筛选生物转化H_2/CO_2气体产乙酸的同型产乙酸菌混培物

同型产乙酸菌是一类具有巨大工业应用潜力的微生物类群,可利用合成气生成乙醇和乙酸等燃料和化学品。本研究采集城市污泥样品利用Hungate滚管法进行同型产乙酸菌的筛选,并利用其进行H2/CO2气体的生物转化,研究了p H对其乙酸和乙醇生成情况的影响。结果表明,所获得的同型产乙酸菌混培物组成为永达尔梭菌,纺缍形赖氨酸芽胞杆菌和蜡样芽胞杆菌等。该混培物最适p H为5-7。p H为7时混培物利用H2/CO2气体得到乙酸浓度可达到31.69 mmol/L。本研究获得了一种可利用H2/CO2合成乙酸的同型产乙酸菌混培物,为合成气生物转化的工业应用提供了有效的微生物资源。     

不同生境微生物转化H_2/CO_2产乙酸及其在合成气发酵中应用（英文）

【目的】合成气发酵对大力开发可再生资源和促进国家可持续发展具有重要意义,研究旨在探究不同生境微生物转化H_2/CO_2产乙酸及其合成气发酵的潜力。【方法】采集剩余污泥、牛粪、产甲烷污泥和河道底物样品在中温(37°C)条件下生物转化H_2/CO_2气体,将来源于牛粪样品的H_2/CO_2转化富集物用于合成气发酵,通过454高通量技术和定量PCR技术分析复杂微生物群落的组成,GC气相色谱法检测气体转化产生的挥发性脂肪酸(VFAs)浓度。【结果】牛粪和剩余污泥微生物利用H_2/CO_2气体生成乙酸、乙醇和丁酸等,最高乙酸浓度分别为63 mmol/L和40 mmol/L,明显高于河道底物和产甲烷污泥样品的最高乙酸浓度3 mmol/L和16 mmol/L。牛粪和剩余污泥微生物中含有种类多样化的同型产乙酸菌,剩余污泥中同型产乙酸菌主要为Clostridium spp.、Sporomusa malonica和Acetoanaerobium noterae,牛粪中则为Clostridium spp.、Treponema azotonutricium和Oxobacter pfennigii。【结论】同型产乙酸菌的丰富度和数量两个因素都对复杂微生物群落转化H_2/CO_2产乙酸效率至关重要;转化H_2/CO_2得到的富集物可用于合成气发酵产乙酸和乙醇,这为基于混合培养技术的合成气发酵提供了依据。     

碳一气体生物转化中的产乙酸菌改造与发酵工艺优化

当前的线性经济发展模式依赖化石能源且增加二氧化碳的排放,加剧全球变暖和环境污染。因此,亟需开发碳捕获和利用的技术,建立循环经济。利用产乙酸菌进行碳一气体(一氧化碳和二氧化碳)转化是一项前景广阔的技术,具有较高的碳源灵活性和产物选择性,能够合成多种化学品和燃料。本文聚焦产乙酸菌在碳一气体转化过程中的生理代谢机制、遗传和代谢工程改造、发酵工艺优化以及提升碳原子经济性等方面的研究进展,以期为产乙酸菌气体发酵的工业规模放大及“负碳”生产提供参考。     

污泥厌氧消化产酸发酵过程中乙酸累积机制

[目的]研究污泥厌氧消化产挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)过程中的有机物碳流的转化机制,阐明乙酸累积机理。[方法]研究溴乙烷磺酸盐(BES)和氯仿(CHCl3)抑制模型下中间代谢产物和气体的累积,检测各产乙酸功能菌群数量,推断污泥产酸发酵过程中的有机物碳流方向和乙酸累积机理。[结果]BES模型乙酸浓度达27 mmol/L,fhs基因拷贝数比对照组高2-3倍,产氢产乙酸菌略有下降。CHCl3模型乙酸浓度达22 mmol/L,fhs基因拷贝数比BES组低一个数量级,产氢产乙酸菌下降明显。[结论]BES特异性较高,除产甲烷菌外对其他厌氧产酸细菌没有影响,乙酸浓度增加并且其主要来源于水解发酵产酸以及同型产乙酸过程。氯仿除抑制产甲烷菌外,对同型乙酸菌和产氢产乙酸菌也有强烈的抑制作用。     

