低氧预处理对低氧／复氧心肌能量代谢的作用

目的：研究低氧预处理（HPC）对心肌的保护作用,方法：借助^31P－NMR图谱技术,在模拟Langendorff离体灌流大鼠心脏的正常生理条件下,跟踪心肌高能磷酸化合物含量的动态变化。结果：在30min低氧期,PCr、ATP相对含量及PCr/Pi值逐渐减小,但HPC组减小的速度比对照组慢;而在复氧期,HPC组能提高心肌高能磷酸化合物含量的恢复程度,特别是复氧初期,HPC组PCr 、ATP相对含量及PCr/Pi值立即有了恢复;在本实验中,HPC对pHi的改善不显著。结论：HPC能降低后续长时间低氧及复氧阶段的心肌能量代谢,对心肌的低氧／复氧损伤具有保护作用。     

短暂低氧／复氧对培养新生兔心肌细胞丝裂素活化蛋白激酶活性的影响

心肌细胞短暂低氧可诱导对后续长时间低氧所致细胞严重损伤的耐力增强,已在心脏预处理（ＰＣ）模型上得到证实,但ＰＣ发生的细胞内信号传导途径目前尚不清楚。我们在培养的新生兔心肌细胞低氧／复氧模型上,观察丝裂素活化蛋白激酶（ＭＡＰＫ）和核蛋白体Ｓ６激酶（Ｓ６Ｋ）活性改变。结果发现：低氧６０ｍｉｎ后、复氧１５ｍｉｎ,细胞总ＭＡＰＫ和核ＭＡＰＫ活性分别较对照组增加９５％和２３０％（Ｐ〈０．０１）;Ｓ６Ｋ活性在     

绞股蓝总黄酮对低氧/复氧心肌细胞Ca2+及NOS-NO系统的作用

目的:探讨纹股蓝总黄酮对培养心肌细胞低氧/复氧报伤的Ca2+超载、一氧化氮合酶一氧化氮(NOS-NO)系统的影响.方法:培养心肌细胞,建立低氧/复氧损伤模型;荧光分光光度法测定心肌细胞内Ca2+,比色法测心肌细胞培养上清液NO含量、细胞匀浆NOS活性.结果:绞股蓝总黄酮降低低氧/复氧心肌细胞内Ca2+、T-NOS、iN...     

长时间低氧对大鼠颈动脉体培养细胞的细胞内pH和膜电位的影响

本文的目的是研究长时间低氧对离体培养的大鼠颈动脉体球细胞（ｇｌｏｍｕｓｃｅｌｌ）的影响。对实验组Ｓｐｒａｇｕｅ－Ｄａｗｌｅｙ（ＳＤ）大鼠,首先将其置于模拟５０００ｍ高度低氧环境的低压舱中饲养７—１０ｄ,然后麻醉动物,取出颈动脉体,将其分离成单个细胞和细胞群体（ｃｌｕｓｔｅｒｓ）。这些细胞在低氧条件（１１％Ｏ２,５％ＣＯ２,８４％Ｎ２）下培养２—３ｄ。取自正常ＳＤ大鼠的颈动脉体细胞被分为两组,分别将其培养在常氧（２１％Ｏ２,５％ＣＯ２,７４％Ｎ２）或低氧环境中。球细胞的细胞内ｐＨ（ｐＨｉ）和膜电位（ＭＰ）分别用Ｈ＋选择性微电极和常规微电极同时测量。结果表明：长时间低氧降低球细胞的ｐＨｉ,增加ＭＰ,其变化程度远远大于急性低氧的影响,而且当将细胞置于常氧中测量时其值不恢复。     

