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真桑钝绥螨对柑桔全爪螨不同螨态的选择性

真桑钝绥螨对柑桔全爪螨不同螨态的选择性蒲天胜,曾涛,韦德卫（广西农科院植物保护研究所,南宁５３０００７）ＳｅｌｅｃｔｉｖｅＰｒｅｄａｃｉｔｙｏｆＡｍｂｌｙｓｅｉｕｓｍａｋｕｗａｔｏＶａｒｉｏｕｓＭｉｔｅＦｏｒｍｓｏｆＰａｎａｎｙｃｈｕｓｃｉｔｒｉ￥ＰｕＴｉａｎｓｈｅｎｇ;ＺｅｎｇＴａｏ;ＷｅｉＤｅｗｅｉ（ＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＰｌａｎｔＰｒｏｌｅｃｔｉｏｎ,ＧｕａｎｇｘｉＡｃａｄｅｍｙｏｆＡｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌＳｃｉｅｎｃｅｓ）．ＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＪｏｕｒ－ｎａｌｏｆＥｃｏｌｏｇｙ,１９９３,１２（１）：３３－３４。ＴｈｅｓｅｌｅｃｔｉｖｅｐｒｅｄａｃｉｔｙｏｆｆｅｍａｌｅａｄｕｌｔｏｆＡ．ｍａｋｕｗａｔｏｃｉｔｒｕｓｍｉｔｅｓｉｓｓｉｍｕｌａｔｅｄｉｎｃｏｍｐａｒｉｓｏｎｗｉｔｈｓｐｅｃｉｅｓｏｆＡｎｉｃｈｏｌｓｉ．Ａ．ｍａｋｕｗａｓｈｏｗｓａｎｅｇａｔｉｖｅｐｒｅｆｅｒｅｎｃｅｔｏｔｈｅａｄｕｌｔｏｆＰ．ｃｉｔｒｉ,ｂｕｔＡ．ｎｉｃｈｏｌｓｉｓｈｏｗｓｎｏｓｅｌｅｃｔｉｖｉｔｙａｎｄｓｗｉｔｃｈｉｎｇ．Ｉｎｍｕｌｔｉ－ｆｏｒｍｃｏｅｘｉｓｔｅｎｔｓｙｓｔｅｍｏｆｍｉｔｅｓ,ｔｈｅｆｕｎｃｔｉｏｎａｌｒｅｓ     

生态农业与乡村经济持续发展

生态农业与乡村经济持续发展张壬午,计文瑛,孙鸿良（天津农业部环境保护研究所,３００１９１）（中国农科院,北京１０００８１）ＥｃｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌＡｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅａｎｄＳｕｓｔａｉｎａｂｌｅＤｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔｏｆＲｕｒａｌＥｃｏｎｏｍｙ￥．ＺｈａｎｇＲｅｎｗｕ;ＪｉＷｅｎｙｉｎｇ（Ａｇｒｏ－ｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔＰｒｏｔｅｃｌｉｏｎＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅ,Ｔｉａｎｊｉｎ３００１９１）,ＳｕｎＨｏｎｇｌｉａｎｇ（ＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＡｃａｄｅｍｙｏｆＡｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌＳｃｉｅｎｃｃｓ,Ｂｅｉｊｉｎｇ１０００８１）．ＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＥｃｏｌｏｇｙ,１９９３,１２（２）：１９—２０．ＴｈｉｓｐａｐｅｒｂｒｉｅｆｌｙｐｒｅｓｅｎｔｓｔｈｅｃｕｒｒｅｎｔｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔｏｆｅｃｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅｉｎＣｈｉｎａａｎｄｃｏｍｐａｒｅｓｗｉｔｈｔｈｅ＇＇ｓｕｓｔａｉｎａｂｌｅａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅａｎｄｒｕｒａｌｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔ＇＇（ＳＡＲＤ）ｐｕｔｆｏｒｗａｒｄｂｙＦＡＯ,Ｃｈｉｎａ’ｓｓｕｓｔａｉｎａｂｌｅａ－ｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅｉｓｎｏｔｏｎｌｙａｎｉｎｇｅｎｉｏｕｓ     