LI-6262 CO2/H2O分析仪接气室法在草原群落蒸散量与CO2交换量测定中的应用

植物群落蒸散量和CO2交换量的测定方法多种多样.该文以水分、CO2动态的区域性整合为目标,开创了一种新的、同时测定群落蒸散量和CO2交换量的方法--LI-6262 CO2/H2O分析仪接气室法.借助这种方法测定了内蒙古锡林河流域典型草原区群落蒸散量和CO2交换量,取得了较好的结果.该方法将群落的重要生态过程:蒸散与光合、呼吸作用的测定联系起来,也因此得到一系列表征群落特性的有用指标;同时该方法具有精度高、简便易携带、适于野外操作等特点,经进一步改进后可广泛用于草原、沙地及湿地植物群落的气体通量测定.对于精确研究草原区各种植物群落类型的水分利用、光合和呼吸特性及草原区植被在全球气候变化中的地位和作用等有重要的实用价值.     

去势大鼠阴茎海绵体内CSE/H2S与HO-2/CO的交叉调控作用

摘要：目的 观察去势大鼠阴茎海绵体胱硫醚γ裂解酶（cystathionine-γ-lyase,CSE）/硫化氢（Hydrogen sulphide,H2S）与血红素加氧酶2（heme oxygenase,HO-2）/一氧化碳（carbon monoxide,CO）的交叉调控作用,初步探讨勃起功能障碍的发病机制。方法 雄性SD大鼠制备去势大鼠模型,分别施加锌原卟啉（ZnPP,HO阻断剂）和炔丙基甘氨酸（PAG,CSE阻断剂）干预,检测基础条件下和阿扑吗啡（Apomorphine,APO）刺激后的海绵体内压（Intracavernous pressure,ICP）和勃起率;通过Western-blot、敏感硫电极和分光光度计分别检测大鼠勃起不同时期ZnPP（HO阻断剂)对CSE/H2S系统的影响,PAG（CSE阻断剂）对HO-2/CO系统的影响。结果 基础条件和APO刺激后去势组、去势PAG组和ZnPP组与假手术组比较,ICP和勃起率下降（P<0.01）,且去势PAG组和ZnPP组较去势组ICP明显下降（P<0.01）;阿朴吗啡刺激勃起前和勃起中,去势组和去势Znpp（HO阻断剂）组较假手术组CSE蛋白表达和H2S含量下降（P<0.05）,且勃起中去势Znpp组较去势组CSE蛋白表达和H2S含量明显降低（P<0.05）;勃起后去势组和去势Znpp（HO阻断剂）组较假手术组H2S含量下降（P<0.01）。勃起前和勃起中去势组和去势PAG（CSE阻断剂）组较假手术组HO-2蛋白表达和CO含量下降（P<0.05）,且勃起中去势PAG组较去势组HO-2蛋白表达和CO含量明显降低（P<0.05）;勃起后去势组和去势PAG（CSE阻断剂）组较假手术组CO含量下降（P<0.01）。勃起前、勃起中和勃起后,CSE和HO-2蛋白表达分别呈正相关（r=0.732,0.850和0.727）,H2S和CO水平分别呈正相关（r=0.765,0.912和0.929）。结论 CSE/H2S与HO-2/CO交叉调控作用与去势大鼠勃起功能障碍有关。     

