明亮熊蜂的生物学特性及其授粉应用

明亮熊蜂Bombus lucorumL.是我国重要的授粉昆虫之一,该种熊蜂在北京地区1年1代,以蜂王休眠方式越冬。越冬蜂王4月中旬出蛰,2周以后开始产卵,5月下旬第1批工蜂开始出房,7月上旬工蜂数量达到150只左右,随后蜂群中出现雄蜂和蜂王,8~9月蜂王和雄蜂交配。10月上旬,天气逐渐变冷,交配后的蜂王开始在地下休眠越冬。在人工控制条件下可以打破蜂王的休眠期、实现1年多代繁育,提供设施农业授粉应用。     

熊蜂气管内寄生螨布赫纳蝗螨的生物学特性观察

对新疆与河北地区野生明亮熊蜂及小峰熊蜂蜂王内寄生螨布赫纳蝗螨Locustacarus buchneri的生物学特性进行了初步观察。结果表明： 该螨对两种熊蜂的寄生率分别为10.43%和8.3%,寄生部位为气管与气囊。室内饲养至30天的蜂王体内寄生螨量明显高于饲养至60天的蜂王。未被螨寄生的蜂王与被寄生者比较,前者体重显著高于后者,但二者间产卵始期、产卵率、食卵率和存活率差异不显著。     

款冬螟生物学特性观察

款冬螟Ostrintazealisvarialis（Bremer）是危害苍耳的主要害虫,幼虫蛀食叶脉、叶柄和秸秆。有关款冬螟的生物学特性,未见报道。199o年开始作者对该虫的生物学特性进行了观察。1形态特性成虫：雌蛾体长13mm,淡褐色,触角丝状,前翅三角形,翅长12mm,展翅29nun,赤黄色,有光泽;后翅淡黄色,腹部肥大,末端密生绒毛。雄蛾体长匕nun,淡黄色,触角丝状,前翅长13nun,展翅3OInm,翅面金黄色,亚前缘脉间褐色,翅基线褐色,中室有一肾状斑和一环状纹。后翅三角形,褐黄色,翅面有褐色点,外线线与亚外缘线锯齿状弯曲,腹部瘦尖。卵：块…     

苍耳杆野螟生物学特性的研究

苍耳杆野螟是寄生在苍耳上的1种重要药用昆虫。在湖南（常德）每年发生4代,以老熟幼虫（五龄）在苍耳茎杆蛀道内越冬。室内自然变温下（22．2～25．0℃）饲养,卵期为4．8天,幼虫期为23．6天,蛹期为见11．8天,成虫期为6．1天。每雌可产卵124～585粒,块产。一、二龄幼虫食叶,三龄后蛀茎。     

油茶象甲形态特征及生物学特性研究

油茶象甲Curculio chinensis Chevrolat是油茶的重要果实害虫,为害严重林分果实被害率高达79.3%。本文详细描述了该虫的形态特征;对其生物学特性进行了研究,结果表明该虫在广东省2年发生1代,以老熟幼虫在土内越过第1个冬天、以初羽化的成虫在土内越过第2个冬天,4月上中旬开始出土,5-6月为出土盛期。成虫栖息环境、产卵和油茶果实的生长发育有密切的关系,成虫无交配时多栖息在油茶嫩枝、嫩芽或油茶果实基部的枯萎花絮上,成虫交配盛期多被发现在油茶果实上;油茶果实一般以果皮厚度4.0-6.0 mm着卵量最多,林间每果一般只有1粒卵或1头幼虫。     

竹织叶野螟生物学特性与防治

竹织叶野螟是福建省近年发生较为严重的竹林食叶害虫,该虫在福建1年发生2代,以老熟幼虫在土茧中越冬。竹林间防治试验表明,应用40％乐果或50％甲胺磷10倍液进行竹腔注射,效果较好。重度发生的林分可用油烟机喷杀灭菊酯＋柴油烟雾防治,轻度发生林分可用白僵菌或苏云金杆菌进行防治。     

米缟螟的生物学特征

研究了米缟螟Aglossa dimidiata各虫态的生活习性、发育历期、存活率、年生活史、幼虫头宽分龄和成虫寿命,成虫产卵期分布及产卵量;低温对卵孵化率的影响,食料及其含水量对幼虫存活的影响等生物学特性。     

甘蓝薄翅螟的生物学特性

甘蓝薄翅螟Crocidolomia pavonana(Fabricius)是广西南宁新发现的一种蔬菜害虫。该虫在当地年发生13个世代,卵期2.5~6.5d,幼虫期8.0~13.0d,世代历期18~39.5d。整年均可发生为害,为害峰期在4~6月。主要寄主是甘蓝、白菜、芥菜、萝卜、油菜等。幼虫共4龄,以幼虫咬食寄主的叶片、嫩茎和花,老熟幼虫在土表下化蛹。     

印度辉蝽的生物学特性

<正> 印度辉蝽Carbula indica(Westwood)是喜马拉雅山地区的特有种。已知分布于西藏喜马拉雅山南麓海拔1600～3300m的亚东、聂拉     

Behavioral and reproductive effects of ultrasound on the Indian meal moth, Plodia interpunctella

