常见水稻病虫害胁迫对转cry1C基因抗虫水稻Bt蛋白表达量的影响

【目的】明确转Bt基因抗虫水稻在病虫害胁迫下对Bt蛋白表达量的影响。【方法】以Bt水稻T1C-19(表达Cry1C蛋白)为研究对象,探究褐飞虱、白叶枯病等6种水稻常见病虫害胁迫下其体内Bt蛋白的表达量变化。【结果】褐飞虱取食引起T1C-19水稻叶片中Bt蛋白含量降低,而黑尾叶蝉取食显著降低了T1C-19水稻叶鞘中的Bt蛋白含量,白叶枯病侵染导致Bt水稻叶鞘中的Bt蛋白含量显著上升。二化螟、水稻普通矮缩病、稻瘟病的胁迫对转基因水稻T1C-19叶片和叶鞘中的Bt蛋白含量均无显著影响。【结论】病虫害胁迫因种类不同对Bt水稻中Bt蛋白表达量的影响有所不同。这将为Bt水稻的抗虫效果评价提供数据基础,同时为Bt水稻病虫害综合治理提供科学依据。     

氮肥促进Bt水稻和非Bt水稻上溴氰菊酯诱导的褐飞虱再猖獗能力

【目的】褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugnes是Bt水稻上重要的非靶标害虫之一,多种药剂会引起褐飞虱的再猖獗。本研究旨在探究氮肥使用下Bt水稻上褐飞虱对农药的生态适应性和再猖獗能力。【方法】取Bt水稻T1C-19(含cry1C*基因)和T2A-1(含cry2A*基因)稻苗分别施以0,100和250kg N/hm~2的氮肥,用不同浓度溴氰菊酯(0,1,3和6 mg/L)喷雾处理其上饲养的褐飞虱,分析氮肥处理的Bt水稻上褐飞虱对农药的生态适应性指标(若虫发育历期、若虫存活率、雌成虫体重、单雌产卵量和卵孵化率)。【结果】高浓度溴氰菊酯(6 mg/L)处理下褐飞虱的若虫存活率显著低于未处理组,而单雌产卵量则高于未处理组。方差分析表明,氮肥与溴氰菊酯相互作用可以显著影响褐飞虱的若虫存活率、雌成虫体重、单雌产卵量和卵孵化率。在0 kg N/hm~2处理下,溴氰菊酯处理对褐飞虱的产卵量无显著影响。在100和250 kg N/hm~2处理稻株上褐飞虱产卵量随着溴氰菊酯浓度的升高而增加。随着氮肥施用量的增加,褐飞虱若虫历期缩短,雌成虫体重增加,产卵量增加,褐飞虱若虫孵化率和存活率增高。相同氮肥施用量、溴氰菊酯同一浓度处理条件下,Bt水稻和常规水稻相比对褐飞虱的若虫发育历期、产卵量、卵孵化率和存活率均无显著影响。【结论】本研究结果表明,氮肥可以促进Bt水稻和非Bt水稻上溴氰菊酯诱导的褐飞虱再猖獗。     

Cry1Ab杀虫蛋白在水稻-褐飞虱-拟水狼蛛食物链中转移与富集

采用ELISA方法检测了2个转cry1Ab基因水稻（Bt水稻）品系KMD1和KMD2不同生育期叶鞘内Cry1Ab杀虫蛋白的含量及其通过褐飞虱和拟水狼蛛的转移和富集情况。结果表明,这2个品系中抽穗期和黄熟期叶鞘内Cry1Ab的含量均显著低于苗期、分蘖期和孕穗期,KMD1和KMD2中Cry1Ab杀虫蛋白可以通过食物链转移到Bt水稻非靶标害虫褐飞虱及其天敌拟水狼蛛体内。褐飞虱在KMD1或KMD2上取食2 d后,体内均含有Cry1Ab杀虫蛋白,但连续取食2、4、6、8和10 d后,其体内含量并未因取食时间的延长而呈现明显增加的趋势。当拟水狼蛛捕食以KMD1或KMD2为食的褐飞虱时,在捕食2、4、6、8和10 d后,其体内均可检测到Cry1Ab杀虫蛋白,其含量并未随捕食时间的延长而明显上升,但均显著高于相应时间褐飞虱体内的含量。可见,该蛋白可通过水稻转移至褐飞虱,再转移至拟水狼蛛,并存在明显的富集现象,而这种富集并不随蜘蛛捕食时间的延长而加强。拟水狼蛛捕食以KMD1或KMD2为食的褐飞虱时,其捕食量未受到显著影响,其中肠酶粗提物对Cry1Ab杀虫蛋白具有明显的降解作用。     

