Laccase production by a monokaryotic strain of Pycnoporus cinnabarinus derived from a dikaryotic strain

Monokaryotic Pycnoporus cinnabarinus strains were obtained from the dikaryotic strain I-938. One of these, designated MK18, consistently produced high laccase activity. In cultures of MK18 and I-938 where ferulic acid was added as laccase inducer, laccase activity was enhanced about 2.5-fold reaching 3400 U/l for the MK18 strain. Laccase was purified to homogeneity and under the selected growth conditions, only one isoform of the enzyme was produced. The N-terminal sequence was similar to the amino terminal sequence of laccase II from Trametes versicolor. The enzyme was stable at 60 C for more than 1 h.     

Increased production of extracellular laccase by the white rot fungus Coriolus versicolor MTCC 138

Summary The white rot fungus Coriolus versicolor MTCC 138 has been identified as an excellent producer of the industrially important enzyme laccase. The basal medium containing glucose gave laccase activity of 155 U/ml. Screening of different media components and their effects on laccase production by Coriolus versicolor was studied using one factor at a time and L₉ (3⁴) orthogonal array method. A two-fold increase (305 U/ml) in laccase production was observed using a combination of glucose and starch as carbon source and yeast extract as nitrogen source. This activity is very high as compared to most of the reported strains. Hence this strain was explored for enhancement in laccase. The formation of extracellular laccase could be considerably stimulated by the addition of copper in the optimized medium. Addition of 1 mM copper enhanced laccase activity to 460 U/ml. Laccase production was further enhanced using different aromatic inducers. Among different inducers used 2,5-xylidine was found to be the best, and gave maximum laccase activity of 820 U/ml with 1 mM concentration. Thus, this strain could be an efficient and attractive source for laccase production.     

Efficient production of Al(OH)3‐immobilized laccase with a Heterobasidion annosum strain selected by microplate screening

Aims: Wild‐type white rot fungi are the most important production organisms for laccase, a promising oxidative biocatalyst with numerous applications. This study aimed at identifying novel highly productive strains, finding optimal cultivation conditions for laccase production and establishing a simple immobilization procedure. Methods and Results: By using a newly developed 96‐well microplate cultivation method, 23 species of white rot fungi, represented by 29 strains, were directly compared with regard to the amount of secreted laccase. Both, with glucose and spruce saw dust as growth substrate a Heterobasidion annosum strain and a Physisporinus vitreus strain were the most productive (730–2200 U l^?1 of secreted laccase). Cultivation conditions for laccase production with H. annosum were optimized in larger‐scale liquid cultures. Aeration with a sparger lead to a 3·8‐fold increase in laccase activity when compared to nonaerated flask cultures. More than 3000 U l^?1 laccase was produced in glucose medium supplemented with yeast extract and the inducer veratryl alcohol. Culture supernatant was incubated with short‐range ordered Al(OH)₃ particles to directly immobilize and concentrate laccase by adsorption. Active laccase was recovered in 40% yield and the Al(OH)₃‐adsorbed laccase was suitable for repeated decolourization of indigo carmine. Conclusions: Microplate cultivation allowed a large‐scale comparison of the capacity of different fungal species for laccase production. Laccase secretion of a highly productive H. annosum strain was found to vary strongly with different cultivation conditions. Adsorption to Al(OH)₃ proved to be suitable as direct immobilization technique. Significance and Impact of the Study: The microplate screening method simplifies strain and medium development for laccase production. Two novel fungal strains suitable for laccase production were identified. Procedures for simple and efficient production of immobilized H. annosum laccase were established.     

Laccase production by Monotospora sp., an endophytic fungus in Cynodon dactylon

The effects of the carbon and nitrogen sources, initial pH and incubation temperature on laccase production by the endophytic fungus Monotospora sp. were evaluated. The optimal temperature and initial pH for laccase production by Monotospora sp. in submerged culture were found to be 30 degrees C and 8.5, respectively. Maltose (2 g l(-1)) and ammonium tartrate (10 g l(-1)) were the most suitable carbon and nitrogen source for laccase production. Under optimal culture medium, the maximum laccase activity was determined to be 13.55 U ml(-1), which was approximately four times higher than that in basal medium. This is the first report on laccase production by an endophytic fungus.     