农业系统生产力（ASP）的量化及其现状分析

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最大概率原理在农田生态系统中的应用

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生物固氮─—生态农业的一个重要启动因素

生物固氮─—生态农业的一个重要启动因素陈士平（辽宁省农业科学院土壤肥料研究所,沈阳１１０１６１）ＢｉｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌＮｉｔｒｏｇｅｎＦｉｘａｔｉｏｎ—ＡｎＩｍｐｏｒｔａｎｔＲｕｎｎｉｎｇＦａｃｔｏｒｏｆＥｃｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌＡｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅ￥．ＣｈｅｎＳｈｉｐｉｎｇ（ＳｏｉｌａｎｄＦｅｒｔｉｌｉｚｅｒＩｎｓｔｉｌｕｔｅ,ＬｉａｏｎｉｎｇＡｃａｄｅｍｙｏｆＡｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌＳｃｉｅｎｃｅｓ,Ｓｈｅｎｙａｎｇ１１０１６１）．ＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＥｃｏｌｏｇｙ,１９９３,１２（２）：３１—３３．ＬｅｇｕｍｉｎｏｕｓｇｒｅｅｎｍａｎｕｒｅｃｒｏｐｓｓｕｃｈａｓｓｗｅｅｔｃｌｏｖｅｒａｎｄＡｓｔｒａｇａｌｕｓｈｕａｎｇｈｅｅｎｓｉｓ,ｃａｎｐｒｏｖｉｄｅｄｅｆｉｎｉｔｅａｍｏｕｎｔｏｆｂｉｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌｌｙｆｉｘｅｄ－ＮｔｏｍａｋｅＮ－ｂｕｄｇｅｔｂａｌａｎｃｅ,ｐｒｏｍｏｔｅｓｏｉｌｐｈｙｓｉｃａｌａｎｄｃｈｅｍｉｃａｌｐｒｏｐｅｒ－ｔｉｅｓ,ｒｅｄｕｃｅｓｏｉｌａｎｄｗａｔｅｒｅｒｏｓｉｏｎ,ａｎｄｔｈｕｓ,ｉｎｃｒｅａｓｅｐｅｒｕｎｉｔａｒｅａｙｉｅｌｄａｎｄｔｏｔａｌｏｕｔｐｕｔｗｈｅ     

辽宁省灾害区划初探

辽宁省灾害区划初探尹功成,梁文举（辽宁省农业区划研究所,沈阳１１００３１）（中国科学院沈阳应用生态研究所,１１００１５）ＡｎＡｐｐｒｏａｃｈｔｏＣａｌａｍｉｔｙＤｉｖｉｓｉｏｎｉｎｇｏｆＬｉａｏｎｉｎｇＰｒｏｖｉｎｃｅ￥．ＹｉｎＧｏｎｇｃｈｅｎｇ（ＬｉａｏｎｉｎｇＩｎｓｌｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＡｇｒｉ－ｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌＤｉｖｉｓｉｏｎｉｎｇ,Ｓｈｅｎｙａｎｇ１１００３１）,ＬｉａｎｇＷｅｎｊｕ（ＩｎｓｌｉｌｕｔｅｏｆＡｐｐｌｉｅｄＥｃｏｌｏｇｙ,ＡｃａｄｅｍｉａＳｉｎｉｃａ,Ｓｈｅｎｙａｎｇ１１００１５）．ＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＥｃｏｌｏｇｙ,１９９３,１２（４）：６１－６５．ＮａｔｕｒａｌｃａｌａｍｉｔｉｅｓｏｃｃｕｒｗｈｅｎｖａｒｉＯｕｓｎａｔｕｒａｌｐｈｅｎｏｍｎａｅｎｄａｎｇｅｒｌｉｆｅ,ｍｉｎｄｓａｎｄｐｒｏｐｅｒｔｉｅｓ,ｂｕｔｓｏｍｅｐｏｔｅｎｔｉａｌｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔａｌｄｉｓａｓｔｅｒｓｓｕｃｈａｓｒｎａｎ－ｍａｄｅａｎｄａｎｔｈｒｏｐｏｇｅｎｏｕｓｎａｔｕｒａｌｄｉｓａｓｔｅｒｓｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｓｌｏｗ－ｌｙａｎｄｐｒｏｆｏｕｎｄｌｙ,ｗｈｌｃｈａｒｅｕｎｏｂｖｉｏｕｓａｎｄｎｏｔｒ     