LI-6262CO2／H2O分析仪接气室法在草原群落蒸散量与CO2交换量测定中的应用

植物群落蒸散量和CO2交换量的测定方法多种多样。该文以水分、CO2动态的区域性整合为目标,开创了一种新的、同时测定群落蒸散量和CO2交换量的方法——LI—6262CO2／H2O分析仪接气窒法。借助这种方法测定了内蒙古锡林河流域典型草原区群落蒸散量和CO2交换量,取得了较好的结果。该方法将群落的重要生态过程2蒸散与光合、呼吸作用的测定联系起来,也因此得到一系列表征群落特性的有用指标;同时该方法具有精度高、简便易携带、适于野外操作等特点,经进一步改进后可广泛用于草原、沙地及湿地植物群落的气体通量测定。对于精确研究草原区各种植物群落类型的水分利用、光合和呼吸特性及草原区植被在全球气候变化中的地位和作用等有重要的实用价值。     

氧载体、表面活性剂及H2O2对L-phe发酵影响的研究

用添加氧载体(油酸、豆油)、表面活性剂(Triton-X100)及H2O2的方法,改善L-苯丙氨酸发酵体系中的氧传递速率,以提高苯丙氨酸的产量。实验结果表明,在发酵0h添加1%的豆油、3%的油酸均可使产酸提高,分别可以使L-phe产量提高21.1%和39.5%;发酵0h同时加入3%油酸和0.05%Triton-X100时,提高产量78.95%;发酵12h添加0.075%H2O2,可以提高产苯丙氨酸产量18.42%。     

高温蛋白质降解菌的筛选及其在鸡粪发酵中的应用

目的:本研究通过对高温蛋白质降解菌的富集培养、筛选与分离,旨在为鸡粪资源的合理利用,生产高质量的有机肥料奠定基础。方法:通过在高温条件下对高效降解蛋白质的高温菌种进行富集培养、纯化与分离。结果:分离得到24株高温高效降解蛋白质菌株,经鉴定其分别属于短短芽孢杆菌属(Brevibacillus spp.)、嗜热芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus spp.)、假黄单孢菌(Pseudoxanthomonas spp.)等8种菌属。将制备的复合菌液接种于鸡粪中发现,实验组升温速率明显快于对照组,在发酵后16 h左右到达高温阶段,比空白组提前将近8 h,且加入耐高温蛋白质降解菌的FJ3组,高温期比空白组延长24 h左右,持续时间长达56 h;发酵过程pH值比空白组下降较快,pH值最低到5.5左右;物料的含水率从65%降至20%左右,N、P、K等营养元素所占比例有所增加,且发酵产物质地松散、柔软,带有较浓的酸香味。结论:实验表明添加外源高温降解蛋白质菌株,能够减少鸡粪发酵产生的恶臭,活化养分,提高堆肥效果,对鸡粪便的处理有重要意义。     

有关微生物固定CO2技术及其应用探索

本文首先介绍了固定CO2的意义及方法,然后分析了微生物固定CO2技术流程,接下来阐述了微生物种群及生物反应器类型,最后重点讨论了微生物固定CO2的应用(以微型藻类在CO2吸收与资源化中的应用为例),以期为同行提供有益借鉴与参考。     

Enrichment of homoacetogens converting H2/CO2 into acids and ethanol and simultaneous methane production

An anaerobic granular sludge was enriched to utilize H₂/CO₂ in a continuous gas-fed up-flow anaerobic sludge reactor by applying operating conditions expected to produce acetic acid, butyric acid, and ethanol. Three stages of fermentation were found: Stage I with acetic acid accumulation with the highest concentration of 35 mM along with a pH decrease from initial 6 to 4.5. In Stage II, H₂/CO₂ was replaced by 100% H₂ to induce solventogenesis, whereas butyric acid was produced with the highest concentration of 2.5 mM. At stage III with 10 µM tungsten (W) addition, iso-valeric acid, valeric acid, and caproic acid were produced at pH 4.5–5.0. In the batch tests inoculated with the enriched sludge taken from the bioreactor (day 70), however, methane production occurred at pH 6. Exogenous 15 mM acetate addition enhanced both the H₂ and CO₂ consumption rate compared to exogenous 10, 30, and 45 mM acetate by the enriched sludge. Exogenous acetate was failed to be converted to ethanol using H₂ as electron donor by the enriched acetogens.     

