Meiotic analysis ofElymus caucasicus,E. longearistatus,and their interspecific hybrids with twenty-threeElymus species (Triticeae,Poaceae)

Interspecific hybridizations were carried out between the two tetraploidsElymus caucasicus andE. longearistatus, and 23 tetraploids and hexaploids ofElymus containing SH, SY, SYH, and SYW genomes and representing various geographical regions. Meiotic pairing was studied in the two target species and their hybrids. It is concluded from this study that (i) interspecific hybridization is fairly easy to perform although strong reproductive barriers exist between the species; (ii)Elymus caucasicus andE. longearistatus are allotetraploids, and share the diverged SY genomes; (iii) the divergence of SY genomes is correlated with the geographic distance between theElymus spp. studied.     

Wall morphogenesis in diatoms: Deposition of silica by cytoplasmic vesicles

Summary Several TEM and SEM techniques were applied to examine developing structures in valves of the centric diatomThalassiosira eccentrica (Ehrenb.) Cleve after cytokinesis. It was possible to confirm that in each stage of the silicification process there is a distinction between a growing zone with a loose assemblage of silica spheres and a compacting zone in an older phase of development. The spherical structure of the silica in the growing zone results from the addition of silica by small cytoplasmic vesicles of about 300 to 400 Å in diameter. The vesicle membrane fuses with the silicalemma and the vesicle content is released into the silica-deposition vesicle. The origin of these vesicles, named STV, is still unknown.     

Factor analysis of fluctuation in populations ofPseudomonas syringae pv.savastanoi on the phylloplane of the olive

Populations ofPseudomonas syringae pv.savastanoi on the surface of olive leaves were monitored quarterly from 1974 to 1981. Seven microbiological parameters were measured: the density of the bacteria on the leaves unfolded in March, in June, and in September; the density of the bacteria on random leaves; the mean vigor of bacterial isolates obtained at each sampling time; and the similarity between the isolates, based on both the simple matching coefficient and the pattern coefficient. Seven environmental parameters were also recorded: the mean temperature, the rainfall, and the frequency and velocity of east and west winds during a period of 30 days before each sampling; the rate of turnover of the leaves during the same period; the number of pollen grains on the leaves at the time of sampling; and the 5-day biochemical oxygen demand of the wash water of leaves in each sample. Factor analysis led to extraction of 7 factors that accounted for 70.69%–92.80% of the maximum variance of every microbiological parameter and 68.92%–96.62% of the maximum variance of every environmental parameter. The factors were identified as cambial activity, leaf age, summertime, time of blossoming, summer rains, winter rains, and warm weather fronts. More than 43% of the total parameter variance was loaded in the first 2 factors. Higher communality values (>86% of maximum variance) were obtained for the microbiological parameters based on the distribution of phenotypic characters among the bacterial isolates than for those based on bacterial densities on the phylloplane.     

Electron microscope study of the atretic oocytes of the rat

Zusammenfassung Das Muster in den Calcitindividuen des Eischalenkalkes der Vögel-seine Entstehung wird kurz erläutert — kann durch Spalten, Verwachsungsnähte, Anordnung der Globularinklusionen ohne weiteres hervortreten, läßt sich aber auch durch bestimmte Eingriffe, z. B. Ätzen, verdeutlichen. Quer- und Flachschliffe der Eischale von Diomedea exulans (Albatros) zeigen im Bereich der Säulenlage ein ausgeprägtes Globularmuster:In den Primen der Inneren Säulenlage erscheinen am Querschliff die Inklusionen in Parallelstreifen, die schräg gegen die Schalenoberfläche verlaufen, wobei die Neigung von einem zum anderen Prisma wechselt. Jede Reihe dieses Streifenmusters setzt sich aus rhombischen Elementen zusammen, derart, daß das eine Paar der Rhombenseiten die Längsränder des Streifens liefert, das andere aber, schräg über ihn verlaufend, seine Elemente trennt. Die Girlandenzone der Inneren Säulenlage wird durch den genannten Neigungswechsel des — hier vergröberten — Streifenmusters erzeugt.In der Äußeren Säulenlage häufen sich die Globularinklusionen in rechteckigen oder rhombischen Feldern an, die innerhalb des gleichen Prismas parallel stehen. Die Felder sind durch schmale helle inklusionsfreie Raine getrennt, in denen Verwachsungsnähte sich zeigen können. Dieses Block- oder Rhombenmuster ist auch am Flachschliff sichtbar.Der Übergang vom Streifenmuster der Inneren zum Rhomben- oder Blockmuster der Äußeren Säulenlage vollzieht sich über eine die Elemente durchschneidende Schichtlinie hinweg, ohne Störung der optischen Einheitlichkeit des Prismas. So kann das gleiche Musterelement unterhalb der Schichtlinie das Streifen-, oberhalb derselben das Blockmuster darbieten. Sowohl bei den Inneren wie bei den Äußeren Säulenprismen erfolgt die seitliche Verfugung der Nachbarn unter dem Einfluß des Musters, was bei den Inneren Säulen zackigen, bei den Äußeren mehr glatten Grenzverlauf erzeugt. Oft brechen Musterelemente an den Prismengrenzen ab. Manche Prismen der Inneren Säulenlage erscheinen am Flachschliff rhombisch umrissen. Auch am hügeligen Relief der Schalenoberfläche treten Rhombengrenzen hervor.

