The effect of auxin on plant regeneration of wheat,barley and triticale

One of the basic components of a medium influencing somatic embryogenesis of cereals from immature embryos is the type of auxin. According to some researchers, phytohormones can also play an important role during Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. In this first part of research, the influence of three types of auxins used alone or in combination of two on somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration in three cereal species has been tested. Eight cultivars of barley, five cultivars of wheat and three cultivars of triticale have been used. Efficiency of plant development on two regeneration media, with and without growth regulators has been compared. Efficiency of regeneration characterized by frequency of explants that form embryogenic callus ranged from 25% for wheat cultivar Torka to 100% for two barley cultivars. Mean number of plantlets regenerating per explant differed significantly (from 2 to 58) depending on the type of auxin in inducing media, the type of regenerating media as well as cultivar. The biggest differences in regeneration efficiency were observed between barley cultivars, however regeneration of plants occurred in all combinations tested. The best regeneration coefficients for most barley cultivars were obtained after culture on dicamba or dicamba with 2,4-D. However, in the case of highly regenerating cv Scarlett, the most effective culture media contained picloram or 2,4-D alone. The highest values of regeneration coefficients for two triticale cultivars (Wanad and Kargo) were obtained on picloram (26.1 and 21.4, respectively) and for `Gabo' on picloram with dicamba (12.6). The range of mean number of regenerated plantlets was from 12 to 30. Dicamba alone or lower concentrations of picloram with 2,4-D were the best media influencing embryogenic callus formation in five wheat cultivars. However, the highest values of regeneration coefficients ranging from 10.6 to 26.8 were obtained at lower concentrations of picloram with 2,4-D or picloram with dicamba. R2 regeneration medium containing growth regulators was significantly better for plantlet development in several combinations (cultivar and induction medium) than the one without growth regulators. Generally, regeneration coefficients for all tested cultivars of three cereal species on the best media were high, ranging from 5.5 for barley cultivar Rodion to 51.6 for another barley cultivar Scarlett. Plantlets developed normally, flowering and setting seed.     

旋转磁场对小麦种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

以“淮麦19”小麦种子为研究对象,采用磁场强度为11 mT的旋转磁场进行处理,设定不同的时间梯度(10、20、30、60 min),以未经磁场处理的为对照,研究了不同处理时间下旋转磁场对小麦种子发芽指标及幼苗生理特性的影响。结果表明：旋转磁场处理对小麦种子萌发具有促进作用,不同处理时间下,种子的发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数均有显著提高,随着时间的增加呈现先上升后下降的趋势,以处理30 min为最高,分别比对照提高了8.24％、7.37％、11.24％。经旋转磁场处理后,小麦根系发达,根长、根数均显著高于对照;幼苗生长加快,株高除处理60 min外,其他处理均显著高于对照,以处理30 min为最大,高出对照11.13％;叶片数除处理10 min外,其他处理均高于对照,以处理30 min为最大,比对照高出38.89％,且差异显著。旋转磁场处理显著增加了小麦幼苗的物质积累,不同处理时间表现出不同的效果,对幼苗生物积累量影响最佳的是处理20 min。这说明旋转磁场处理提高了小麦种子的萌发能力,加快了小麦幼苗的生长速度。     

Effect of tannin content of faba bean (Vicia faba) seed on seed vigour, germination and field emergence

Differences in seed vigour of zero- and high-tannin faba beans were investigated using 25 seed lots of 12 cultivars following earlier reports of poor emergence in the zero-tannin types. Field emergence ranged from 54–96% indicating differences in seed vigour between cultivars all having high laboratory germination (>91%). Seed from zero-tannin accessions with poor emergence had a higher incidence of testa and cotyledon cracking, a smaller percentage of hard seeds, more rapid water uptake, a lower percentage of vital staining of cotyledons and a greater leaching of solutes than high-tannin types. Nevertheless, variation in these characteristics existed between cultivars and lines of both types. Seeds with more cracks in the seed coat and fewer hard seeds imbibed water more rapidly and consequently showed lower levels of vital staining and more cracks in the abaxial surface of the cotyledons. Slower imbibition in polyethylene glycol lessened the incidence of these deleterious characteristics and may provide a practical resolution to the problem of poor field emergence in zero-tannin lines of faba bean with low seed vigour.     