H2 production by mixed cultures

Production of H₂ from glucose by an anoxygenic phototrophic bacterium (Rhodobacter sphaeroides), a cyanobacterium (Synechococcus cedrorum) and a heterotrophic bacterium (Pseudomonas fluorescens) was tested individually and in mixed cultures of various combinations in light. H₂ production was maximal with a mixed culture of R. sphaeroides and P. fluorescens, which could be further enhanced by immobilization of the bacteria in alginate gel. Inhibition of H₂ photoproduction was observed in a mixture of S. cedrorum and P. fluorescens and a co-culture of all the three organisms.Ch. Sasikala and Ch. V. Ramana are and G. S. Prasad was with the Microbial Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Osmania University, Hyderabad-500 007, India. G. S. Prasad is now with the Microbial Type Culture Collection Centre (MTCC), IMTECH, Chandigar, India.     

Electricity generation from synthesis gas by microbial processes: CO fermentation and microbial fuel cell technology

A microbiological process was established to harvest electricity from the carbon monoxide (CO). A CO fermenter was enriched with CO as the sole carbon source. The DGGE/DNA sequencing results showed that Acetobacterium spp. were enriched from the anaerobic digester fluid. After the fermenter was operated under continuous mode, the products were then continuously fed to the microbial fuel cell (MFC) to generate electricity. Even though the conversion yield was quite low, this study proved that synthesis gas (syn-gas) can be converted to electricity with the aid of microbes that do not possess the drawbacks of metal catalysts of conventional methods.     

A new H2 / CO2-using acetogenic bacterium from the rumen: Description of Ruminococcus schinkii sp. nov.

Abstract Two strains of H2 / CO2-using acetogenic bacteria were isolated from the rumen of suckling lambs. Both strains displayed a coccobacillar morphology and possessed a Gram-positive type cell wall. Numerous organic substrates, including some O-methylated aromatic compounds, were used heterotrophically. 16S rRNA gene sequencing demonstrated that the two acetogenic isolates were phylogenetically identical and represent a new subline within Clostridium cluster XIVa. Based on phenotypic and phylogenetic considerations a new species, Ruminococcus schinkii sp. nov., is proposed.     

The relationship between instability of H2 production and compositions of bacterial communities within a dark fermentation fluidized-bed bioreactor

Microbial community composition dynamics was studied during H(2) fermentation from glucose in a fluidized-bed bioreactor (FBR) aiming at obtaining insight into the H(2) fermentation microbiology and factors resulting in the instability of biofilm processes. FBR H(2) production performance was characterised by an instable pattern of prompt onset of H(2) production followed by rapid decrease. Gradual enrichment of organisms increased the diversity of FBR attached and suspended-growth phase bacterial communities during the operation. FBR bacteria included potential H(2) producers, H(2) consumers and neither H(2) producers nor consumers, and those distantly related to any known organisms. The prompt onset of H(2) production was due to rapid growth of Clostridium butyricum (99-100%) affiliated strains after starting continuous feed. The proportion trend of C. butyricum in FBR attached and suspended-growth phase communities coincided with H(2) and butyrate production. High glucose loading rate favoured the H(2) production by Escherichia coli (100%) affiliated strain. Decrease in H(2) production, associated with a shift from acetate-butyrate to acetate-propionate production, was due to changes in FBR attached and suspended-growth phase bacterial community compositions. During the shift, organisms, including potential propionate producers, were enriched in the communities while the proportion trend of C. butyricum decreased. We suggest that the instability of H(2) fermentation in biofilm reactors is due to enrichment and efficient adhesion of H(2) consumers on the carrier and, therefore, biofilm reactors may not favour mesophilic H(2) fermentation.     