漆酶高产菌株的诱变选育及其产酶条件

以粗毛栓菌Trametesgallica为出发菌,通过紫外诱变处理其担孢子、PDA-RBBR平板变色法初筛、ABTS法测定培养液漆酶酶活力复筛,获得1株漆酶高产诱变菌株SAH-12。用高氮低碳无机盐培养液(LM3)培养时,其峰值酶活力比出发菌株高出4倍,达到5002.6U/L,且产酶稳定。对SAH-12液体培养产酶条件的研究表明:以纤维二糖和蔗糖为碳源明显优于麦麸、淀粉和葡萄糖,其最高酶活分别达18526U/L和13436U/L;有机氮源较无机氮源更有利于SAH-12漆酶的分泌,以蛋白胨、大豆粕和胰化蛋白胨为氮源时其峰值酶活分别达到20544U/L、19671U/L和16180U/L;适宜初始培养pH为4.0;ABTS、单宁酸、没食子酸对产酶均有明显的诱导作用,其中ABTS和单宁酸的诱导效果相对更好,愈创木酚和吐温80对产酶有一定的抑制作用。     

黄孢原毛平革菌突变株抗碳氮营养阻遏产漆酶碳氮生理调控机理

【目的】通过比较不同碳氮营养及其消耗对产漆酶的影响,了解白腐菌模式种黄孢原毛平革菌解除营养阻遏产漆酶代谢的生理生态特性,揭示白腐菌合成漆酶的碳氮生理调控机理。【方法】分别利用限碳限氮(CL-NL)、限碳富氮(CL-NS)、富碳限氮(CS-NL)与富碳富氮(CS-NS)4种条件培养黄孢原毛平革菌野生型(WT)与突变株,比较两者产漆酶动力学、菌体生长、葡萄糖与氨氮消耗差异及其相关性来揭示解除营养阻遏产漆酶调控生理特性,明确C、N营养对产漆酶的生理调控途径。【结果】突变菌株除消耗速率比野生型略慢外,两者氨消耗趋势一致,但对葡萄糖的消耗比野生型快且氨氮浓度对葡萄糖的消耗影响不大。在CL-NL、CL-NS、CS-NL、CS-NS 4种培养条件下,野生型分别在培养后期的第11、14、19和19天的次生代谢时期产生0.107、0.029、12.84和18.05U/L漆酶,启动漆酶合成及酶峰值出现的时间与基质中葡萄糖耗尽或接近耗尽的时刻,或同氨氮消耗至最低值的时刻相对应;与WT产漆酶特性不同,突变株产漆酶伴随整个培养过程且均有两个产酶高峰,分别在培养的第8、7、12天和12天出现298.83、343.14、271.22、251.49U/L漆酶第一个产酶高峰,在培养的第12、13、19和19天产生257.69、298.78、213.81、216.93U/L漆酶的第二个产酶高峰。碳氮营养对产酶的影响显示:两菌株只要初始碳源浓度相同(限碳或富碳),各自产酶动力学趋势基本一致;相反,即使初始氮源浓度相同但其产酶动力学趋势却不同,说明碳源对黄孢原毛平革菌产漆酶的影响比氮源更为重要。【结论】野生型黄孢原毛平革菌产漆酶受碳或氮饥饿调控,碳、氮各自独立发挥作用且在不同的营养条件下由不同营养素所调控,如在限碳条件下产漆酶主要由葡萄糖饥饿启动,而在富碳条件下则由氨氮饥饿所激发,以碳或氮菌体负荷表示是否达到启动酶合成的调控阀值比单纯碳或氮浓度更为合理。突变菌株漆酶合成的启动不受碳、氮营养所阻遏,可能涉及一个全局调控的改变,解除了漆酶合成的营养阻碍。     

Kraft Pulp Bleaching and Delignification by Dikaryons and Monokaryons of Trametes versicolor

The ability of 10 dikaryotic and 20 monokaryotic strains of Trametes (Coriolus) versicolor to bleach and delignify hardwood and softwood kraft pulps was assessed. A dikaryon (52P) and two of its mating-compatible monokaryons (52J and 52D) derived via protoplasting were compared. All three regularly bleached hardwood kraft pulp more than 20 brightness points (International Standards Organization) in 5 days and softwood kraft pulp the same amount in 12 days. Delignification (kappa number reduction) by the dikaryon and the monokaryons was similar, but the growth of the monokaryons was slower. Insoluble dark pigments were commonly found in the mycelium, medium, and pulp of the dikaryon only. Laccase and manganese peroxidase (MnP) but not lignin peroxidase activities were secreted during bleaching by all three strains. Their laccase and MnP isozyme patterns were compared on native gels. No segregation of isozyme bands between the monokaryons was found. Hardwood kraft pulp appeared to adsorb several laccase isozyme bands. One MnP isozyme (pI, 3.2) was secreted in the presence of pulp by all three strains, but a second (pI, 4.9) was produced only by 52P. A lower level of soluble MnP activity in one monokaryon (52D) was associated with reduced bleaching ability and a lower level of methanol production. Since monokaryon 52J bleached pulp better than its parent dikaryon 52P, especially per unit of biomass, this genetically simpler monokaryon will be the preferred subject for further genetic manipulation and improvement of fungal pulp biological bleaching.     