低氧后处理诱导的低氧诱导因子-1α表达上调减轻H9c2心肌细胞低氧/复氧损伤北大核心CSCD

本文旨在探讨低氧后处理(hypoxic postconditioning)对低氧/复氧(hypoxia/reoxygenation,H/R)所致的心肌细胞损伤以及低氧诱导因子-1α(hypoxia inducible factor-1α,HIF-1α)表达的影响,并分析二者之间可能的关系。利用H9c2心肌细胞株建立低氧/复氧和低氧后处理模型,通过测定细胞存活率、细胞培养液中乳酸脱氢酶(lactate dehydrogenase,LDH)的活性及caspase-3活性来观察低氧/复氧造成的H9c2细胞的损伤,用Westernblot检测H9c2细胞内HIF-1α的蛋白水平,用real-timePCR检测细胞内HIF-1α的mRNA水平。结果显示,低氧后处理提高了低氧/复氧H9c2细胞的存活率,降低了LDH及caspase-3活性。同时,低氧后处理增加了H9c2细胞内HIF-1α的蛋白水平。预先利用HIF-1α脯氨酸羟化酶抑制剂DMOG上调HIF-1α的蛋白水平后,由低氧/复氧导致的H9c2细胞的损伤明显减轻,其效应与低氧后处理完全一致。对H9c2细胞内HIF-1α蛋白水平与细胞存活率进行相关性分析,结果显示二者呈显著正相关(r=0.743,P<0.01);而运用siRNA方法抑制细胞内HIF-1α基因表达后,显著削弱了低氧后处理减轻低氧/复氧细胞损伤的效应。以上结果提示,HIF-1α表达上调是低氧后处理减轻细胞低氧/复氧损伤的机制之一。     

Gi／0蛋白介导的信息转导通路在低氧预处理心肌保护中的作用

实验以低氧３ｈ后复氧期间心肌细胞的生存率和ＬＤＨ的释放量为指标,观察Ｇｉ／ｏ蛋白及其下游成分在低氧预处理（ｈｙｐｏｘｉｃ ｐｒｅｃｏｎｄｉｔｉｏｎｉｎｇ,ＨＰ）心肌保护中的作用。与单纯低氧组相比,ＨＰ组（２５ｍｉｎ低氧＋３０ｍｉｎ复氧作为ＨＰ）细胞生存率增高,ＬＤＨ释放减少（Ｐ＜０．０１）。用ＮＥＭ预处理,能完全模拟ＨＰ的心肌细胞保护作用;而用ＰＴＸ阻断Ｇｉ／ｏ蛋白,或Ｆｏｒｓｋｏｌｉｎ和８－Ｂｒ     

急性低氧对体外培养乳鼠心肌细胞肌红蛋白的影响

本实验观察了低氧、复氧时培养的乳鼠心肌细胞肌红蛋白（Ｍｂ）、ｃＡＭＰ、心肌收缩频率的变化以及磷酸二酯酶抑制剂茶碱和抑制肌质网上钙释放的普鲁卡因地低氧下心肌细胞Ｍｂ表达和心肌细胞收缩频率的影响。结果表明,随低氧时间的延长Ｍｂ增加,ｃＡＭＰ和心肌收缩下降,Ｍｂ、ｃＡＭＰ和心肌细胞收缩频率经复氧可以得到恢复。普鲁卡因使低氧时心肌细胞的收缩频率更漫和Ｍｂ的表达减弱;茶碱使低氧下心肌细胞的收缩频率和Ｍｂ的表     