The daily activity patterns of adult movement, female calling, and mating of the Indian meal moth, Plodia interpunctella (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), were examined both in the absence and presence of ultrasound. Moths were exposed to ultrasound from a commercial ultrasonic device (Cix 0600) that produces constant sound patterns, and from a device developed at Kansas State University (KSU device) that produces random sound patterns. Daily activity patterns of adult movement, female calling, and mating followed a similar trend in the absence or presence of ultrasound. Female calling and mating, both in the absence and presence of ultrasound, primarily occurred during scotophase (21.00–07.00 hours). Ultrasound from the two devices significantly reduced the frequency of female calling and mating relative to unexposed moths. Consequently, the number of spermatophores transferred by males to females and egg production were lower in females exposed to ultrasound compared with unexposed females. In the absence of ultrasound, female P. interpunctella mated 2.9 times, resulting in 2.8 spermatophores/female. In the presence of ultrasound from the Cix 0600 device, a female mated 2.1 times and had 1.7 spermatophores. Corresponding values for the KSU device were 1.9 and 1.4, respectively. In the absence of ultrasound, 78% of the matings lasted 30–90 min, whereas in the presence of ultrasound 45–58% of the matings lasted either less than 30 min or more than 90 min. Moths exposed to ultrasound laid 96–130 eggs female^?1 compared with 229 eggs female^?1 for unexposed moths. Ultrasound did not affect the pre‐oviposition period and adult longevity of P. interpunctella.     

The question of paternal investment in Lepidoptera: male-contributed proteins in Plodia interpunctella

In Plodia interpunctella, radioactive labelling techniques indicate that male-derived substances, transferred to the female during copulation, enter unfertilized eggs. These substances are proteinaceous and the cumulative amount of material entering the unfertilized eggs increases with time since mating. Following courtship, smaller males complete coupling with females at a lower frequency than larger males. Smaller males also transfer smaller (by weight) ejaculates than larger males. Ejaculate weight is about 4% of male body weight in P. interpunctella. However, neither fecundity nor the number of deposited eggs are a function of ejaculate weight. Consequently, ejaculate materials cannot be designated a form of paternal investment, despite the observed transfer to unfertilized eggs.     

Characterization of polymorphic microsatellite markers in the Indian meal moth,Plodia interpunctella (Hübner)

The Indian meal moth, Plodia interpunctella (Hübner), is a serious and widespread pest of stored food commodities worldwide. Studies on the population genetics and breeding structure of P. interpunctella are lacking. Understanding the breeding structure of this pest has implications for its management. Fifteen microsatellite loci were isolated, cloned and characterized using an enrichment method. Forty individuals from six subpopulations were tested for polymorphism. Nine loci were found to be polymorphic. The number of alleles varied from three to six per locus.     

Efficacy of an esfenvalerate plus methoprene aerosol for the control of eggs and fifth instars of Plodia interpunctella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

Abstract  Aerosol insecticides may provide an alternative to fumigants for control of the Indianmeal moth, Plodia interpunctella (Hübner), the Indianmeal moth, a major insect pest of stored processed food. In this study, eggs and larvae (5th instars) of P . interpunctella were exposed to aerosol applications of the pyrethroid esfenvalerate and insect growth regulator methoprene, alone and in combination, in open and obstructed positions inside small sheds. When larvae were exposed to methoprene alone, adult emergence from those exposed larvae was 7.1%± 1.5%. In contrast, adult emergence was 92.5%± 3.5% when larvae were exposed to esfenvalerate alone. When eggs were exposed to methoprene, adult emergence of those exposed eggs was approximately 75%; however, when eggs were exposed to esfenvalerate, adult emergence was approximately 35%. In the combination treatment of methoprene plus esfenvalerate at their respective label rates, adult emergence following larval exposure was 0.91%± 0.61% compared to 16.3%± 9.6% when eggs were exposed. Based on our results, methoprene alone is highly effective in reducing adult emergence after larval exposure. However, it is not as effective on eggs as esfenvalerate. A combination treatment of esfenvalerate plus methoprene could be used to control eggs and the wandering-phase larval stages of P . interpunctella . An economic risk analysis also supports a strategy of combining methoprene and esfenvalerate.     

中国明亮熊蜂复合种的分子鉴定及分布特性

【目的】为了探明中国境内明亮熊蜂复合种Bombus lucorum complex的物种组成及其分布特性。【方法】利用DNA条形码技术对来源于中国境内的明亮熊蜂复合种的223个标本进行了鉴定, 并根据鉴定结果分析了各物种的分布特性。【结果】中国境内明亮熊蜂复合种包括地熊蜂B. terrestris、 隐熊蜂B. cryptarum、 明亮熊蜂B. lucorum和长翅熊蜂B. longipennis。4种熊蜂共获得160条DNA条形码序列, 包含36个单倍型, 其中B. longipennis单倍型最多, 为14个; B. terrestris最少, 为3个。B. terrestris和B. lucorum亲缘关系最远, 其遗传距离为0.077; B. lucorum和B. longipennis亲缘关系最近, 其遗传距离为0.034。系统进化分析（贝叶斯法和最大似然法）表明, 4种熊蜂的分化先后顺序为B. terrestris, B. longipennis, B. lucorum和B. cryptarum。4种熊蜂的分布格局不同, 平均分布海拔高度由高到低的顺序依次为B. longipennis, B. cryptarum, B. lucorum和B. terrestris。B. longipennis发现于高海拔的青藏高原东部及南部地区, 而B. terrestris仅发现于低海拔的新疆西北部边界地带。【结论】本研究探明了中国境内明亮熊蜂复合种的分类地位及其分布特性, 为深入研究该类群的资源保护和农业授粉利用奠定了基础。     