持续农业是生态农业的继续与发展

持续农业是生态农业的继续与发展袁从,赵强基（江苏省农业科学院,南京２１００１４）ＳｕｓｔａｉｎａｂｌｅＡｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅ—ＴｈｅＣｏｎｔｉｎｕａｔｉｏｎａｎｄＤｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔｏｆＥｃｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌＡｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅ．￥ＹｕａｎＣｏｎｇｙｉ;ＺｈａｏＱｉａｎｇｊｉ（ＪｉａｎｇｓｕＡｃａｄｅｎｚｙｏｆＡｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌＳｃｉｅｎｃｅｓ,Ｎａｎｊｉｎｇ２１００１４）．ＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＪｏｕｍａｌｏｆＥｃｏｌｏｇｙ,１９９３,１２（２）：１３－１５．Ｉｎｌｉｇｈｔｏｆｔｈｅｃｏｎｄｉｔｉｏｎｏｆｏｕｒｃｏｕｎｔｒｙ,ｔｈｉｓｐａｐｅｒｉｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｅｓｔｈｅｃｏｎｃｅｐｔｓａｎｄｃｏｎｔｅｎｔｓｏｆｓｕｓｔａｉｎａｂｌｅａ－ｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅａｎｄｉｔｓｑｕａｎｔｉｔａｔｉｖｅｅｖａｌｕａｔｉｏｎｉｎｄｉｃｅｓ──ｓｕｓｔａｉｎａｂｉｌｉｔｙ,ｓｔａｂｉｌｉｔｙ,ｅｑｕａｌｉｔｙａｎｄｈａｒｍｏｎｉｔｙ（ｄｉ－ｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ）．Ｓｉｍｐｌｉｆｉｅｄｓｙｓｔｅｍｉｎｐｕｔ—ｏｕｔｐｕｔｅｑｕｉｌｉｂｒｉｕｍｉｓｕｓｅｄｔｏｅｓｔｉｍａｔｅｔｈｅｄｙｎａｍｉｃｓｏｆｓｏｉｌｆｅｒｔｉｌｉｔｙ．Ｐ     

沟稃草属研究札记

本文对沟稃草属Ａｎｉｓｅｂｙｔｒｏｎ Ｍｅｒｒｉｌｌ的系统分类进行了初步的整理与修订。认为Ａｕｌａｃｏｌｅｐｉｓ Ｈａｃｋｅｌ（１９０７）（Ｎｅｏａｕｌａｃｏｌｅｐｉｓ Ｓ．Ｒａｕｓｃｈｅｒｔ（１９８２）ｐｒｏ ｎｏｍ．ｎｏｖ．Ａｕｌａｃｄｅｐｉｓ）ｎｏｎ Ｃ．ｖ．Ｅｉｔｉｎｇｓｈａｕｓｅｎ（１８９３）、Ａｎｉｓｅｌｙｔｒｏｎ Ｍｅｒｒｉｌｌ（１９１０）与Ａｎｉｓａｃｈｎｅ Ｋｅｎｇ（１９５８）是     

普通小麦基因组最可能的4个供体的ITS1和ITS2序列及其亲缘关系

对普通小麦（ＴｒｉｔｉｃｕｍａｅｓｔｉｖｕｍＬ．）基因组（ＡＡＢＢＤＤ）最可能的供体－Ｔ．ｕｒａｔｒｔｕＴｈｕｍ．（ＡＡ）、Ｔ．ｍｏｎｏｃｃｕｍｖａｒ．ｂｏｅｏｔｉｃｕｍ（Ｂｏｉｓｓ．）ＭＫ（ＡＡ）、ＡｅｇｉｌｏｐｓｓｐｅｌｔｏｉｄｅｓＴａｕｓｃｈ．和Ａｅ．ｔａｕｓｃｈｉｉ（Ｃｏｓｓ．（ＤＤ）的核糖体ＲＮＡ基因ＩＴＳ区进行了ＰＣＲ扩增和克隆,并测定了ＩＴＳ１和ＩＴＳ２的ＤＮＡ序列,讨论和纠正了前人     

Tooth loss and tooth retention in a multitribal group of Bantu-speaking South African blacks: A study on 500 dry mandibles

Tooth loss and tooth retention in adult South African Bantu-speaking Negroes were studied from data derived from 500 dry mandibles. The tribe, sex, and stated age of the specimens were available. Mandibles were equally distributed over the third to seventh decade of life. The presence of dental units was recorded and analysed within and between decade age groups. The mandibles carried a total of 5,459 dental units. Between the third and fourth decades of life and between the sixth and seventh decades, the reduction of the frequency of dental units was mild and statistically not significant. It was, however, severe and significant between the fourth and fifth, and the fifth and sixth decades. In the third-decade group, most teeth were found in the anterior region with a tendency to diminish in number posteriorly. After the third decade there was a definite persistence of first premolars and canines with significant tendency toward loss of teeth anterior and posterior to them. Only the incisors and third molars showed significant reduction in number from the third to the fourth decade. The reduction of all teeth was statistically significant later, until the sixth decade of life. Although there was loss of teeth from the sixth to the seventh decade, it was not significant for any of the homologous dental units. There is a possibility that some dietary differences existed between the older subjects (50–70 years old) and the younger ones (20–49 years old) which may have had some influence on the results.     

