流体动力对HEK293细胞的细胞团形成及细胞生长和代谢的影响

利用HEK293细胞在悬浮培养中具有聚集成团的体外培养特性,在250mL的Bellco的搅拌培养体系中,以HEK293细胞团的粒径、细胞数、细胞活力、葡萄糖比消耗率(qglc)、乳酸比产率(qlac)和乳酸转化率(Ylacglc)为观察指标,考察HEK293细胞在搅拌速度分别设置为25、50、75和100rmin的培养条件下的细胞团形成、粒径分布以及细胞生长和代谢。HEK293细胞在搅拌速度为50rmin和75rmin培养条件下所形成细胞团的粒径大小适中、离散度小。培养7d后,HEK293细胞团的平均粒径分别为201μm和175μm,其中粒径≥225μm的细胞团所占比例均低于10%;在整个培养过程中,细胞团中的HEK293细胞活力维持在90%以上,qglc、qlac和Ylacglc等反映HEK293细胞代谢的参数保持相对恒定。实验结果提示:合适的搅拌速度所产生的流体动力既可使细胞团的粒径控制在合适的范围内,也可为细胞团中的HEK293细胞提供基本满足其正常生长和代谢需要的物质传递效率。     

组成型过量表达hTERT 对Vero 细胞体外培养生物学特性的影响

目的:考察组成型过量表达人端粒酶催化亚单位(hTERT)对Vero细胞在无血清培养体系中的细胞形态、生长和代谢的影响。方法:以组成型过量表达hTERT的Vero细胞系T1为研究对象,以活细胞密度和细胞活力为主要观察指标,结合细胞形态和贴附伸展动态,考察T1细胞和野生型Vero细胞在静止贴附培养、微载体固定化培养和悬浮培养体系中的细胞生长;以葡萄糖比消耗速率(qglc)、乳酸比生成速率(qlac)、乳酸转化率(Ylac/glc)和谷氨酰胺比消耗率(qgln)为反映细胞代谢的主要观察指标,考察T1细胞和野生型Vero细胞在静止贴附培养、微载体固定化培养的细胞代谢。结果:hTERT组成型过量表达在降低Vero细胞的贴附伸展能力和对血清的依赖程度的同时,提高了细胞无血清批次培养后期的细胞活力和活细胞密度,并赋予了T1非贴附依赖性生长的能力。hTERT组成型过量表达未对Vero细胞的代谢产生明显的影响。结论:hTERT组成型过量表达可降低Vero细胞的贴附生长依赖性和对血清的依赖程度,是有应用潜力的改良哺乳动物细胞体外培养性状的技术途径。     

组成型过量表达hTERT对Vero细胞体外培养生物学特性的影响

目的：考察组成型过量表达人端粒酶催化亚单位（hTERT）对Vero细胞在无血清培养体系中的细胞形态、生长和代谢的影响。方法：以组成型过量表达hTERT的Vero细胞系T1为研究对象,以活细胞密度和细胞活力为主要观察指标,结合细胞形态和贴附伸展动态,考察T1细胞和野生型Vero细胞在静止贴附培养、微载体固定化培养和悬浮培养体系中的细胞生长;以葡萄糖比消耗速率（qglc）、乳酸比生成速率（qlac）、乳酸转化率（Ylac/glc）和谷氨酰胺比消耗率（qgin）为反映细胞代谢的主要观察指标,考察T1细胞和野生型Vero细胞在静止贴附培养、微载体固定化培养的细胞代谢。结果：hTERT组成型过量表达在降低Vero细胞的贴附伸展能力和对血清的依赖程度的同时,提高了细胞无血清批次培养后期的细胞活力和活细胞密度,并赋予了T1非贴附依赖性生长的能力。hTERT组成型过量表达未对Vero细胞的代谢产生明显的影响。结论：hTERT组成型过量表达可降低Vero细胞的贴附生长依赖性和对血清的依赖程度,是有应用潜力的改良哺乳动物细胞体外培养性状的技术途径。     

