fisheries

Inter-specific hybrid fishes have been produced for aquaculture and stocking programmes to increase growth rate, transfer desirable traits between species, combine desirable traits of two species into a single group of fishes, reduce unwanted reproduction through production of sterile fish or mono-sex offspring, take advantage of sexual dimorphism, increase harvestability, increase environmental tolerances, and to increase overall hardiness in culture conditions. Hybrids constitute a significant proportion of some countries' production for certain taxa; for example, hybrid striped bass in the USA, hybrid clarid catfish in Thailand, hybrid characids in Venezuela, and hybrid tilapia in Israel. Despite its widespread use, there is a general impression that inter-specific hybridization is not a very useful tool for aquaculture. We believe this impression stems from inaccurate reporting of some useful hybrids, limited testing of strains used for hybrids, and from early work on salmonids that did not result in hybrids of commercial advantage.Experimentation with new hybrid fishes is ongoing, especially in marine culture systems where sterile fish may be preferred because of the concern that fish may escape into the marine and coastal environment.Hybridization has been used in tandem with polyploidization to improve developmental stability in hybrid progeny. The results of inter-specific hybridization can be variable and depend on the genetic structure (including the sex) of the parent fish. Inadvertent hybridization and backcrossing can lead to unexpected and undesirable results in hybrid progeny, such as failure to produce sterile fish, loss of color pattern, and reduced viability.Hybridization is only one tool to improve aquaculture production and will require knowledge of the genetic structure of the broodstock, good broodstock management and monitoring of the viability and fertility of the progeny. Hybridization does represent a genetic modification wherein genes are moved between different species; implications for biodiversity conservation and regulation of this type of modification are discussed.     

Molluscan fauna of Gueishan Island,Taiwan

This dataset records the occurrence and inventory of molluscan fauna on Gueishan Island, the only active volcanic island in Taiwan, based on the literature survey and field investigation conducted between 2011 and 2012. The literature review involved seven studies published from 1934 to 2003, which collectively reported 112 species from 61 genera and 37 families of Mollusca on Gueishan Island. Through our field investigation, we identified 34 species from 28 genera and 23 families. Fourteen of these species were new records on Gueishan Island: Liolophura japonica, Lottia luchuana, Nerita costata, Nerita rumphii, Diplommatina suganikeiensis, Littoraria undulata, Solenomphala taiwanensis, Assiminea sp., Siphonaria laciniosa, Laevapex nipponica, Carychium hachijoensis, Succinea erythrophana, Zaptyx crassilamellata, and Allopeas pyrgula. In Total, there are 126 species from 71 genera and 45 families of Mollusca on Gueishan Island. These data have been published through GBIF [http://taibif.org.tw/ipt/resource.do?r=gueishan_island] and integrated into the Taiwan Malacofauna Database (http://shell.sinica.edu.tw/).     

Using experimental ecology to understand stock enhancement: Comparisons of habitat-related predation on wild and hatchery-reared Penaeus plebejus Hess

Marine stock enhancement is often characterized by poor survival of hatchery-reared individuals due to deficiencies in their fitness, such as a diminished capacity to avoid predators. Field experiments were used to examine predation on Penaeus plebejus, a current candidate for stock enhancement in Australia. We compared overall survival of, and rates of predation on, wild P. plebejus juveniles, naïve hatchery-reared juveniles (which represented the state of individuals intended for stock enhancement) and experienced hatchery-reared juveniles (which had been exposed to natural predatory stimuli). Predation was examined in the presence of an ambush predator (Centropogon australis White, 1790) and an active-pursuit predator (Metapenaeus macleayi Haswell) within both complex (artificial macrophyte) and simple (bare sand and mud) habitats. Overall survival was lower and rates of predation were higher in simple habitats compared to complex habitats in the presence of C. australis. However, the three categories of juveniles survived at similar proportions and suffered similar rates of predation within each individual habitat. No differences in survival and rates of predation were detected among habitats or the categories of juveniles when M. macleayi was used as a predator. These results indicate that wild and hatchery-reared P. plebejus juveniles are equally capable of avoiding predators. Furthermore, exposure of hatchery-reared juveniles to wild conditions does not increase their ability to avoid predators, suggesting an innate rather than learned anti-predator response. The lower predation by C. australis in complex habitats was attributed to a reduction in this ambush predator's foraging efficiency due to the presence of structure. Ecological experiments comparing wild and hatchery-reared individuals should precede all stock enhancement programs because they may identify deficits in hatchery-reared animals that could be mitigated to optimize survival. Such studies can also identify weaknesses in wild animals, relative to hatchery-reared individuals, that may lead to the loss of resident populations.     