Isolation of a new laccase isoform from the white-rot fungi Pycnoporus cinnabarinus strain ss3

Two extracellular laccase isoforms (Lac I and Lac II) produced by the white-rot fungus Pycnoporus cinnabarinus from the monokaryotic strain ss3 were purified from ferulic-acid-induced liquid culture medium using ammonium sulphate precipitation, followed by anion-exchange chromatography on a Mono Q column. Strain ss3 is the first generation of the parental strain P. cinnabarinus I-937. The new isolated isoform, Lac II, consists of an 86,000 molecular weight protein as determined by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The N-terminal amino acid sequences of both isoforms were determined, and compared to known laccase protein sequences of other organisms.     

Influence of Several Activators on the Extracellular Laccase Activity and In vivo Decolourization of Poly R‐478 by Semi‐Solid‐State Cultures of Trametes versicolor

The effect of several laccase activity activators,such as ethanol (novel activator), veratryl alcohol, melanin production and aeration level, on the laccase production by Trametes versicolor (CBS100.29) was investigated. The microorganism was cultivated on nylon sponge, functioning as a physical support on which the mycelium was bound. The cultures with veratryl alcohol showed maximum laccase and manganese‐dependent peroxidase (MnP) activities of 238 U/l and 125 U/l, respectively. The laccase activity found is about two times higher than that attained in the control cultures. On the contrary, MnP activity did not appear to be influenced by the addition of this alcohol. Ethanol‐supplemented cultures led to maximum laccase and MnP activity levels of about 102 U/l and 101 U/l, respectively. These activities were approx. 40% lower than those achieved in the reference cultures. The decolourization of the polymeric dye Poly R‐478 by the above‐mentioned cultures was also investigated. A percentage of biological decolourization of around 90% was achieved with control and veratryl alcohol‐supplemented cultures, whereas with ethanol‐supplemented cultures a slightly lower percentage of around 85% was reached after seven days of dye incubation.     

黄孢原毛平革菌产漆酶优化培养及其对刚果红的脱色降解

以白腐真菌模式菌株黄孢原毛平革菌Phanerochaete chrysosporium为研究对象,探讨培养条件、重金属和芳香族化合物对产漆酶的影响,并进一步研究漆酶对刚果红的降解效果.结果 表明,P.chrysosporium产漆酶最适培养条件:葡萄糖为碳源,蛋白胨为氮源,碳氮比为90.培养8d后,漆酶酶活为911.1...     

平菇漆酶基因在毕赤酵母中的分泌表达及酶学性质研究

采用RTPCR技术克隆到一个平菇(Pleurotusostreatus)漆酶基因的全长cDNA,命名为lccPo1,其序列提交GenBank,登录号为AY450404。将其ORF克隆到毕赤酵母表达载体pHBM906,转化3株毕赤酵母GS115、KM71和SMD1168,该漆酶基因在3种毕赤酵母菌株中均实现了分泌表达。3种摇瓶培养条件①25℃,1.0%(VV)甲醇;②20℃,1.0%(VV)甲醇;③20℃,0.5%(VV)甲醇,进行比较研究后发现适当提高甲醇浓度有利于漆酶在低温条件下表达,而降低培养温度到20℃则可以提高漆酶的产量2～6倍。3株重组毕赤酵母在其最适反应条件下测得三者粗酶液最高漆酶酶活分别为3.19UmL[GS115(pHBM565)]、2.56UmL[KM71(pHBM565)]和2.49UmL[SMD1168(pHBM565)]。对重组酶进行相关的酶学性质分析表明,三者的最适反应pH值约为4.2,最适反应温度约为60℃。重组毕赤酵母GS115(pHBM565)所产酶的热稳定性稍好,在pH稳定性方面三者没有太大差异。     