不同年际间异子蓬种子大小、萌发能力及结实格局

异子蓬(Borszczowia aralocaspica)为中亚荒漠特有种,在我国仅分布于新疆,其果实具有二型性。对同一生长地2006、2007、2008年异子蓬种子的大小、萌发特性及结实格局进行比较,结果表明:(1)年份和种子类型对种子大小和重量均有显著影响(P<0.05)。(2)2种类型种子具有不同的萌发行为,褐色种子萌发率高(>90%),萌发速度快,而黑色种子萌发率低(2006年的萌发率为31%),萌发速度慢;2种类型种子的萌发指数在不同年际间均差异显著。(3)不同年际间,种子总数、褐色种子数、黑色种子数均具有极显著差异(P<0.001),且随个体的增大黑色种子的比例逐渐减小,褐色种子的比例逐渐增大,并且黑色种子数目均高于褐色种子数目。该研究为深入认识异型种子的生态适应对策提供理论基础。     

硒对小麦和水稻种子萌发的生态毒理效应的比较研究

通过水培试验,比较研究了硒在不同浓度下对小麦和水稻种子萌发及幼苗生长的生态毒理效应。结果表明,硒在适量范围内(<0.5 mg.L-1)对种子萌发过程中各生理指标有促进作用,高剂量(>5 mg.L-1)时,对种子活力、α-淀粉酶及幼苗和根生长具有胁迫效应。硒对小麦种子发芽各指标抑制率大于水稻,硒对种子根伸长的抑制率远远大于发芽抑制率。对硒浓度与种子发芽各项指标抑制率相关分析,呈显著正相关。应用小麦根伸长抑制率可作为化学物质生态风险评价的一项生物标志物。     

珍稀植物连香树(Cercidiphyllum japonicum)的种子萌发特性

连香树（Cercidiphyllum japonicum Sieb.et Zucc.）属第三纪孑遗植物,被列为国家二级保护植物,种群的自然更新困难。在实验室条件下研究了连香树种子萌发的生物学特性,以了解该种自然种群更新困难的原因和机制,为其有效保护提供理论依据。经测定,连香树种子千粒重为（0.5821&#177;0.0166）g,种子重量极轻且产量大。四唑染色法对种子生活力的测定表明有活力种子比率仅为19.8%&#177;1.3%。种子吸胀时吸水量达种子干重的482.13%&#177;8.54%。将种子划分为6种表面形态类型进行萌发实验,发现不同形态种子萌发率显著不同,大小适中的黄褐色饱满种子萌发率最高,可达91.25%&#177;2.36%。仅用饱满种子进行萌发实验,验证主要环境因子对种子萌发过程的影响,结果表明,以滤纸置床时萌发率高且有利于种子萌发整齐;种子表面可能存在促进种子萌发的物质;种子萌发对于湿度的响应最为明显,适宜的萌发湿度是20%～25%;萌发具有广泛的温度和光照适应性,除5℃萌发率降低外,10～30℃之间的萌发率无显著差异,随温度升高,萌发开始时间提前,萌发速率加快,幼苗活力指数增加;过弱光照不利于幼苗生长。种子萌发特性导致连香树种群自然更新困难的原因可能是：（1）虽然占有更多安全位,但小种子在竞争中处劣势;（2）生境片断化减少了种子产量也降低了种子质量;（3）较低温度条件下启动萌发有利于幼苗的物质积累,但增大了种群的风险;（4）林下光照不足使幼苗根茎生长严重失衡;（5）湿度依赖易造成爆发型萌发。     

Genotype and age effect on in vitro embryo rescue of bread wheat x hexaploid triticale hybrids