Evidence for strong intralocus sexual conflict in the Indian meal moth, Plodia interpunctella

Males and females share a genome and express many shared phenotypic traits, which are often selected in opposite directions. This generates intralocus sexual conflict that may constrain trait evolution by preventing the sexes from reaching their optimal phenotype. Furthermore, if present across multiple loci, intralocus sexual conflict can result in a gender load that may diminish the benefits of sexual selection and help maintain genetic variation for fitness. Despite the importance of intralocus sexual conflict, surprisingly few empirical studies conclusively demonstrate its operation. We show that the pattern of multivariate selection acting on three sexually dimorphic life-history traits (development time, body size, and longevity) in the Indian meal moth, Plodia interpunctella, is opposing for the sexes. Moreover, we combined our estimates of selection with the additive genetic variance-covariance matrix (G) to predict the evolutionary response of the life-history traits in the sexes and showed that the angle between the vector of responses and the vector of sexually antagonistic selection was almost orthogonal at 84.70°. Thus, G biases the predicted response of life-history traits in the sexes away from the direction of sexually antagonistic selection, confirming the presence of strong intralocus sexual conflict in this species. Despite this, sexual dimorphism has evolved in all of the life-history traits examined suggesting that mechanism(s) have evolved to resolve this conflict and allow the sexes to reach their life-history optima. We argue that intralocus sexual conflict is likely to play an important role in the evolution of divergent life-history strategies between the sexes in this species.     

Repellent efficacy of essential oils and plant extracts against Tribolium castaneum and Plodia interpunctella

This study was conducted to investigate the repellent efficacy of essential oils (Origanum vulgare, Pimpinella anisum, and Tanacetum cinerariifolium) and four plant extracts (Agastache rugosa, Capsicum annuum, Citrus reticulata, and Ginkgo biloba) against Tribolium castaneum (adults and larvae) and Plodia interpunctella (larvae). Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis revealed the presence of carvacrol, anethole, and jasmolin I as the predominant constituent in O. vulgare, P. anisum, and T. cinerariifolium, respectively. Furthermore, ethyl hexopyranoside, 9,12‐octadecadienoic acid, cyclopentanol, and 2‐cresol were identified in A. rugosa, C. annuum, C. reticulata, and G. biloba, respectively. The repellent efficacy of each essential oil, plant extract, and the combination of oils was evaluated using a specially designed cylinder trap for 120 h. Among the three oils, O. vulgare and T. cinerariifolium had greatest repellent efficacy against P. interpunctella larvae. T. cinerariifolium exhibited effective repellence against the adults and larvae of T. castaneum. Therefore, O. vulgare (O) and T. cinerariifolium (T) were selected for further investigation of combined effects. Two essential oils were mixed in three different ratios of OT1 (1:3), OT2 (1:1), and OT3 (3:1). The repellent efficacies of OT1 and OT2 against the adults of T. castaneum were significantly greater than that of OT3. OT1 was effective against the larvae of T. castaneum, whereas OT2 was effective against the larvae of P. interpunctella. OT1 enhanced the repellent efficacy by approximately five times against larvae of T. castaneum, compared with that of T. cinerariifolium. Overall, OT1 was selected as the best repellent substance against all the tested insects.     

Controlling infestation of a chocolate factory by Plodia interpunctella by combining mating disruption and the parasitoid Habrobracon hebetor

A field experiment of 4 years’ duration was carried out to evaluate the efficacy of combining the mating disruption (MD) formulation Dismate ZETA ((9Z,12E)‐tetradecadienyl acetate), with the parasitoid Habrobracon hebetor against the Indianmeal moth Plodia interpunctella in a chocolate factory. The experimental period began early in 2011 and ended in late 2014. Begane Dismate dispensers were placed in the facility from 2011 to 2014 and H. hebetor was released in 2014. Pheromone‐baited traps were used to monitor the flight activity of the male moths and oviposition Petri dish traps were placed to assess the progeny production of P. interpunctella females. Following the start of MD, a decrease in the number of P. interpunctella males caught in monitoring traps was observed from 2011 to 2013. A further decline in the moth population was noted in 2014, when MD was combined with the release of parasitoids. The presence of larvae in the oviposition cups was occasionally observed throughout the monitoring period, from 2011 to 2014. This study demonstrates that the combined system of MD and parasitoids is an effective and reliable technique that can be used to successfully control P. interpunctella.