HOE642对减轻缺氧／复氧致未成熟兔心肌细胞内钙超载的作用

目的观察Na+/H+交换抑制剂HOE642（Cariporide）对缺氧／再复氧前后未成熟兔心肌细胞内游离钙离子浓度(［Ca2+］i）的影响,探讨HOE642对未成熟心肌保护机制。方法6枚新西兰幼兔心脏,用酶解法分离成单个未成熟兔心肌细胞悬液,每份细胞悬液均随机分为基础组、对照组和实验组,基础组未经缺氧直接测量细胞内Ca2+及心肌酶含量（CK、LDH）,而后两组均经受缺氧60min,再复氧30min后测量,其中实验组于缺氧时加入HOE642（1μmol／L）。用Flou-3／AM标记,激光扫描共聚焦显微镜测定单个未成熟免心肌细胞内游离钙浓度。另测定三组心肌细胞悬液中心肌酶含量（CK、LDH）。结果缺氧／再复氧后对照组未成熟兔心肌细胞内［Ca2+］i（2814±236/1375±102）及心肌酶漏出量明显高于缺氧前基础值(P＜0.01);再复氧后HOE642处理组心肌细胞内［Ca2+］i较缺氧前基础值增加不显著（1446±128/1375±102,P>0.05);而较未用药对照组明显减少（1446±128／2814±236,P<0.01）。而HOE642处理组细胞悬液心肌酶漏出量较基础值有所增加,但其相差不显著,而较对照组有心肌酶漏出量明显减少,两者相差非常显著（P＜0．01）。说明HOE642对缺氧／再复氧后未成熟兔心肌细胞内游离钙超载具有明显的抑制作用。结论HOE642对未成熟心肌的保护机制可能是抑制心肌细胞内游离钙超载引起的心肌缺血／再灌注损伤。     

超氧化物歧化酶对内皮细胞缺氧复氧损伤的防护作用

体外培养扔兔胸主动脉内皮细胞缺氧３０ｍｉｎ后复氧１０ｍｉｎ,可以发现缺氧后复氧可引起细胞乳酸脱氢酶释放量,细胞悬液丙二醛含量增加,谷胱甘肽过氧化酶活性降低,细胞合成释放一氧化氮减少,细胞内钙离子浓度明显升高;ＥＣ的这些损伤在缺氧期间即有表现,复氧后更为加剧。而在缺氧前预先加入终浓度为２００Ｕ／ｍｌ的超氧化物歧化酶可改善细胞的抗氧化能力,减轻缺氧复氧对ＥＣ的损伤。     

番茄红素对大鼠乳鼠心肌细胞缺氧复氧的保护作用以及其机制

目的：探讨番茄红素对心肌细胞缺氧复氧的保护作用以及其分子机制。方法：采用原代培养心肌细胞建立缺氧/复氧损伤模型,实验分8组：正常对照组,H/R组,H/R＋番茄红素（1,2,4,8,16,32μmol/L）剂量组。观察各组细胞经H/R损伤后,细胞内天冬氨酸氨基转移酶（AST）、肌酸激酶（CK）、乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性和丙二醛（MDA）含量的变化情况,选择正常对照组,H/R组,最佳番茄红素剂量组做MTT分析细胞凋亡,Western检测TRL 4以及NF-κB的表达。结果：番茄红素（16,8,4,2μmol/L）剂量组可显著降低缺氧/复氧损伤心肌细胞内AST、CK、LDH释放量及MDA的生成,并能提高SOD活性。此外番茄红素可减少心肌细胞缺氧/复氧损伤后的心肌凋亡,减少TRL 4受体以及NF-κB的表达。结论：番茄红素具有抗缺氧/复氧损伤,保护心肌细胞的作用,其机制可能是通过抑制TRL 4通路来实现的。     

Protective effect of gap junction uncouplers given during hypoxia against reoxygenation injury in isolated rat hearts