甘草细胞在搅拌式生物反应器中的放大培养

在建立了稳定的甘草细胞搅拌式生物反应器放大培养体系的基础上,本文研究了甘草细胞在搅拌式反应器中悬浮培养的生长特性,包括细胞生长、细胞膜的透性、培养体系的p H变化及甘草黄酮合成情况等,并与摇瓶培养作比较。结果发现,同等条件下,反应器中培养细胞生物量的积累低于摇瓶培养,整个培养周期较摇瓶培养缩短。培养过程中同一时间段反应器中的p H值略低于摇瓶中的p H,细胞中H2O2的浓度是摇瓶中的1.8倍,甘草黄酮的产量是摇瓶培养的1.5倍,表明反应器中机械搅拌与流体剪切的培养环境对细胞生长起到一定程度的抑制作用,但刺激了细胞次生代谢产物甘草黄酮较高水平的合成。     

CHO工程细胞无血清悬浮分批培养的生长代谢特征及动力学模型

以悬浮适应的表达尿激酶原CHO工程细胞为研究对象,在100mL的摇瓶中进行无血清悬浮培养,以细胞密度、细胞活力、Pro-UK活性、葡萄糖比消耗速率(qglc)、乳酸比生产速率(qlac)、乳酸对葡萄糖的得率系数(Ylac/glc)为观察指标,同时以细胞有血清悬浮培养作为参照,考察CHO工程细胞无血清悬浮培养生长和代谢特征。观察结果表明,CHO工程细胞在无血清及有血清悬浮培养条件下表现为大致相似的细胞生长和代谢特征。在此基础上,依据实际检测的数据,应用MATLAB软件对细胞对数生长期的细胞生长、乳酸生成及葡萄糖消耗的模型参数进行非线性规划,获得全局性收敛的最优参数估计值,建立了细胞在无血清培养条件下的生长及代谢动力学模型。     

简易的杂交瘤细胞载体培养

通常杂交瘤细胞是悬浮培养在扁瓶或搅拌瓶中,其培养的细胞浓度和抗体的产量都不高。大量生产单克隆抗体则要依靠各种细胞培养器、中空纤维、微胶囊、固定化细胞和连续灌注等系统,但这些系统设计复杂,技术要求高,价格昂贵,效果不一。最近Wang G等人采用园片状聚脂载体(Fibra-     

红豆杉悬浮细胞放大培养的细胞生长与紫杉醇合成动力学

研究了在Murashige&skoog s(MS)和 6 2号两种不同的培养基中 ,红豆杉细胞悬浮细胞从摇瓶到 1 0L机械通气搅拌式反应器放大培养过程中细胞生长与紫杉醇合成动力学 .结果表明 :尽管在不同的培养条件下 ,细胞生长曲线均呈现“S”型 .紫杉醇在延迟期与指数生长期中基本上没有积累 ,而且随着培养规模的增大 ,紫杉醇的含量逐渐降低 .进一步对各级放大培养的细胞生长 ,比生长率与胞内外紫杉醇合成量进行分析 ,发现MS利于细胞生长但不利于紫杉醇合成 ,而 6 2号则相反 .根据此文的结果 ,提出了红豆杉细胞培养条件的优化和大规模细胞培养生产紫杉醇应采取的策略     

诱导表达p27对HEK293细胞生长代谢的影响

目的:研究诱导表达p27对HEK293细胞生长和代谢的影响。方法:将pTet-on载体和响应于Dox的p27诱导表达载体共转染HEK293细胞,随机挑选单克隆细胞株。以细胞周期分布和活细胞密度为主要观察指标,考察稳定转染的细胞在Dox诱导下的细胞生长;以Qglc、Qlac和Qgln为主要观察指标,考察转染细胞在Dox诱导下的细胞代谢。结果:p27基因的表达使HEK293细胞的增殖速度显著降低,G1期细胞比例显著升高,葡萄糖消耗和乳酸生产减少。结论:诱导表达p27基因是对HEK293细胞进行G1期阻滞的一种有效策略。     