The in vitro embryo rescue response of hybrid embryos of different ages and sizes of 16 bread wheat x hexaploid triticale crosses was studied. Response was dependent on the parental wheat genotype. However, the triticale genotype did not seem to affect the response of in vitro embryo rescue. Optimum age of the embryo for better recovery of complete plantlets coincided with onset of the drying of hybrid caryopses in the field. Embryo size was positively correlated with embryo germination and recovery of plantlets and negatively correlated with callus development. The best embryo germination (55.55%) and plantlet recovery (50%) were recorded in the hybrid HD 2380 wheat x JNIT 173 triticale.     

四川大头茶地理种群种子大小变异及对萌发、幼苗特征的影响

研究了四川大头萘６个分布地,７个地理种群种子大小变异特征、种子萌发及幼苗发育特征。结果表明,种子大小地理变异,南方种群种子变异较大,北方种上对较小,云南文山的种子最大最重,广西阳塑最轻最小,且最重约为最轻的２～３倍,不同种群种子萌发率也存在差异。南方种子差异较大,北方种子差异较小,大种子普遍有较高萌发率。种子太小小对苗生长速率、苗高、生物量（鲜重）有明显影响。     

Mathematical description of the seed germination dependency on time and temperature

Abstract. A mathematical model which describes the germination percentage dependency on time and temperature of a seed population was derived from the experimental results with a seed population of Amaranthus patulus Bertol. under sub-optimal temperature conditions (Washitani & Takenaka, 1984). The equation of the model which is a modified thermal time model is where G is germination percentage at a certain time after the start of imbibition ( t ) at a certain temperature ( T ), μ _{T 1} and σ _{T 1} are the mean and standard deviation of lower limit temperature among the seeds belonging to the seed population, and Tb, m , and A are the parameters characterizing the linear relationship between the rate and temperature, namely, Tb is the base temperature, m , the median of the required thermal time and A , a parameter determining the pattern of the variation of the required thermal time within seed population, respectively. The equation yields time courses for germination which are very similar to those observed by experiment.     

不同发育时期小麦种子活力的变化及其对环境温度的响应

以济麦22和山农23号为试验材料,利用标准发芽试验法对不同年份小麦种子发育过程中的种子活力变化进行研究,分析环境温度对不同发育时期小麦种子活力变化的影响,为早期小麦种子的利用及高活力种子的生产提供参考依据.结果表明: 伴随着小麦种子发育,鲜种子在花后26 d左右出现发芽能力,之后其发芽率整体呈上升趋势;干种子发芽势、发芽率和发芽指数在花后5～8 d迅速升高,之后保持相对稳定,活力指数主要受到幼苗单株干质量的影响而持续升高,一般在完熟前4～6 d达到最大值;不同发育时期小麦干种子的田间种植及其后代种子的活力测定表明,济麦22花后17 d以后的干种子田间出苗较好,并可成穗结实,其后代种子的发芽率和活力指数在不同样品间无显著差异.环境温度对不同发育时期小麦种子活力变化的影响显著,小麦花后日平均温度均值、日最高气温均值以及日最低气温均值均高,且花后日温差均值大的年份,种子发育时间短、百粒重及种子活力达到最大值的时间较早;反之,发育时间较长、百粒重及种子活力达到最大值的时间较晚,但完熟期积温高,种子活力较高.     