Effect of antibiotics on growth and laccase production from Cyathus bulleri and Pycnoporus cinnabarinus

The effect of nine different antibiotics (chloramphenicol, ampicillin trihydrate, kanamycin A monosulfate, neomycin sulfate, erythromycin, thiostrepton, tetracycline, apramycin sulfate and streptomycin sulfate) on growth and laccase production from Cyathus bulleri and Pycnoporus cinnabarinus has been investigated. All the antibiotics tested at a concentration of 200 mg/l affected the fungal growth, release of protein and laccase production to different extent. Inhibition in fungal growth was found to be positively correlated with increase in laccase production. Interestingly, apramycin sulfate inhibited biomass production (14.9-26.2%), nevertheless, it stimulated maximum laccase production (18.2 U/ml) in both the fungi. Increasing concentrations of apramycin sulfate enhanced laccase production from P. cinnabarinus but not from C. bulleri.     

毛栓菌原生质体制备和再生及单核菌株产漆酶特性

毛栓菌Trametes hirsuta能有效地降解木质素,在生物燃料、制浆和饲料工业等方面具有很高应用价值。为了获得遗传性能稳定的T. hirsuta单核菌株,研究了其菌丝生长培养基的类型、菌丝生长时间（菌龄）、酶解时间、原生质体纯化离心速度和原生质体再生培养基类型对T. hirsuta YJ-9-1原生质体制备与再生的影响;采用DAPI染色和锁状联合缺失的观察,从再生株中筛选单核菌株并考察其产酶特性。结果表明：采用YGM菌丝生长培养基、88h菌龄、1h酶解时间、4,000r/min原生质体纯化离心速度以及YGMS再生培养基,最终可获得密度大约为5.0×106个/mL的原生质体悬浮液和9.1%的再生率;从200株再生菌株中筛选出了3株单核菌株,其中一株单核菌株D-2-1的漆酶产量比原菌T. hirsuta YJ-9-1明显提高,在第12天其漆酶酶活为771.67U/L,是原菌的1.51倍。     

Enhancement of laccase production by Pleurotus ostreatus and its use for the decolorization of anthraquinone dye

The white-rot fungus Pleurotus ostreatus strain 32 is an excellent producer of the industrially important enzyme laccase. Laccase was the only ligninolytic activity detected in the supernatant when the fungus was grown in liquid culture with or without shaking. Growth and laccase production in static cultivation were superior to that in agitated cultivation, and N-limited culture is of benefit to laccase production. When using cellobiose and peptone as carbon and nitrogen source, a higher activity level was obtained. 2,2′-Azino-di-(3-ethylbenzothialozin-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) (1 mM) was shown to be the best inducer of laccase production, reaching maximum values of about 400 U/ml. Cu²⁺ (1 mM) also had a positive effect on laccase production, activity being enhanced to 360 U/ml. In addition, anthraquinone dye SN4R can be effectively decolorized by crude laccase (30 U/ml), the rate of which was 66%. The decolorization rate was increased by 90% with ABTS (0.16%) addition as a mediator of laccase.     

Variability of ligninolytic enzyme activities in basidiospore isolates of the fungusPleurotus ostreatus in comparison with that of protoplast-derived isolates

Variability of production of all tested ligninolytic enzymes (laccase, peroxidase and manganese-dependent peroxidase) was substantially higher in isolates derived from basidiospores of strain F6 of the white-rot basidiomycetePleurotus ostreatus than the relatively low variability of the dikaryotic mycelial colonies of this strain, and also higher than the variability of protoplast-derived isolates of the same strain. The difference was caused mainly but not completely by the monokaryotic nature of the isolates. To reach the best fructification of the fungus, two fructification media were chosen from twenty two tested and a modified technique of fructification was used.     

从白腐菌中筛选漆酶高产菌株的初步研究

从中国分离的149株木腐菌中,有30株具有漆酶活性。在添加了阿魏酸的液体培养基中,漆酶产量高(每升培养液中漆酶含量在10000单位以上)的菌株有9个:游离细胞培养的彩绒革盖菌Coriolus versicolor G30,相邻小孔菌Microporus affinis G07,血红密孔菌Pycnoporus sanguineus W006,W006-2,W3008,G05和香菇Lentinus edodes G18,以及固定细胞培养的鲑贝革盖菌Coriolus consors 98563和干酪菌Tyromyces sp. 98420。彩绒革盖菌、相邻小孔菌和血红密孔菌具有重要的生物工程研究价值。     

Production of biomass and ligninolytic enzymes by Pleurotus ostreatus in submerged culture.