诱导表达p27对HEK293细胞生长代谢的影响

目的：研究诱导表达p27对HEK293细胞生长和代谢的影响。方法：将pTet—on载体和响应于Dox的p27诱导表达载体共转染HEK293细胞,随机挑选单克隆细胞株。以细胞周期分布和活细胞密度为主要观察指标,考察稳定转染的细胞在Dox诱导下的细胞生长;以Qglc、Qlac和Qgln为主要观察指标,考察转染细胞在Dox诱导下的细胞代谢。结：p27基因的表达使HEK293细胞的增殖速度显著降低,G1期细胞比例显著升高,葡萄糖消耗和乳酸生产减少。结论：诱导表达p27基因是对HEK293细胞进行G1期阻滞的一种有效策略。     

用多孔微载体大规模培养rCHO细胞

多孔微载体是近年来发展起来的一种用于大规模高密度培养动物细胞的支持物,具有许多优点,如：容易固定细胞,适合于贴壁细胞和悬浮细胞的固定化连续灌流培养;细胞生长在载体内部,增加了细胞固定化的稳定性,可降低血清用量,适合长期培养;能保护细胞免受机械损伤,增加搅拌强度和通气量,强化反应器的传质;比表面积大,为细胞提供了充分的生长空间;细胞固定化过程简单无害,细胞能从长满细胞的微载体中自动转移到未长细胞的新载体中生长,接种方便,操作简单。特别适合于搅拌式、气升式、周定床和流化床等生物反应器的大规模培养〔1,2。尿激酶原(pro-UK)是一种重要的溶栓药物．与一般的生物医药制品相比,pro-UK给药量较大(约20mg／人～80mg／人),小规模生产不能满足市场需求。本文报道利用20L搅拌式反应器培养分泌pro-UK的重组CHO细胞的工艺条件,取得了初步结果。     

Suspended aggregates as an immobilization mode for high-density perfusion culture of HEK 293 cells in a stirred tank bioreactor

Cells of the human embryonic kidney cell line (HEK 293) grown in repeated suspension and perfusion systems were characterized and described. Cell aggregates that formed immediately after the HEK 293 cells were inoculated in stirred vessels in serum-containing Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (D-MEM)/F-12 medium. The mean diameter of the cell aggregates reflecting the aggregate size increased with culture time, shifting from 63 to 239 μm after 1 and 8 days of culture in spinner flasks, respectively. No significant differences in cell performance were observed between HEK 293 cell populations grown as suspended aggregates and those grown as anchored monolayers. Replacing the D-MEM/F-12 with CD 293 medium caused the compact spherical cell aggregates to dissociate into single cells and small irregular aggregates without any apparent effect on cell performance. Moreover, the spherical cell aggregates could reform from individual cells and small aggregates when exposed to the serum-containing D-MEM/F-12 dominant medium. Perfusion culture of HEK 293 cells grown as suspended aggregates in a 7.5-l stirred tank bioreactor for 17 days resulted in a maximum viable cell density of 1.2×10⁷ cells ml⁻¹. These results demonstrate the feasibility and proof-of-concept for using aggregates as an immobilization system in large-scale stirred bioreactors because a small-scale culture can be used as easily as the inoculum for larger bioreactors.The first two authors contributed equally to this work.     