褐飞虱成虫不同密度和取食时长胁迫下水稻植株的生理生化响应

【目的】探索褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens不同密度与取食时长胁迫下水稻植株生理生化响应。【方法】在褐飞虱成虫3个密度(2,4和8头/株)与4个取食时长(6, 24, 48和96 h)的组合处理后，应用生物化学分析方法检测水稻植株中叶绿素(chlorophyll, Chl)与总蛋白(total protein, TP)含量，脂氧合酶(lipoxygenase, LOX)、总超氧化物歧化酶(total superoxide dismutase, T-SOD)、过氧化物酶(peroxidase, POD)与多酚氧化酶(polyphenol oxidase, PPO)活性。【结果】与对照组(未接种褐飞虱成虫)相比，取食6 h时，低密度(2头/株)褐飞虱成虫引起水稻植株中Chl含量显著降低，TP含量和PPO活性显著升高；高密度(8头/株)褐飞虱成虫引起水稻植株中Chlb和总Chl含量、TP含量及LOX和POD活性显著升高。与对照组相比，取食24 h时，低密度褐飞虱成虫引起水稻植株中Chl含量和PPO活性显著降低，LOX, T-SOD和POD活性显著升高，高密度褐飞虱成虫引起水稻植株中...     

外源海藻糖对水稻生理生化及褐飞虱抗性的影响

【目的】海藻糖参与植物对逆境胁迫的响应与适应过程,本文旨在明确海藻糖对水稻生理生化特性及抗褐飞虱影响,将有助于全面探索海藻糖对水稻的潜在作用,为后续研究提供参考和依据。【方法】本实验在外施10 mmol·L~(-1)和50 mmol·L~(-1)浓度的海藻糖后,测定水稻超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性,丙二醛(MDA)和可溶性糖含量,褐飞虱取食后植株功能损失系数(FPLI)及利用刺吸电位技术(EPG)研究褐飞虱的取食行为。【结果】外施10 mmol·L~(-1)和50 mmol·L~(-1)浓度的海藻糖后,POD活性和可溶性糖含量显著上升,MDA含量显著下降,并且显著提高了水稻植株的功能损失指数,EPG结果发现海藻糖处理明显增加了N4波的持续时间。【结论】适量的海藻糖改善水稻抗非生物胁迫的能力,但并不有利于对褐飞虱抗性的提高。     

转Bt基因水稻“赣绿1号”对非靶标害虫褐飞虱取食、产卵行为及生长发育的影响

【目的】研究转cry1Ab/Ac基因水稻"赣绿1号"对非靶标害虫褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens的潜在影响。【方法】采用标准苗期集团筛选法研究"赣绿1号"对褐飞虱的抗性;利用取食和产卵选择性研究"赣绿1号"对褐飞虱取食、产卵行为的影响;用"赣绿1号"连续饲养褐飞虱5代,研究对褐飞虱生长发育(若虫发育历期、成虫体重)和繁殖(孵化子代若虫数量)的影响。【结果】"赣绿1号"与非转基因亲本对褐飞虱均表现为中抗;褐飞虱于"赣绿1号"上取食、产卵选择与非转基因亲本均无显著差异;除取食"赣绿1号"第2代褐飞虱第3龄龄期显著短于取食非转基因亲本水稻的褐飞虱外,第2代和第5代若虫各龄龄期均无显著差异,褐飞虱雌雄成虫体重和孵化若虫数均无显著差异。【结论】与对照水稻相比,转Bt基因水稻"赣绿1号"对非靶标害虫褐飞虱的苗期抗性、取食、产卵行为及生长发育等无明显的不利影响。     