Mevalonate production by engineered acetogen biocatalyst during continuous fermentation of syngas or CO2/H2 blend

Naturally mevalonate-resistant acetogen Clostridium sp. MT1243 produced only 425 mM acetate during syngas fermentation. Using Clostridium sp. MT1243 we engineered biocatalyst selectively producing mevalonate from synthesis gas or CO₂/H₂ blend. Acetate production and spore formation were eliminated from Clostridium sp. MT1243 using Cre-lox66/lox71-system. Cell energy released via elimination of phosphotransacetylase, acetate kinase and early stage sporulation genes powered mevalonate accumulation in fermentation broth due to expression of synthetic thiolase, HMG-synthase, and HMG-reductase, three copies of each, integrated using Tn7-approach. Recombinants produced 145 mM mevalonate in five independent single-step fermentation runs 25 days each in five repeats using syngas blend 60 % CO and 40 % H₂ (v/v) (p < 0.005). Mevalonate production was 97 mM if only CO₂/H₂ blend was fed instead of syngas (p < 0.005). Mevalonate from CO₂/H₂ blend might serve as a commercial route to mitigate global warming in proportion to CO₂ fermentation scale worldwide.     

Ruminococcus hydrogenotrophicus sp. nov., a new H2/CO2-utilizing acetogenic bacterium isolated from human feces

A new H₂/CO₂-utilizing acetogenic bacterium was isolated from the feces of a non-methane-excreting human subject. The two strains S5a33 and S5a36 were strictly anaerobic, gram-positive, non-sporulating coccobacilli. The isolates grew autotrophically by metabolizing H₂/CO₂ to form acetate as sole metabolite and were also able to grow heterotrophically on a variety of organic compounds. The major end product of glucose and fructose fermentation was acetate; the strains also formed ethanol, lactate and, to a lesser extent, isobutyrate and isovalerate. The G+C content of DNA of strain S5a33 was 45.2 mol%. 16S rRNA gene sequencing demonstrated that the two acetogenic isolates were phylogenetically identical and represent a new subline within Clostridium cluster XIVa. Based on phenotypic and phylogenetic considerations, a new species, Ruminococcus hydrogenotrophicus, is proposed. The type strain of R. hydrogenotrophicus is S5a33 (DSM 10507). Furthermore, H₂/CO₂ acetogenesis appeared to be a common property of most of the species phylogenetically closely related to strain S5a33 (Clostridium coccoides, Ruminococcus hansenii, and Ruminococcus productus). Received: 11 April 1996 / Accepted: 11 June 1996     

Enhanced hydrogen and 1,3‐propanediol production from glycerol by fermentation using mixed cultures

The conversion of glycerol into high value products, such as hydrogen gas and 1,3‐propanediol (PD), was examined using anaerobic fermentation with heat‐treated mixed cultures. Glycerol fermentation produced 0.28 mol‐H₂/mol‐glycerol (72 mL‐H₂/g‐COD) and 0.69 mol‐PD/mol‐glycerol. Glucose fermentation using the same mixed cultures produced more hydrogen gas (1.06 mol‐H₂/mol‐glucose) but no PD. Changing the source of inoculum affected gas production likely due to prior acclimation of bacteria to this type of substrate. Fermentation of the glycerol produced from biodiesel fuel production (70% glycerol content) produced 0.31 mol‐H₂/mol‐glycerol (43 mL H₂/g‐COD) and 0.59 mol‐PD/mol‐glycerol. These are the highest yields yet reported for both hydrogen and 1,3‐propanediol production from pure glycerol and the glycerol byproduct from biodiesel fuel production by fermentation using mixed cultures. These results demonstrate that production of biodiesel can be combined with production of hydrogen and 1,3‐propanediol for maximum utilization of resources and minimization of waste. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2009; 104: 1098–1106. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.