Tourism climate and thermal comfort in Sun Moon Lake,Taiwan

Bioclimate conditions at Sun Moon Lake, one of Taiwan’s most popular tourist destinations, are presented. Existing tourism-related climate is typically based on mean monthly conditions of air temperature and precipitation and excludes the thermal perception of tourists. This study presents a relatively more detailed analysis of tourism climate by using a modified thermal comfort range for both Taiwan and Western/Middle European conditions, presented by frequency analysis of 10-day intervals. Furthermore, an integrated approach (climate tourism information scheme) is applied to present the frequencies of each facet under particular criteria for each 10-day interval, generating a time-series of climate data with temporal resolution for tourists and tourism authorities.     

台湾海峡游泳动物种类组成及其多样性

根据2006-2007年在台湾海峡进行的四个季度航次定点底拖网调查资料,分析了台湾海峡游泳动物的种类组成、数量分布、优势种和多样性等特征。结果表明,调查海域共鉴定出游泳动物373种,其中鱼类273种,甲壳类81种,头足类19种;渔获物组成以鱼类为主,占渔获物总重量的65.6%,其次为甲壳类和头足类,分别占21.1%和13.3%,所有调查站位游泳动物的年平均生物量密度指数为24.91kg/h,主要优势种类为带鱼(Trichiurus japoni-cus)、拥剑梭子蟹(Portunus haanii)、二长棘鲷(Parargyrops edita)、龙头鱼(Harpadon nehereus)、竹筴鱼(Trachurus japonicus)、火枪乌贼(Loligo beka)等。对多样性的分析显示,台湾海峡游泳动物物种多样性指数(H′)变化范围为1.45-3.21,平均为2.47,其中秋季最高,夏季最低,且呈现南高北低的特点。与历史资料相比,目前台湾海峡游泳动物种类数明显减少,尤其是闽东和闽南—台湾浅滩海域表现最为突出;优势种类个体呈现小型化和低龄化趋势,表明台湾海峡游泳动物资源衰退明显。     

Status and developmental prospects of microbiology

The achievements of microbiology in the field of chemistry studying, molecular biology and cellular structure of bacteria are reflected in this review. The peculiarities of energetic, synthetic processes in prokaryotes and also the different methods of regulation of their metabolism have been shown. The achievements in the field of new strains construction and creation of biocatalysts on the basis of immobilized cells and enzymes for the biotechnological purposes have been elucidated. The role of microbiology in solving such social problems as the purification of environment from pollution, replenishing the resources of energy and protein which are rapidly exhausted has been shown.     

中国台湾海峡两岸原始被子植物的起源、分化和关系

文章分析了中国台湾海峡两岸共有20个原始被子植物科的地理分布,区系分化,起源以及它们之间的关系,进一步证明台湾海峡两海的植物区系是一个统一的区系,台湾省是一个东亚植物区系的马来西亚植物区系交汇,而以东亚植物区系成分占优势的地区,台淡丰富的原始被子植物特有种,大多种是在台湾同大陆分离以后形成的,带有新特有的种的性质,中国大陆同台湾现存的原始被子植物科属在区系上是共同起源的,起源的时间和地区可以追溯到中生代的华夏古陆,即在白垩纪末台湾同大陆第一次分裂之前就已经表成了,第四纪冰期大陆同台湾之间的陆桥,对两岸原始被子植物的分布几乎没有影响。     

Collection and culture of live foods for aquaculture in Taiwan

Collection and culture of live foods to be used instudies of feeds for rearing finfish and shellfishlarvae in Taiwan began in 1982. Today, 31 species (49strains) of microalgae, three species (nine strains)of rotifers, one cladoceran and one copepod are holdas start culture. Microalgae are collected from localwaters and obtained from foreign collection centers.The most common genera are Chlorella,Nannochloropsis, Tetraselmis, Chaetoceros, Skeletonema, Isochrysis, and Pavlova. Someinteresting genera such as Ellipsoidion,Nannochloris, Synechococcus, and Alexandriumare also included. Three types of rotifers, i.e. L, S,and SS-type, which are classified as Brachionusplicatilis, B. rotundiformis, and Brachionus sp. are found in Taiwan waters. Among therotifers, six strains have been isolated and cultured.Another L-type strain and two SS-type strains wereobtained from foreign sources. The cladoceran Diaphanosoma aspinosum and copepod Apocyclopsroyi are the most common species used in aquaculture.Studies of live foods including their morphology,culture techniques, fatty acid composition andnutritional value as feeds have been undertaken.