It has been shown that cell-to-cell chemical coupling may persist during severe myocardial hypoxia or ischemia. We aimed to analyze the effects of different, chemically unrelated gap junction uncouplers on the progression of ischemic injury in hypoxic myocardium. First, we analyzed the effects of heptanol, 18alpha-glycyrrhetinic acid, and palmitoleic acid on intracellular Ca2+ concentration during simulated hypoxia (2 mM NaCN) in isolated cardiomyocytes. Next, we analyzed their effects on developed and diastolic tension and electrical impedance in 47 isolated rat hearts submitted to 40 min of hypoxia and reoxygenation. All treatments were applied only during the hypoxic period. Cell injury was determined by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release. Heptanol, but not 18alpha-glycyrrhetinic acid nor palmitoleic acid, attenuated the increase in cytosolic Ca2+ concentration induced by simulated ischemia in cardiomyocytes and delayed rigor development (rigor onset at 7.31 +/- 0.71 min in controls vs. 14.76 +/- 1.44 in heptanol-treated hearts, P < 0.001) and the onset of the marked changes in electrical impedance (tissue resistivity: 4.02 +/- 0.29 vs. 7.75 +/- 1.84 min, P = 0.016) in hypoxic rat hearts. LDH release from hypoxic hearts was minimal and was not significantly modified by drugs. However, all gap junction uncouplers, given during hypoxia, attenuated LDH release during subsequent reoxygenation. Dose-response analysis showed that increasing heptanol concentration beyond the level associated with maximal effects on cell coupling resulted in further protection against hypoxic injury. In conclusion, gap junction uncoupling during hypoxia has a protective effect on cell death occurring upon subsequent reoxygenation, and heptanol has, in addition, a marked protective effect independent of its uncoupling actions.     

Myocardial energy metabolism in ischemic preconditioning and cardioplegia: A metabolic control analysis

For both, cardioplegia (CP) and ischemic preconditioning (IP), increased ischemic tolerance with reduction in infarct size is well documented. These cardioprotective effects are related to a limitation of high energy phosphate (HEP) depletion. As CP and IP have to be assumed to act by different mechanisms, their effects on myocardial HEP metabolism cannot be assumed to be identical. Therefore, a systematic analysis of myocardial HEP metabolism for both procedures and their combination was performed, addressing the question whether there are different effects on myocardial HEP metabolism by IP and CP. In this study, metabolic control analysis was used to analyze the regulation of HEP metabolism. In open chest pigs subjected to 45 min LAD occlusion (index ischemia), CP and IP preserved myocardial ATP (control (C) 0.14 ± 0.05 μmol/g wwt; CP: 0.95 ± 0.14, IP: 0.61 ± 0.12; p<0.05 C vs. CP and IP) and reduced myocardial necrosis (infarct size IA/RA: C: 90.0 ± 3.0%; CP: 0.0 ± 0.0% but patchy necroses; IP: 5.05 ± 2.1%; p<0.05 C vs. CP and IP). The effects on HEP metabolism, however, were different: CP acted predominantly by slowing down the breakdown of phosphocreatine (PCr) during early phases of ischemia (C: ΔPCr 0–2 min: 5.24 ± 0.32 μmol/g wwt; CP: ΔPCr 0–2 min: 3.38 ± 0.23 μmol/g wwt, p<0.05 vs. C), leaving ATP breakdown during later stages unaffected (C: ΔATP 5–45 min: 1.77 ± 0.11 μmol/g wwt CP: ΔATP 5–45 min: 1.59 ± 0.28 μmol/g wwt, n.s. vs. C). In contrast to CP, in IP PCr breakdown was even increased (IP: ΔPCr 0–2 min: 7.06 ± 0.34 μmol/g wwt, p<0.05 vs. C), but ATP depletion greatly attenuated (IP: ΔATP 5–45 min: 0.48 ± 0.10 μmol/g wwt, p<0.05 vs. C and CP). Combining IP and CP yielded an additive effect with slowing down the breakdown of both PCr (IP+CP: ΔPCr 0–2 min: 5.09± 0.35 μmol/g wwt, p<0.05 vs. C and IP) and ATP (IP+CP: ΔATP 5–45 min: 0.56 ± 0.48 μmol/g wwt, p<0.05 vs. C and CP), resulting in a higher ATP content at the end of index ischemia (1.86 ± 0.46 μmol/g wwt, p<0.05 vs. C, CP and IP). Compared to IP, combining IP+CP achieved also a further reduction in infarct size (IA/RA: 0.0 ± 0.0%, p<0.05 vs IP) and—compared to CP—a disappearance of the patchy necroses. {The concept of major differences in myocardial HEP metabolism during CP and IP is further supported at a molecular level by metabolic control analysis. CP but not IP slowed down the CK reaction velocity at high PCr levels. In contrast to CP exerting a continuous decline in vATPase for any given ATP level, in IP myocardium ATPase reaction velocity was even increased at higher ATP contents, whereas a marked decrease in ATPase reaction velocity was found if ATP levels decreased. The equilibrium of the CK-reaction remained unchanged following CP, whereas IP induced a changing CK equilibrium, which was the more shifted towards PCr the more myocardial HEP content decreased. The data demonstrate different effects of CP and IP on myocardial HEP metabolism, i.e. PCr and ATP breakdown as well as the apparent equilibrium of the creatine kinase (CK)-reaction. For these reasons the combination of the two protective interventions has an additive effect. (Mol Cell Biochem 278: 222–232, 2005)     