Metabolic flux balance analysis during lactate and glucose concomitant consumption in HEK293 cell cultures

At early stages of the exponential growth phase in HEK293 cell cultures, the tricarboxylic acid cycle is unable to process all the amount of NADH generated in the glycolysis pathway, being lactate the main by-product. However, HEK293 cells are also able to metabolize lactate depending on the environmental conditions. It has been recently observed that one of the most important modes of lactate metabolization is the cometabolism of lactate and glucose, observed even during the exponential growth phase. Extracellular lactate concentration and pH appear to be the key factors triggering the metabolic shift from glucose consumption and lactate production to lactate and glucose concomitant consumption. The hypothesis proposed for triggering this metabolic shift to lactate and glucose concomitant consumption is that HEK293 cells metabolize extracellular lactate as a response to both extracellular protons and lactate accumulation, by means of cotransporting them (extracellular protons and lactate) into the cytosol. At this point, there exists a considerable controversy about how lactate reaches the mitochondrial matrix: the first hypothesis proposes that lactate is converted into pyruvate in the cytosol, and afterward, pyruvate enters into the mitochondria; the second alternative considers that lactate enters first into the mitochondria, and then, is converted into pyruvate. In this study, lactate transport and metabolization into mitochondria is shown to be feasible, as evidenced by means of respirometry tests with isolated active mitochondria, including the depletion of lactate concentration of the respirometry assay. Although the capability of lactate metabolization by isolated mitochondria is demonstrated, the possibility of lactate being converted into pyruvate in the cytosol cannot be excluded from the discussion. For this reason, the calculation of the metabolic fluxes for an HEK293 cell line was performed for the different metabolic phases observed in batch cultures under pH controlled and noncontrolled conditions, considering both hypotheses. The main objective of this study is to evaluate the redistribution of cellular metabolism and compare the differences or similarities between the phases before and after the metabolic shift of HEK293 cells (shift observed when pH is not controlled). That is from a glucose consumption/lactate production phase to a glucose-lactate coconsumption phase. Interestingly, switching to a glucose and lactate cometabolization results in a better-balanced cell metabolism, with decreased glucose and amino acids uptake rates, affecting minimally cell growth. This behavior could be applied to further develop new approaches in terms of cell engineering and to develop improved cell culture strategies in the field of animal cell technology.     

以胶原膜为支架的心肌细胞体外三维培养

将从新生乳鼠心室肌组织获取的心肌细胞接种于鼠尾胶原膜三维支架和组织培养板,以细胞形态、细胞搏动、葡萄糖比消耗率(q_glu)、乳酸比产率(q_lac)、乳酸转化率(Y_lac/glu)、肌酸激酶及乳酸脱氢酶的活力为观察指标,比较心肌细胞在鼠尾胶原膜中三维(3D)培养和组织培养板中二维(2D)培养的差异。培养于鼠尾胶原膜的乳鼠心肌细胞在第5天形成闰盘连接,形成面积约为80mm³、肉眼可见自律性同步收缩的心肌细胞3D培养物。3D培养体系中乳鼠心肌细胞的q_glu、q_lac和Y_lac/glu的均值分别为7.37 μmol/10.6cells/d、2.92 μmol/106cells/d和0.38 μmol/μmol;2D培养体系中乳鼠心肌细胞的q_glu、q_lac和Y_lac/glu的均值分别为7.59 μmol/10.6cells/d、3.83 μmol/10.6cells/d和 0.51 μmol/μmol。两种培养体系中乳鼠心肌细胞的肌酸激酶及乳酸脱氢酶的活力无明显差别。实验结果表明：培养于鼠尾胶原膜的心肌细胞保持正常心肌细胞的代谢活力和收缩功能。     

Understanding factors that limit the productivity of suspension-based perfusion cultures operated at high medium renewal rates