虫害诱导抗性水稻挥发物增强邻近感性水稻品种对褐飞虱的直接和间接抗性

【目的】褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens是为害水稻的重要害虫。本研究旨在明确褐飞虱为害诱导的抗性水稻品种(IR64, ASD7和IR56)挥发物对感性品种TN1抗虫性的影响,为褐飞虱的绿色生态防控提供理论和技术指导。【方法】以水稻-褐飞虱-稻虱缨小蜂Anagrus nilaparvatae为研究对象,利用未被为害和经褐飞虱雌成虫为害(褐飞虱为害诱导)的水稻(IR64, ASD7, IR56和TN1)挥发物处理TN1植株,测定TN1植株上褐飞虱单雌产卵量和单雌蜜露分泌量、若虫存活率和卵孵化率;分别利用H型嗅觉仪和Y型嗅觉仪测定褐飞虱雌成虫和稻虱缨小蜂对上述不同处理TN1植株的选择性。【结果】褐飞虱为害诱导的抗性水稻挥发物处理TN1植株后均可降低褐飞虱单雌产卵量,而未被为害的抗性水稻挥发物处理后不影响褐飞虱单雌产卵量。健康TN1植株经褐飞虱为害诱导的IR64挥发物处理后可降低单雌蜜露分泌量,但对卵孵化率和若虫存活率无影响;同时还降低对褐飞虱的引诱作用,而增强对稻虱缨小蜂的引诱作用。且健康TN1植株经褐飞虱为害IR64和TN1诱导的挥发物处理后,其挥发物组分中仅2-庚酮的相对含量发...     

转Bt基因及其亲本水稻上褐飞虱对三唑磷和溴氰菊酯的反应

以转Bt基因抗虫水稻T1C-19(含cry1C基因)和T2A-1(含cry2A基因)及其亲本水稻MH63为材料,用20和40 mg·L^-1的三唑磷以及1、3和6 mg·L^-1的溴氰菊酯喷雾分别处理稻株上的3龄褐飞虱若虫,研究了两种农药对转Bt基因抗虫水稻上褐飞虱再猖獗的影响.结果表明： 三唑磷处理对褐飞虱的若虫历期无显著性影响,溴氰菊酯则能显著降低若虫历期,但随着两种药剂处理浓度的升高,若虫的存活率降低、成虫的产卵量增加.在同一浓度农药药剂处理下,3个水稻品种上的褐飞虱若虫发育历期、若虫存活率、初羽雌成虫体质量、产卵量和卵孵化率等生态学参数均没有显著差异.表明褐飞虱在两种转Bt水稻上对三唑磷和溴氰菊酯诱导再猖獗的反应能力与其亲本水稻MH63没有差异.     

Bt水稻对青翅蚁形隐翅虫存活及捕食功能的影响

【目的】以稻田中重要捕食性天敌青翅蚁形隐翅虫Paederus fuscipes Curtis为研究对象,探讨在室内条件下青翅蚁形隐翅虫取食转Bt基因水稻上的褐飞虱后对其存活率和捕食功能的影响。【方法】在室内条件下,取食通过用一直取食转Bt水稻的褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens(St?l)来饲养青翅蚁形隐翅虫,在第7、14、21、28天调查其成活率,研究转Bt水稻对青翅蚁形隐翅虫生长的影响。通过设置不同的猎物密度和捕食者密度,研究转Bt水稻对青翅蚁形隐翅虫成虫捕食功能的影响。【结果】室内条件下,转Bt水稻对青翅蚁形隐翅虫的存活率无明显影响。在试验褐飞虱密度下,转Bt基因水稻对青翅蚁形隐翅虫对褐飞虱的捕食量无显著影响,且捕食作用方程可用HollingⅡ模型拟合,理论方程为Na=1.3421N/(1+0.0887N)。瞬时攻击率a′和平均处理时间Th无显著差异,同时,转Bt基因水稻对青翅蚁形隐翅虫的捕食干扰反应无显著影响。【结论】转Bt基因水稻对供试天敌昆虫青翅蚁形隐翅虫存活率和捕食功能无明显影响。     