品种、种子大小和施肥对冬小麦生物学特性的影响

试验设不同年代冬小麦品种、粒重、播种方式和施肥等4个因子,品种选用白芒麦（20世纪60年代）、咸农39（20世纪70-80年代）、小偃6号（20世纪90年代后期）、远丰998（近期）等不同年代的4个冬小麦品种,粒重分为2种截然不同重量的大粒和小粒,播种方式设小粒单播、大粒单播以及大小粒等比例混播等3种播种方式,施肥设不施肥（CK）、施氮（N）、施磷（P）和同时施氮磷（NP）等4种方式,共48个处理。以土垫旱耕人为土为供试土样,进行盆栽试验,研究不同品种、种子大小和施肥对冬小麦生物学特性的影响。结果表明,不同品种间、大小粒播种间、不同施肥间植株株高均存在极显著差异（p〈0.01）,且这些因子间存在显著的交互作用（p〈0.05）。品种间,苗期和越冬前以近期品种远丰998植株最高,灌浆期以早期品种白芒麦植株最高。株高稳定后以早期品种高,反映了育种的演变趋势。大小粒播种间,苗期和越冬前大粒株高均显著高于小粒株高,但灌浆期大小粒播种间株高差异基本消失,说明大粒种子植株在苗期生长具有一定优势。不同施肥处理间株高差异在苗期与越冬前表现一致,单施P和NP配施植株较高;灌浆期以NP配施植株株高明显高于其它施肥处理。不同品种、大小粒播种方式和施肥显著影响冬小麦分蘖和单株叶面积。白芒麦、咸农39和小偃6号的分蘖数基本一致,变化在4.37个/株-4.74个/株之间,远丰998最少,仅为2.95个/株;NP配施和施P能够显著增加分蘖数,其分蘖数几乎是不施肥（CK）和单施N的2倍;各品种大粒种子植株分蘖数均多于小粒种子植株。远丰998绿叶面积最大（45.72cm^2/单茎）,白芒麦最低（仅为26.97cm^2/单茎）;NP配施单株绿叶面积明显大于其它施肥处理。除远丰998大粒种子植株绿叶面积（50.42cm^2/单茎）显著大于小粒种子（41.01cm^2/单茎）外,其余品种大、小粒种子植株绿叶面积相当。就施肥处理而言,施肥对近期品种小粒种子株高、分蘖数和叶面积的促进作用相对较大,而对远期品种小粒种子植株的影响相对较小。     

不同温度条件下PEG模拟干旱胁迫对水杉种子萌发的影响

水杉原生种群天然更新极差,林下鲜见幼苗和幼树,种子萌发率低是造成天然更新困难的重要因素。为探究其种子萌发率低是否与水杉母树原生地春季低温有关,该文利用恒温培养箱设置3种恒温处理(15、20、25℃)和1种变温处理(12℃/12 h和24℃/12 h,每24 h交替),并设置5种不同浓度的聚乙二醇(PEG-6000,0、0.05、0.10、0.15、0.20 g·m L^-1)模拟干旱胁迫,来研究干旱胁迫对水杉种子萌发的影响。结果表明:(1)实验所设置的温度对水杉种子萌发无显著影响(P>0.05),变温条件下的水杉种子平均发芽率和发芽势均为最高,分别为46.75%和21.25%;(2)不同浓度的PEG-6000溶液对其种子萌发产生显著影响(P<0.05),水杉在15℃或25℃下,低浓度的PEG-6000溶液(0～0.10 g·m L^-1)对水杉种子的发芽势和发芽指数有促进作用,高浓度(>0.10 g·m L^-1)的PEG-6000溶液对水杉种子的萌发有抑制作用,且随着浓度的增大抑制作用也随之增强,直到浓度增...     