Form and patterning of anterior tooth wear among aboriginal human groups

Form and severity of dental attrition was assessed in aboriginal human groups including hunter-gatherers (Eskimos, Australians) and those with dependence to a varying degree on food production (Southwest U.S. and Ohio American Indians). Wear on anterior teeth was both relatively and absolutely greater in the hunter-gatherers, as indicated by comparisons of wear on anterior and posterior teeth which come into occlusion at roughly the same time. Distinct differences in form of anterior wear were also apparent: The hunter-gatherers exhibited steadily increasing incidences of labially rounded wear with greater functional age, while the food-producing groups showed little or no rounding but instead high frequencies of heavily cupped wear (especially in those with premature loss of posterior teeth). These differences were attributed to nonmasticatory utilization of the front teeth in hunter-gatherers and to employment of the anterior teeth in masticatory (grinding) activities necessitated by large-scale molar loss in food producers.     

Interproximal grooving and task activity in Australia

Interproximal grooving was recorded in 85 nineteenth century aboriginal skulls from Swanport in South Australia. One or more grooved teeth were noted in 41% of individuals, but the frequency of grooving in males was twice that in females. Distal surface grooving was noted in 93 teeth in contrast to only five instances of mesial grooving. The lesions were similar in appearance to those reported in many other populations--confined primarily to the premolar-molar region, located at the cementoenamel junction, directed horizontally, and usually clean-cut and free of caries. Stripping of animal sinews between the clenched posterior teeth has been recorded on film as a common task activity in traditional aboriginal society. In our opinion, task activity and not toothpicking was the likely cause of the observed interproximal grooving in the aboriginals.     

Canadian Eskimo permanent tooth emergence timing

To identify the times of emergence of the permanent teeth of Canadian Eskimos (Inuit), 368 children and adolescents were examined. The presence or absence of all permanent teeth except the third molars was recorded and these data subjected to probit analysis. Female emergence times were advanced over males. Generally, the Inuit of both sexes showed statistically significant earlier emergence times than Montreal children, except for the incisors. The present results do not support hypotheses indicating that premature extraction of the deciduous teeth advances the emergence of their succedaneous counterparts. There is some indication the controls of deciduous tooth emergence continue to play some part in emergence of the permanent dentition, especially the first permanent teeth that emerge.     

Size and morphology of the permanent dentition in prehistoric Ohio Valley Amerindians.

Metric and morphological characterizations of the permanent teeth from a total of 155 prehistoric Amerindians are presented. The individuals represent samples from three Ohio Valley burial complexes (considered together as the Late Diffuse group): Glacial Kame, Adena and Ohio Hopewell. Metric data include common measures of central tendency and dispersion. From these measures estimates and analyses of the magnitude of sexual dimorphism and relative variability are presented as well as analyses of the patterns of these estimates. Forty morphological characters are also tabulated. The results indicate a number of provisional hypotheses: the generally larger tooth size of the Late Archaic Indian Knoll when compared to the Late Diffuse groups is consistent with the hypothesis of mitigated selective pressures in more technologically advanced groups; although tooth size is smaller in the Late Diffuse groups, dental morphology is as complex, or more so when compared to the Indian Knoll group. Since morphology and size do not covary exactly the biocultural forces resulting in smaller tooth size do not seem to act as strongly on dental morphology; odontological differences within the Late Diffuse arise primarily between the Glacial Kame-Adena and the Ohio Hopewell. These differences correspond to major biocultural changes in this area; although provisional hypotheses concerning odontological variability are erected, hypotheses concerning evolutionary trends must await the discovery of evolving lineages within these groups; similarities are noted among all compared groups including the pattern and magnitude of sexual dimorphism and relative variability. These parameters may be similar for all eastern Amerindians during this period; finally, the morphology of the deciduous dentition, which generally predicts that of the permanent teeth, is found to be less complex than the permanent teeth. This may be the result of a selective disadvantage for the individuals in the deciduous dentition sample which is reflected in the dentition.     