31P-NMR studies of cerebral metabolic changes during graded hypoxia in newborn lambs

We measured cerebral phosphocreatine (PCr), inorganic phosphate (Pi), ATP, and intracellular pH (pHi) with in vivo phosphorus nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) during 10- to 15-min periods of reversible hypoxic hypoxia in 20 newborn lambs (1-11 days). There was a significant correlation between arterial O2 partial pressure (PaO2) and the PCr/Pi ratio or pHi; however, between PaO2 130-33 mmHg, metabolite changes were not significant. PCr/Pi and pHi decreased significantly when PaO2 was lowered below 33 and 28 mmHg, respectively. After recovery, metabolite ratios and pHi returned to base-line values within 5 min. During the early phases of hypoxia and recovery, there were large fluctuations in metabolites and pHi, indicating that mitochondrial reactions were not in a steady state. After several minutes of hypoxia or recovery, PCr/Pi and pHi stabilized, suggesting steady state kinetics for mitochondrial respiration. NMR is extremely sensitive to changes in mitochondrial oxygenation, and stable PCr/Pi and pHi indicate that O2 tension in cerebral mitochondria of the newborn lamb is constant between PaO2 of 30 and 140 mmHg.     

Combined Salvianolic Acid B and Ginsenoside Rg1 Exerts Cardioprotection against Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury in Rats

Lack of pharmacological strategies in clinics restricts the patient prognosis with myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. The aim of this study was to evaluate the cardioprotection of combined salvianolic acid B (SalB) and ginsenoside Rg1 (Rg1) against myocardial I/R injury and further investigate the underlying mechanism. I/R injury was induced by coronary artery ligation for Wistar male rats and hypoxia/reoxygenation injury was induced on H9c2 cells. Firstly, the best ratio between SalB and Rg1was set as 2:5 based on their effects on heart function detected by hemodynamic measurement. Then SalB-Rg1 (2:5) was found to maintain mitochondrial membrane potential and resist apoptosis and necrosis in H9c2 cell with hypoxia/reoxygenation injury. Companying with same dose of SalB or Rg1 only, SalB-Rg1 showed more significant effects on down-regulation of myocardial infarct size, maintenance of myocardium structure, improvement on cardiac function, decrease of cytokine secretion including TNF-α, IL-1β, RANTES and sVCAM-1. Finally, the SalB-Rg1 improved the viability of cardiac myocytes other than cardiac fibroblasts in rats with I/R injury using flow cytometry. Our results revealed that SalB-Rg1 was a promising strategy to prevent myocardial I/R injury.     

Effect of adaptation to periodic hypoxia on the resistance of the indicators of energy metabolism and myocardial contraction in acute anoxia and reoxygenation

The effect of preliminary adaptation to intermittent (40 days, 4 hrs daily at 4000 m "altitude") on the resistance of myocardial energy metabolism and contractile function to acute anoxia and subsequent reoxygenation was studied. It was found that adaptation to hypoxia significantly accelerated the restoration of creatine phosphate, ATP and creatine phosphokinase activity in myocardium in reoxygenation following acute anoxia. On the whole, this effect reduces the competition of H+ with Ca2+ in myofibrils to improve the energy supply and to accelerate the restoration of myocardial contractile function in reoxygenation.     