诱导水稻抗褐飞虱的化学激发子筛选

【目的】化学激发子具有毒性低、不易产生抗药性等特点,因此开发基于化学激发子的害虫防控技术,能够降低农药的使用量,促进农业生产的可持续发展。本研究旨在筛选能够诱导水稻产生对褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens抗性的化学激发子。【方法】将茉莉酸(JA)、茉莉酸甲酯(MeJA)、水杨酸(SA)、水杨酸甲酯(MeSA)、油菜素内酯(BR)、苯甲酸苄酯(BB)、独脚金内酯(SLs)、萘乙酸(NAA)、吲哚丁酸(IBA)、草酸钠(SO)、硅酸钾(PS)和叶枯唑(Bis)12种化合物以根吸或叶鞘涂抹处理水稻,测定这些化合物处理水稻后褐飞虱的卵孵化率和24 h总产卵量。【结果】12种候选化合物中,仅茉莉酸甲酯、油菜素内酯和苯甲酸苄酯对褐飞虱卵孵化率和24 h总产卵量有显著影响。5 mg/L MeJA根吸处理水稻使褐飞虱的卵孵化率显著降低(达58.8%,降低了20.1%),而0.5 mg MeJA叶鞘涂抹处理水稻同时降低了褐飞虱的卵孵化率(达53.3%,降低了35.4%)和24 h总产卵量(达203.5粒/株,降低了15.6%),且其涂抹的浓度越高,褐飞虱的卵孵化率和24 h总产卵量越低。5 mg/L BR根吸处理水稻可以显著降低褐飞虱的卵孵化率(达59.5%,降低了22.1%),但是不影响褐飞虱的24 h总产卵量;褐飞虱的卵孵化率随BR处理浓度增高而降低,其浓度为20 mg/L时,褐飞虱的卵孵化率下降了41.8%。5 mg/L BB根吸处理水稻可以显著降低褐飞虱的24 h总产卵量(达100.3粒/株,降低了26.2%)。体外试验结果表明,MeJA和BR处理对褐飞虱卵孵化率无明显影响,说明两者对褐飞虱卵无直接毒害作用。【结论】化合物茉莉酸甲酯、油菜素内酯和苯甲酸苄酯可以提高水稻对褐飞虱的抗性,其中茉莉酸甲酯和油菜素内酯具有化学激发子的作用。     

Effects of MULTIFOLIATE-PINNA, AFILA, TENDRIL-LESS and UNIFOLIATA genes on leafblade architecture in Pisum sativum

In order to dissect the genetic regulation of leafblade morphogenesis, 16 genotypes of pea, constructed by combining the wild-type and mutant alleles of MFP, AF, TL and UNI genes, were quantitatively phenotyped. The morphological features of the three domains of leafblades of four genotypes, unknown earlier, were described. All the genotypes were found to differ in leafblade morphology. It was evident that MFP and TL functions acted as repressor of pinna ramification, in the distal domain. These functions, with and without interaction with UNI, also repressed the ramification of proximal pinnae in the absence of AF function. The expression of MFP and TL required UNI function. AF function was found to control leafblade architecture multifariously. The earlier identified role of AF as a repressor of UNI in the proximal domain was confirmed. Negative control of AF on the UNI-dependent pinna ramification in the distal domain was revealed. It was found that AF establishes a boundary between proximal and distal domains and activates formation of leaflet pinnae in the proximal domain.     

Presence of Rhizobium Etli bv . Phaseoli and Rhizobium Gallicum bv . Gallicum in Egyptian Soils

Seven bean rhizobial strains EBRI 2, 3, 21, 24, 26, 27 and 29 identified as Rhizobium etli, and EBRI 32 identified as Rhizobium gallicum, isolated from Egyptian soils and which nodulated Phaseolus vulgaris efficiently, were subjected to hybridization with a nifH probe in order to estimate the copy number of this gene. Seven strains (EBRI 2, 3, 21, 24, 26, 27 and 29) which were only able to nodulate Phaseolus vulgaris, contained three copies of the nifH gene, consistent with their identification as Rhizobium etli bv. phaseoli. Only one strain (EBRI 32) which nodulated both Phaseolus vulgaris and Leucaena leucocephala, had one copy of nifH gene. This confirmed the classification of this strain as Rhizobium gallicum bv. gallicum.     