OPGmRNA在牙齿萌出过程中牙台方组织内的表达

目的：探讨骨保护素（osteoprotegerin OPG）mRNA在牙齿萌出过程中胎方组织内的表达。方法：运用原位杂交方法检测大鼠下颌第一磨牙胎方组织内OPGmRNA的表达。结果：大鼠下颌第一磨牙牙台方组织内牙囊成纤维细胞中OPGmRNA在牙齿骨内萌出阶段中期阳性表达,与萌出早、晚期比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）,其中早期比晚期差异显著（P〈0．01）;成釉细胞中OPGmRNA在牙齿骨内萌出阶段中期阳性表达,与萌出早、晚期比较差异亦有统计学意义（P〈0.01）,早期与晚期没有显著性差异（P〉0．05）。结论：OPGmRNA在大鼠出生后下颌第一磨牙牙囊成纤维细胞、成釉细胞骨内萌出阶段中期表达最强,牙齿萌出过程中可能通过OPGmRNA表达量的变化来调节牙齿的萌出。     

OPG mRNA在牙齿萌出过程中(牙合)方组织内的表达

目的:探讨骨保护素(osteoprotegerin OPG)mRNA在牙齿萌出过程中方组织内的表达。方法:运用原位杂交方法检测大鼠下颌第一磨牙方组织内OPG mRNA的表达。结果:大鼠下颌第一磨牙方组织内牙囊成纤维细胞中OPG mRNA在牙齿骨内萌出阶段中期阳性表达,与萌出早、晚期比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),其中早期比晚期差异显著(P<0.01);成釉细胞中OPG mRNA在牙齿骨内萌出阶段中期阳性表达,与萌出早、晚期比较差异亦有统计学意义(P<0.01),早期与晚期没有显著性差异(P>0.05)。结论:OPG mRNA在大鼠出生后下颌第一磨牙牙囊成纤维细胞、成釉细胞骨内萌出阶段中期表达最强,牙齿萌出过程中可能通过OPG mRNA表达量的变化来调节牙齿的萌出。     

Semaphorin 3A controls timing and patterning of the dental pulp innervation

Timing and patterning of dental pulp innervation are strictly spatio-temporally regulated but it is still not known how they are controlled at molecular level. We analyzed postnatal innervation of the dental pulp in the mandibular first molar of mice deficient for Semaphorin 3A (Sema3A) axon repellant molecule. Immunohistochemical localization of nerve fibers on serial sections covering the whole tooth germs using anti-peripherin antibody revealed that nerve fibers were prematurely present within the preodontoblast layer next to the inner enamel epithelium already at PN0 in Sema3A^−/− mice. In contrast, in the wild-type (Sema3A^+/+) mice nerve fibers were seen in the pulp only after enamel formation at PN3. The nerves in Sema3A^−/− pulp were notably defasciculated and thinner compared to that of Sema3A^+/+ mice. A premature formation of an abnormal, enlarged nerve plexus with a high number of arborizations was apparent in the pulp–dentin border target area in Sema3A^−/− already at PN2 whereas in the wild-type mice the first sign of plexus formation was seen at PN7. The expression of mRNAs for Ngf, Gdnf and Ncam neuroregulatory molecules in mandibular molar as well as receptors for neurotrophic factors and class 3 semaphorins including Sema3A (TrkA, p75, TrkB, TrkC, Ret, Npn1, Npn2, PlxA4) in trigeminal ganglia were not altered in the Sema3A^−/− mice. Collectively, this data show that Sema3A serves an essential role in molar tooth pulp innervation controlling the timing of nerve fiber penetration into the pulp, their patterning and the formation of nerve plexus at pulp–dentin border area, and provide further support for the hypothesis that tooth innervation is regulated by the coordinated activity of locally expressed neuroregulatory molecules exerting positive and negative influences on growing dental nerve fibers.     

Coordination of tooth morphogenesis and neuronal development through tissue interactions: Lessons from mouse models

In addition to being an advantageous model to investigate general molecular mechanisms of organ formation, the tooth is a distinct target organ for peripheral nerve innervation. These nerves are required for the function and protection of the teeth and, as shown in fish, also for their regeneration. This review focuses on recent findings of the local tissue interactions and molecular signaling mechanisms that regulate the early nerve arrival and patterning of mouse mandibular molar tooth sensory innervation.     

Patterning the size and number of tooth and its cusps

Mice and rats, two species of rodents, show some dental similarities such as tooth number and cusp number, and differences such as tooth size and cusp size. In this study, the tooth size, tooth number, cusp size and cusp number, which are four major factors of the tooth patterning, were investigated by the heterospecific recombinations of tissues from the molar tooth germs of mice and rats. Our results suggest that the dental epithelium and mesenchyme determine the cusp size and tooth size respectively and the cusp number is co-regulated by the tooth size and cusp size. It is also suggested that the mesenchymal cell number regulates not the tooth size but the tooth number. The relationships among these factors in tooth patterning including micropatterning (cusp size and cusp number) and macropatterning (tooth size and tooth number) were analyzed in a reaction diffusion mechanism. Key molecules determining the patterning of teeth remains to be elucidated for controlling the tooth size and cusp size of bioengineered tooth.