Effect of short‐duration high temperatures on weed seed germination

Thermal soil disinfestation techniques are effective reducers of weed seedbank and weed emergence. Two experiments (Expt 1 and Expt 2) were conducted to test the effect of brief exposure to varying temperatures on the seed germination of Amaranthus retroflexus, Echinochloa crus‐galli, Galinsoga quadriradiata, Portulaca oleracea, Setaria viridis and Solanum nigrum. To this end, species seeds were moistened with loamy‐sand soil and placed into test tubes. The tubes were heated rapidly and then cooled by dipping them into a hot water bath until target temperatures were achieved. Expt 1 temperatures ranged between 55°C and 85°C at 5°C intervals and Expt 2 ranged between 48°C and 86°C at 2°C intervals. Thereafter, the tubes were dipped into a cooling (1°C) water bath. Exposure to target temperatures ranged between 2 s and 5 s. Soil temperatures were monitored using embedded thermocouples. A log‐logistic dose–response model described the effect of heating on seed germinability; temperatures required for 99% reductions were calculated. On the basis of the predictive model equation used, weed species' germination sensitivity to high temperature exposure can be ranked as follows: E. crus‐galli (79.6°C), S. viridis (75.8°C), S. nigrum (74.6°C), P. oleracea (72.2°C), A. retroflexus (70.9°C) and G. quadriradiata (68.1°C). The interval between no effects to complete seed devitalisation occurred at temperatures varying from 6.5°C to 15.7°C. Seed size and weight varied directly with heat tolerance. Study results not only inform the timing and optimal adjustment for effective thermal soil treatment, but also demonstrate a relatively simple and generalizable methodology for use in other studies.     

种子特征和播种深度对辽东栎种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

该文在玻璃温室内的遮阴环境下,采用盆播方法研究了辽东栎种子特征(大小和种皮)和播种深度(0、3、6、10 cm)对种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响。结果表明:(1)辽东栎大种子萌发率、萌发速率、萌发值和萌发指数在所有播种深度均高于小种子。其中非去皮种子萌发率、萌发速率和萌发指数在0 cm播种深度的不同大小种子间差异显著,去皮种子所有萌发参数在6和10 cm播种深度的不同大小种子间均差异显著;去皮可促进大种子萌发,但抑制小种子萌发;不同大小种子所有萌发参数均在0 cm播种深度最大,在10cm播种深度最小。(2)不论有无种皮,大种子萌发幼苗的叶片数、单株叶面积、总干物质质量和根冠比在所有播种深度均大于小种子萌发幼苗;去皮种子萌发幼苗的株高、基径、叶片数、单株叶面积和总干物质质量在所有播种深度均不同程度地小于非去皮种子萌发幼苗,但前者根冠比在0、3、6 cm播种深度大于后者;随着播种深度增大,幼苗株高、叶片数、单株叶面积、总干物质质量和根冠比等生长参数均呈减小趋势,但基径随播种深度增大而增大。     

The effect of seed mass and gap size on seed fate of tropical rain forest tree species in guyana

Abstract: For eleven tree species, differing in seed mass, germination success (emergence success for two small-seeded species) and the causes of failure to germinate were studied in the forest understorey and in logging gaps in the tropical rain forests of Guyana. In the forest understorey, germination success increased with seed mass. However, as gap size increased the difference between smaller and larger seeded species diminished because germination success of smaller-seeded species increased slightly, while that of larger-seeded species decreased dramatically. The negative effect of gap size on germination success of larger-seeded species was caused by an increased risk of desiccation with gap size, which was a far more important seed mortality agent for larger than for smaller-seeded species. Generally, seeds of smaller-seeded species suffered more from insect predation and were removed at higher rates than larger-seeded species. On the other hand, larger-seeded species were eaten more by mammals than smaller-seeded species. It is concluded that logging can result in shifts in the species composition in the tropical rain forests of Guyana which are dominated by species with large seeds, since germination success of larger-seeded species is dramatically reduced in large logging gaps.     

The influence of temperature during seed development on the germination characteristics of millet seeds

Abstract. The cardinal temperatures, rate of germination and final percentage germination of pearl millet seeds were measured for seeds raised in greenhouses maintained at mean air temperatures of 19, 22, 25, 28 and 31°C. The results showed that cardinal temperatures for germination are unaffected by the temperature during seed development and growth. However, the conditions during seed growth did affect seed size and, subsequently, germination rate and seed viability.     