Characterisation of cell wall polysaccharides, arabinogalactans-proteins (AGPs) and phenolics of Cola nitida, Cola acuminata and Garcinia kola seeds

Many Cola plant species are endemic to West and Central Africa. Cola acuminata and Cola nitida are used as masticatory when fresh, while the dried nuts are used for beverages and pharmaceutical purposes in Europe and North America. Garcinia kola seeds, that serve as a substitute for the true kola nuts, are used in African traditional medicine for the treatment of various diseases, including colic, headache and liver cirrhosis. Seeds extracts of G. kola are also known for their anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and antiviral properties. To gain information on the chemical properties of the kolas, we have isolated and analyzed cell wall polysaccharides, arabinogalactan-proteins and phenolic substances from the seeds of the three kola species. The sugar composition of cell wall material of C. acuminata, C. nitida and G. kola revealed that Gal (up to 30%), Ara, GalA and Glc as the predominant monosaccharides, representing approximately 90% by mol of the total hydrolysable sugar present in this material. In Ammonium oxalate cell wall fraction, GalA was found to be the major sugar present in all kola species. In the alkali-soluble fraction, there were significant differences in the level of Glc and Gal. The level of Glc was high in C. acuminata and C. nitida while the level of Gal and Xyl were high in C. nitida and G. cola. Isolation and quantification of arabinogalactan-proteins demonstrate that G. kola seeds contained four to eight times more of these proteoglycans than the seeds of the other two species. Finally, analysis of soluble phenolic substances shows that caffeine and catechin were largely represented in C. acumina and C. nitida seeds, with caffeine accounting for 50% of all soluble phenolics. These findings indicate that the three Kola seeds are highly enriched in pectins and proteoglycans and that C. acuminata and C. nitida can be used as a possible source of caffeine and catechin.     

Genome Analysis inNeurospora crassa;Cloning of Four Lociarginine-1(arg-1),methionine-6(met-6),unknown-7(un-7), andribosome production-1(rip-1) and Associated Chromosome Walking

We have cloned fourNeurospora crassagenes by complementation analysis. Cloned genes include thearginine-1(arg-1),methionine-6(met-6),unknown-7(un-7), andribosome production-1(rip-1) loci. Chromosome walks were initiated in ordered cosmid libraries from the cloned loci. A total of about 700 kb of theNeurosporagenome is covered in these walks.     

转Cry1Ac/1Ab基因棉花对异色瓢虫生长发育及其捕食功能的影响

【目的】为探究转Cry1Ac/1Ab基因棉花对异色瓢虫生长发育及其捕食功能的影响。【方法】以转Cry1Ac/1Ab基因棉与其亲本常规棉为实验材料,利用取食不同棉花品种叶片的棉铃虫饲喂异色瓢虫幼虫。【结果】与常规亲本棉相比,取食饲喂转基因棉花叶片的初孵棉铃虫幼虫的异色瓢虫幼虫从1龄发育至化蛹期时间延长0.77 d,但差异不显著;除1龄幼虫体重增加(0.0773 mg)外,其余各龄期幼虫体重均有所下降,但差异均不显著;异色瓢虫1、2、3、4龄幼虫对初孵棉铃虫捕食量均随棉铃虫密度的增加而增加,捕食功能反应均符合HollingⅡ圆盘方程。【结论】转Cry1Ac/1Ab基因棉花对异色瓢虫生长发育无显著影响,饲喂取食转Cry1Ac/1Ab基因棉花的棉铃虫对异色瓢虫捕食功能无显著差异。     

The phylogenetic placement of Ostropales within Lecanoromycetes (Ascomycota) revisited

Results of molecular studies regarding the phylogenetic placement of the order Ostropales and related taxa within Lecanoromycetes were thus far inconclusive. Some analyses placed the order as sister to the rest of Lecanoromycetes, while others inferred a position nested within Lecanoromycetes. We assembled a data set of 101 species including sequences from nuLSU rDNA, mtSSU rDNA, and the nuclear protein-coding RPB1 for each species to examine the cause of incongruencies in previously published phylogenies. MP, minimum evolution, and Bayesian analyses were performed using the combined three-region data set and the single-gene data sets. The position of Ostropales nested in Lecanoromycetes is confirmed in all single-gene and concatenated analyses, and a placement as sister to the rest of Lecanoromycetes is significantly rejected using two independent methods of alternative topology testing. Acarosporales and related taxa (Acarosporaceae group) are basal in Lecanoromycetes. However, if the these basal taxa are excluded from the analyses, Ostropales appear to be sister to the rest of Lecanoromycetes, suggesting different ingroup rooting as the cause for deviating topologies in previously published phylogenies.     