Effects of augmented delivery of pyruvate on myocardial high-energy phosphate metabolism at high workstate

This study was performed to determine whether the fall in myocardial high-energy phosphates (HEP) that occurs during high workstates can be ascribed to either inadequate glycolytic pyruvate generation and conversion to acyl-CoA or limitation of long-chain fatty acid transport into the mitochondria. This was tested by using infusions of either pyruvate or butyrate in anesthetized dogs. Pyruvate was used because it bypasses the glycolytic sequence of reactions, activates pyruvate dehydrogenase, and increases mitochondrial NADH concentration ([NADH(m)]) in isolated myocardium, whereas butyrate enters the mitochondria without need for transport by the rate-limiting, palmitoyl-carnitine transporter. Increasing blood pyruvate from 0.16 +/- 0.016 mM to >3 mM did not alter baseline HEP levels determined with (31)P nuclear magnetic resonance, but caused an increase in the rate-pressure product and a modest increase in myocardial oxygen consumption (MVO(2)). Infusion of dobutamine + dopamine (each 20 microg x kg(-1) x min(-1) iv) increased MVO(2) and caused decreases of myocardial phosphocreatine (PCr)/ATP. Pyruvate partially reversed the decrease of HEP levels produced by catecholamine stimulation, whereas butyrate had no effect. Neither pyruvate nor butyrate caused an increase of MVO(2) during catecholamine infusion. Deoxymyoglobin was not detected by (1)H magnetic resonance spectroscopyy in any group. The data demonstrate that carbon substrate availability to the mitochondria is not the only cause of the reduction of PCr/ATP that occurs at high workstates. Supplemental pyruvate (but not butyrate) attenuated the reduction of PCr/ATP during the high workstates; this may have resulted from direct effects on intermediary metabolism or from other effects such as the free radical scavenging activity of pyruvate.     

Pyruvate-fortified cardioplegia suppresses oxidative stress and enhances phosphorylation potential of arrested myocardium

Cardioplegic arrest for bypass surgery imposes global ischemia on the myocardium, which generates oxyradicals and depletes myocardial high-energy phosphates. The glycolytic metabolite pyruvate, but not its reduced congener lactate, increases phosphorylation potential and detoxifies oxyradicals in ischemic and postischemic myocardium. This study tested the hypothesis that pyruvate mitigates oxidative stress and preserves the energy state in cardioplegically arrested myocardium. In situ swine hearts were arrested for 60 min with a 4:1 mixture of blood and crystalloid cardioplegia solution containing 188 mM glucose alone (control) or with additional 23.8 mM lactate or 23.8 mM pyruvate and then reperfused for 3 min with cardioplegia-free blood. Glutathione (GSH), glutathione disulfide (GSSG), and energy metabolites [phosphocreatine (PCr), creatine (Cr), P(i)] were measured in myocardium, which was snap frozen at 45 min arrest and 3 min reperfusion to determine antioxidant GSH redox state (GSH/GSSG) and PCr phosphorylation potential {[PCr]/([Cr][P(i)])}. Coronary sinus 8-isoprostane indexed oxidative stress. Pyruvate cardioplegia lowered 8-isoprostane release approximately 40% during arrest versus control and lactate cardioplegia. Lactate and pyruvate cardioplegia dampened (P < 0.05 vs. control) the surge of 8-isoprostane release following reperfusion. Pyruvate doubled GSH/GSSG versus lactate cardioplegia during arrest, but GSH/GSSG fell in all three groups after reperfusion. Myocardial [PCr]/([Cr][P(i)]) was maintained in all three groups during arrest. Pyruvate cardioplegia doubled [PCr]/([Cr][P(i)]) versus control and lactate cardioplegia after reperfusion. Pyruvate cardioplegia mitigates oxidative stress during cardioplegic arrest and enhances myocardial energy state on reperfusion.     