光照和温度对飞机草种子萌发的影响

通过在人工培养箱内模拟环境条件,探讨了不同光照和变温对飞机草种子萌发的影响。结果表明:在有光照状况下,飞机草种子在15℃/10℃～40℃/35℃条件下均能萌发,飞机草种子萌发的最适变温为30℃/25℃,萌发率达47.5%;而黑暗条件下,飞机草种子在15℃/10℃时不能萌发;在20℃/15℃～35℃/30℃范围内,温度越高,飞机草种子萌发高峰的出现时间越早;在15℃/10℃～30℃/25℃范围内,飞机草种子的萌发率随温度的升高而升高,超过30℃/25℃后,萌发率下降,而适当的光照有利于飞机草种子的萌发。飞机草成为入侵种并迅速扩散与其种子萌发对光照和温度的适应性密切相关。     

Predicted global warming scenarios impact on the mother plant to alter seed dormancy and germination behaviour in Arabidopsis

Abstract Seed characteristics are key components of plant fitness that are influenced by temperature in their maternal environment, and temperature will change with global warming. To study the effect of such temperature changes, Arabidopsis thaliana plants were grown to produce seeds along a uniquely designed polyethylene tunnel having a thermal gradient reflecting local global warming predictions. Plants therefore experienced the same variations in temperature and light conditions but different mean temperatures. A range of seed‐related plant fitness estimates were measured. There were dramatic non‐linear temperature effects on the germination behaviour in two contrasting ecotypes. Maternal temperatures lower than 15–16 °C resulted in significantly greater primary dormancy. In addition, the impact of nitrate in the growing media on dormancy was shown only by seeds produced below 15–16 °C. However, there were no consistent effects on seed yield, number, or size. Effects on germination behaviour were shown to be a species characteristic responding to temperature and not time of year. Elevating temperature above this critical value during seed development has the potential to dramatically alter the timing of subsequent seed germination and the proportion entering the soil seed bank. This has potential consequences for the whole plant life cycle and species fitness.     

逆境条件下小麦种子活力与种子萌发相关酶活性及其基因表达的关系

分析不同基因型小麦品种逆境萌发过程中种子萌发相关酶活性及基因表达差异,明确在逆境条件下,种子活力与种子萌发相关酶活性及基因表达量的关系.通过标准发芽试验和逆境(冷浸、人工老化、干旱胁迫)发芽试验,测定4个小麦品种种子活力、萌发过程中可溶性总糖和可溶性蛋白含量、α-淀粉酶活性、半胱氨酸蛋白酶活性及相关基因表达量.结果表明:干旱、人工老化和冷浸胁迫3种逆境对种子活力都有一定影响.不同萌发条件下,可溶性总糖含量呈现先小幅度升高后小幅度降低再迅速升高的趋势;而可溶性蛋白含量随着萌发时间的延长呈现逐渐下降的趋势.α-淀粉酶活性整体呈现逐渐升高的趋势,但在冷浸胁迫处理后,豫农949和轮选061的α-淀粉酶活性在萌发60 h后出现下降.半胱氨酸蛋白酶活性整体呈先降低后升高的趋势,但在干旱胁迫条件下,豫农949、豫麦49-198和轮选061的半胱氨酸蛋白酶活性呈现先升高后降低再升高的趋势.不同逆境萌发条件下,α-AMY(α-淀粉酶基因)表达量整体呈先上升后下降的趋势.冷浸胁迫处理后,轮选061的α-AMY表达量高于对照,在其他逆境萌发条件下,4个品种的α-AMY表达量均低于对照;人工老化处理后,长4738的CP(半胱氨酸蛋白酶基因)表达量与对照差异不显著,在其他逆境萌发条件下,4个品种的CP表达量均高于对照.种子萌发期间,不同萌发条件下α-淀粉酶和半胱氨酸蛋白酶活性与其基因表达并没有直接关系,α-淀粉酶活性与可溶性总糖含量达到显著正相关,半胱氨酸蛋白酶活性与可溶性蛋白含量的相关性不显著.在标准发芽条件下,α-淀粉酶活性与活力指数呈显著正相关,而在逆境萌发过程中,其相关性不显著.冷浸胁迫处理后,半胱氨酸蛋白酶活性与活力指数呈显著正相关,但在标准发芽、干旱胁迫、人工老化处理后,其相关性不显著.