Nomenclatural changes resulting from the transfer of tropical African Sarcostemma to Cynanchum ( Apocynaceae : Asclepiadoideae )

Summary  Four species of tropical African Sarcostemma are transferred to Cynanchum together with two subspecies of S. viminale. In addition, Sarcostemma mulanjense is reduced to subspecific rank under C. viminale.     

中国黑粉菌属和利罗黑粉菌属

黑粉菌属是Roussel 1806年建立的,全世界记载有三百余种,主要寄生于禾本科,是经济作物及牧草的重要致病菌·长期以来,对黑粉菌的邢子使用过各种名称,如厚垣孢子,冬孢子及黑粉孢子等.本文采用黑粉孢子以区别锈菌的冬孢子. 芳’(1979)在《中国真菌总汇》中列出黑粉菌属五十种及一个变型.作者经过显微结构和超显微结构的研究,承认其中二十九种为正确名称,八种及一变型为异名,顶黑粉菌(Ustilago acrearus Berk.)由于错拼而被废弃.埃地黑粉菌(Ustilago emodensis Berk.)被转移至利罗粉菌属(Liroa).另有十一种黑粉菌因缺少标本留待今后订正.自1979年以后,杨信东(1983)增加黑粉菌属二种我国新纪录,K.范基和郭林(1986)描述一新种,四种新纪录.在本文中,作者描述一新种:鸢尾蒜黑粉(Ustilago ixiolirii Guo L) ,孢子堆生在蒴果内,不开裂,黑色,粉末状.黑粉孢子球形,近球形,稀椭圆形, 12.5-21×10-21μm,黑褐色,壁厚1-1.Sμm,纹饰脑状.是迄今生在石蒜科植物上唯一黑粉菌的种,其它几种黑粉菌均属条黑粉菌属.本文增加七种我国新纪录.共计四十九种,寄生于六科四十四属植物,主要是禾本科和蓼科.这仅是黑粉菌属研究的初步报告,在全国范围内大量采集黑粉菌标本后,作者相信会有更多新种和我国新纪录被发现.利罗黑粉菌属(Liroa)是从黑粉菌属(Ustaligo)分出的,此属为单种属.     

Hydroxylation of steroids by Fusarium oxysporum, Exophiala jeanselmei and Ceratocystis paradoxa

The potential of Fusarium oxysporum var. cubense UAMH 9013 to perform steroid biotransformations was reinvestigated using single phase and pulse feed conditions. The following natural steroids served as substrates: dehydroepiandrosterone (1), pregnenolone (2), testosterone (3), progesterone (4), cortisone (5), prednisone (6), estrone (7) and sarsasapogenin (8). The results showed the possible presence of C-7 and C-15 hydroxylase enzymes. This hypothesis was explored using three synthetic androstanes: androstane-3,17-dione (9), androsta-4,6-diene-3,17-dione (10) and 3α,5α-cycloandrost-6-en-17-one (11). These fermentations of non-natural steroids showed that C-7 hydroxylation was as a result of that position being allylic. The evidence also pointed towards the presence of a C-15 hydroxylase enzyme.The eleven steroids were also fed to Exophialajeanselmei var. lecanii-corni UAMH 8783. The results showed that the fungus appears to have very active 5α and 14α-hydroxylase enzymes, and is also capable of carrying out allylic oxidations.Ceratocystis paradoxa UAMH 8784 was grown in the presence of the above-mentioned steroids. The results showed that monooxygenases which effect allylic hydroxylation and Baeyer–Villiger rearrangement were active. However, redox reactions predominated.