One of the key parameters in perfusion culture is the rate of medium replacement (D). Intensifying D results in enhanced provision of nutrients, which can lead to an increase in the viable cell density (X(v)). The daily MAb production of hybridoma cells can thus be increased proportionally without modifying the bioreactor scale, provided that both viable cell yield per perfusion rate (Y(Xv/D)) and specific MAb productivity (q(MAb)) remain constant at higher D. To identify factors prone to limit productivity in perfusion, a detailed kinetic analysis was carried out on a series of cultures operated within a D range of 0.48/4.34 vvd (volumes of medium/reactor volume/day) in two different suspension-based systems. In the Celligen/vortex-flow filter system, significant reductions in Y(Xv/D) and q(MAb) resulting from the use of gas sparging were observed at D > 1.57 vvd (X(v) > 15 x 10(6) cells/mL). Through glucose supplementation, we have shown that the decrease in Y(Xv/D) encountered in presence of sparging was not resulting from increased cellular destruction or reduced cell growth, but rather from glucose limitation. Thus, increases in hydrodynamic shear stress imparted to the culture via intensification of gas sparging resulted in a gradual increase in specific glucose consumption (q(glc)) and lactate production rates (q(lac)), while no variations were observed in glutamine-consumption rates. As a result, while glutamine was the sole limiting-nutrient under non-sparging conditions, both glutamine and glucose became limiting under sparging conditions. Although a reduction in q(MAb) was observed at high-sparging rates, inhibition of MAb synthesis did not result from direct impact of bubbles, but was rather associated with elevated lactate levels (25-30 mM), resulting from shear stress-induced increases in q(lac), q(glc), and Y(lac/glc). Deleterious effects of sparging on Y(Xv/D) and q(MAb) encountered in the Celligen/vortex-flow filter system were eliminated in the sparging-free low-shear environment of the Chemap-HRI/ultrasonic filter system, allowing for the maintenance of up to 37 x 10(6) viable cells/mL. A strategy aimed at reducing requirements for sparging in large-scale perfusion cultures by way of a reduction in the oxygen demand using cellular engineering is discussed.     

Real-time method for determining the colony-forming cell content of human hematopoietic cell cultures

Glucose and lactate metabolic rates were evaluated for cultures of cord blood (CB) mononuclear cell (MNC), peripheral blood (PB) MNC, and PB CD34(+) cell cultures carried out in spinner flasks and in T-flasks in both serum-containing and serum-free media. Specific glucose uptake rates (q(gluc), in micromoles per cell per hour) and lactate generation rates (q(lac)) correlated with the percentage of colony-forming cells (CFC) present in the culture for a broad range of culture conditions. Specifically, the time of maximum CFC percentage in each culture coincided with the time of maximum q(gluc) and q(lac) in cultures with different seeding densities and cytokine combinations. A two-population model (Q(lac) = alpha[CFC] + beta([TC] - [CFC ]), where [TC] is total cell concentration; Q(lac) is volumetric lactate production rate in micromoles per milliliter per hour; alpha is q(lac) for an average CFC; and beta is q(lac) for an average non-CFC) was developed to describe lactate production. The model described lactate production well for cultures carried out in both T-flasks and spinner flasks and inoculated with either PB or CB MNC or PB CD34(+) cells. The values for alpha and beta that were derived from the model varied with both the inoculum density and the cytokine combination. However, preliminary results indicate that cultures carried out under the same conditions from different samples with similar initial CD34(+) cell content have similar values for beta and beta. These findings suggest that it should be possible to use lactate production data to predict the harvest time that corresponds to the maximum number of CFC in culture. The ability to harvest ex vivo hematopoietic cultures for transplantation when CFC are at a maximum has the potential to speed the rate at which immunocompromised patients recover. (c) 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 55: 693-700, 1997.     

人皮肤成纤维细胞在不同培养系统中的生长代谢特性

大面积烧伤病人及多种皮肤溃疡病人很难用自体皮肤移植来进行治疗.早期治疗方法采用尸体来源的皮肤移植,但由于来源有限、且有传播疾病的危险,因此应用组织工程技术构建生物活性人工皮肤已成为近十几年来在组织工程和创伤治疗领域的研究热点,目前已有几种人工皮肤成功地走向临床[1].然而,在构建大面积皮肤组织过程中,如何大量制备皮肤种子细胞仍然是一大棘手的难题,成为人体皮肤组织工程迫切需要解决的技术关键.获得大量扩增的皮肤细胞,解决种子细胞的供应问题,是构建人工皮肤的一个关键.