Exogenous GSH protection during hypoxia-reoxygenation of the isolated rat heart: impact of hypoxia duration

The objective of this study was to determine the interaction between duration of myocardial hypoxia and presence of exogenous glutathione (GSH) on functional recovery upon subsequent reoxygenation. Isolated perfused rat hearts were subjected to 20, 30, 40, or 50 min hypoxia (HYP), which resulted in a progressive decline in the amount of contractile recovery (% of normoxic rate-pressure product (RPP) and developed pressure) during 30 min reoxygenation. Supplementation with 5 mM GSH throughout normoxia, hypoxia, and reoxygenation significantly improved contractile recovery during reoxygenation after 20 and 30 min hypoxia (p < 0.05), but had no effect after longer durations of hypoxia when contractile recovery was typically below 40% of RPP and significant areas of no-reflow were observed. ECG analysis revealed that GSH shifted the bell-shaped curve for reperfusion ventricular fibrillation to the right resulting in attenuated fibrillation after 20 and 30 min hypoxia then increased incidences after 40 min when Control hearts were slow to resume electrical activity. ECG conduction velocity was well preserved in all hearts after 20 and 30 min hypoxia, but GSH administration significantly attenuated the decline that occurred with longer durations. GSH supplementation did not attenuate the 35% decline in intracellular thiols during 30 min of hypoxia. When 5 mM GSH was added only during 40 min of hypoxia, RPP recovery after reoxygenation was improved compared to unsupplemented Controls (73% vs. 55% of pre-hypoxia value, p < 0.05). Administration of GSH only during reoxygenation following 40 min of hypoxia did not alter RPP recovery compared to Control hearts. We conclude that cardioprotection by exogenous GSH is dependent on the duration of hypoxia and the functional parameter being evaluated. It is not due to an enhancement of intracellular GSH suggesting that exogenous GSH acts extracellularly to protect sarcolemmal proteins against thiol oxidation during the phase of hypoxia when oxidative stress is a major contributor to cardiac dysfunction. Furthermore, if enough damage accrues during oxygen deprivation, supplementing with GSH during reoxygenation will not impact recovery.     

NHE and ICAM-1 expression in hypoxic/reoxygenated coronary microvascular endothelial cells

Although Na+/H+ exchange (NHE) has been implicated in myocardial reperfusion injury, participation of coronary microvascular endothelial cells (CMECs) in this pathogenesis has been poorly understood. NHE-induced intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) overload in CMECs may increase the synthesis of intercellular adhesion molecules (ICAM), which is potentially involved in myocardial reperfusion injury. The present study tested the hypothesis that NHE plays a crucial role in [Ca2+]i overload and ICAM-1 synthesis in CMECs. Primary cultures of CMECs isolated from adult rat hearts were subjected to acidic hypoxia for 30 min followed by reoxygenation. Two structurally distinct NHE inhibitors, cariporide and 5-(N-N-dimethyl)-amiloride (DMA), had no significant effect on the acidic hypoxia-induced decrease in intracellular pH (pH(i)) of CMECs but significantly retarded pH(i) recovery after reoxygenation. These NHE inhibitors abolished the hypoxia- and reoxygenation-induced increase in [Ca2+]i. Expression of ICAM-1 mRNA was markedly increased in the vehicle-treated CMECs 3 h after reoxygenation, and this was significantly inhibited by treatment with cariporide, DMA, or Ca2+-free buffer. In addition, enhanced ICAM-I protein expression on the cell surface of CMECs 8 h after reoxygenation was attenuated by treatment with cariporide, DMA, or Ca2+-free buffer. These results suggest that NHE plays a crucial role in the rise of [Ca2+]i and ICAM-1 expression during acidic hypoxia/reoxygenation in CMECs. We propose that inhibition of ICAM-1 expression in CMECs may represent a novel mechanism of action of NHE inhibitors against ischemia-reperfusion injury.