The production of biomass and ligninolytic enzymes by Pleurotus ostreatus was analysed in synthetic medium with yeast extract and different glucose concentrations (0.5 - 20 g/l), at different pH (3.5-6.5) and incubation temperatures (23-32 degrees C). The best culture condition were: initial glucose concentration of 5 g/l, initial pH between 5.5-6.5 and incubation temperature between 26-29 degrees C. The saturation constant for glucose (Ks) was 1.75 g/l. The biomass concentration reached 8.6 g/l with a glucose addition of 20.0 g/l to the culture medium. The control of pH allowed an increment of 0.5 g/l of biomass concentration. The birreactor produced pellets with a homogeneous distribution of diameter size of 3.4 -/+ 0.2 mm. Approximately, 307 U/l of laccase and 0.41 U/l of manganese peroxidase were obtained in extracellular liquid medium and 0.015 U/g of laccase and 0.809 U/g of manganese peroxidase were obtained in solid substrate. Lignin peroxidase activity was not detected at any condition.     

Lentinus edodes and Pleurotus species lignocellulolytic enzymes activity in submerged and solid-state fermentation of lignocellulosic wastes of different composition

Lentinus edodes and Pleurotus species from various origins were compared for the first time for their ability to produce lignocellulolytic enzyme in solid-state (SSF) and submerged (SF) fermentation of various plant raw material. Fungi cultivation in identical culture conditions revealed wide differences among both species and strains of the same species. The yields of CMCase (62.3Uml(-1)), xylanase (84.1 U ml(-1)), FPA (5.9 U ml(-1)), and laccase (4103 Ul(-1)) are the best so far obtained with the strains of oyster mushrooms. The study pointed out that the nature of lignocellulosic material and the method of fungi cultivation are factors determining the expression of lignocellulolytic potential of fungi as well as the ratio of individual enzymes in enzyme complex. SSF of tree leaves is favorable for laccase and MnP secretion by the majority L. edodes and Pleurotus strains, whereas SF provides better production of hydrolytic enzymes.     

In vivo enzymatic digestion, in vitro xylanase digestion, metabolic analogues, surfactants and polyethylene glycol ameliorate laccase production from Ganoderma sp. kk-02

AIMS: The effect of in vivo enzymatic digestion (IVED), in vitro xylanase digestion (IVXD), metabolic analogues, surfactants and polyethylene glycol (PEG) on laccase production from Ganoderma sp. kk-02 was studied. METHODS AND RESULTS: An acidic laccase producing Ganoderma sp. kk-02 produced 16.0 U ml(-1) and 365.0 U g(-1) of laccase, when grown under submerged (SmF) and solid state (SSF) fermentation conditions, respectively. Modification of the substrate (wheat bran) molecular architecture by IVED and IVXD increased subsequent laccase production from Ganoderma sp. kk-02 by 1.31-fold (21.0 U ml(-1)) (SmF); 2.21-fold (810.0 U g(-1)) (SSF) and 1.10-fold (18.0 U ml(-1)) (SmF); 1.78-fold (650.0 U g(-1)) (SSF) when compared with untreated wheat bran. Further enhancement in laccase yield under SmF and SSF was obtained when IVED treated wheat bran was used in conjunction with amino acids [DL-tryptophan, 2.66-fold (56.0 U ml(-1)) SmF; 2.86-fold (2324.0 U g(-1)) SSF], vitamins [biotin, 1.71-fold (36.0 U ml(-1)) SmF; 3.06-fold (2483.0 U g(-1)) SSF], surfactants [Tween-40, 1.85-fold (39.0 U ml(-1)) SmF; 2.25-fold (1828.0 U g(-1)) SSF], and PEG [PEG 6000, 1.93-fold (40.0 U ml(-1)) SmF; 1.58-fold (1284.0 U g(-1)) SSF]. CONCLUSIONS: The IVED of substrate (wheat bran) facilitated hyper laccase production in presence of additives from Ganoderma sp. kk-02. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The study highlights a new methodology viz. IVED for concomitant and economic production of diverse enzymes using the same substrate. The hyper laccase levels obtained could improve the economic competitiveness of environmentally benign processes applied in varied industries. The work also provides an insight into the regulation of complex metabolic pathways governing the expression of extra cellular proteins from white-rot fungi.