---

Summary The pattern in the calcite individues of the avian egg shell — its development is shortly explained — can appear by clefts, outgrowing sutures, arrangement of the globular inclusions, but also can be rendered conspicuous by certain treatments, e.g. etching. Transverse and tangential ground sections through the egg shell of Diomedea exulans (albatros) show in the column layer a characteristic globular pattern.In the prisms of the inner column layer the inclusions are arranged on transverse sections in parallel stripes, running obliquely against the shell surface, whereby its inclination changes from one to the other prism. Each row of this stripe pattern is composed by rhombic elements, so that one pair of the rhomb sides form the longitudinal edges of the elements but the other, obliquely cutting the stripes, separate the elements. The garland zone of the inner column layer is the expression of the alternating inclination in the stripe pattern — here more coarse.In the outer column layer the globular inclusions are accumulated in rectangular or rhombic areas parallel within the same prism. The elements of this block or rhomb pattern are separated by narrow light inclusion-free hiels, in which outgrowing sutures can appear; the pattern is also visible in tangential ground sections.The transition of the stripe pattern to the rhomb or block pattern happens on a stratification line — without disturbance of the the uniform extinction of the prism between crossed polars. Thereby the same pattern element can show under the stratification line the stripe pattern and above it the block pattern. In the inner as in the outer column prisms the lateral indentation of the neighbours is determined by the pattern, producing in the inner columns a pronged, in the outer a more smooth boundary. Often pattern elements break off at the prism boundaries. Some prisms of the inner column layer show a rhombic contour in tangential ground sections. Also on the hilly relievo of the shell surface rhombic limitation is observable.

     

Transmembrane electron transport and the neutral theory of evolution

Based on the concept of pairs of basic functional states the evolution of the first chemiosmotic mechanism of energy conversion is discussed in terms of point mutations, gene duplications and of the neutral theory of evolution. A model for estimating the overall probability of the evolutionary step in question is presented, both for the selectionist and neutralist position. It is concluded that, concerning the present stage of knowledge, the evolution of transmembrane electron transport is an unsolved problem in evolutionary biology.     

Concluding remarks

On the basis of symposium contributions onChlorella, Hibbertia, Eucalyptus, Ambrosia and on numerical approaches some fundamental problems of (bio)systematics, evolution, and taxonomic categories are discussed: Methods available for analysing affinities; conflicting evidence from phenetic, biochemical, cytogenetic and other analyses; further classification problems in cases of intermediacy, etc. While sibs of various levels and their natural hierarchy often can be objectively defined, this appears impossible for particular taxonomic levels itself (e. g. species). A single objective taxonomic system of organisms is unrealistic. Certain guiding lines for relative and practicable concepts of species and genus are proposed.Presented at the symposium Speciation and the Species Concept during the XIIth International Botanical Congress, Leningrad, July 8, 1975.     

Ultrastructure of four types of striated muscle fibers in the atlantic hagfish (Myxine glutinosa,L.)

Summary Four types of striated muscle fibers with distinctive ultrastructure were defined in the Atlantic hagfish (Myxine glutinosa, L.): white, intermediate, and red fibers of m. parietalis, and red fibers of m. craniovelaris.White fibers are thick, contain very few mitochondria and fat vacuoles, and possess distinct and separate myofibrils with thin Z-disks and distinct M-lines. Intermediate fibers are thinner, possess largely similar myofibrils that often are even better separated due to a higher content of fat vacuoles and especially mitochondria and glycogen granules. Red fibers of m. parietalis contain large amounts of mitochondria, fat vacuoles, and glycogen granules. Their myofibrils possess M-lines, and although branching more, the myofibrils of red fibers conform with a Fibrillenstruktur pattern like those of white and intermediate fibers. Red fibers of m. craniovelaris are very thin, possess many smaller fat vacuoles, and large amounts of mitochondria and glycogen granules. The myofibrils are significantly thinner than in m. parietalis fibers, run as quite independent well separated units, possess thicker Z-disks, and lack M-lines. Large amounts of myosatellite cells are associated with these red fibers.Triads are located near A/I-junctions in all four fiber types and occur irregularly, the density of triads being different in the various fiber types.We are indebted to Dr. Finn Walvig, Biological Station, University of Oslo, Drøbak, for supply of hagfishes, and we also wish to thank Dr. Jan K. S. Jansen, Institute of Physiology, University of Oslo, for valuable suggestions during this study.     

Idioms of distress: Kinship and sickness among the people of the Kingdom of Tonga

Idioms of distress refers to the popular expression of emotional tension that arises in the relationship between sickness and kinship. By reference to case studies and discussions among the Polynesian people of Tonga, the author shows where such tension arises and how it influences the sickness process. Sickness is necessarily a collective phenomenon which can best be understood not simply as a clinical event, but as an experience that is part of the experience of family. Various ways of expressing distress as a reflexive encounter between personal and cultural meaning systems are reviewed, as are several new concepts such as doing sickness as kinship, and turning in the process of decision making in the kinship management of sickness. The explanatory models of sickness in Tonga are shown to encompass culturally sanctioned expressions of distress as part of the adaptive coping mechanisms in that society. Distress frequently emerges in somatic form, as a number of studies have shown. However, the author emphasizes the kinship meaning of sickness, kinship management and sickness therapy, the adaptive process of idiomatic expressions of distress, which are expanded here and offered as potential avenues for elaboration in other cultural milieu. Two aspects of the notion idioms of distress are noted, and the phenomenon is understood as a process which acts as a prime mover in social change.     

Ultrastructure of motor nerve terminals on different types of muscle fibers in the atlantic hagfish (Myxine glutinosa,L.)

Summary White and intermediate parietal muscle fibers of Myxine are innervated focally at one end. Most synaptic vesicles are empty. These terminals also contain 1–2% large 800–1.100 Å dense-core vesicles. Red fibers of parietal and craniovelar muscle are innervated in a distributed fashion, and the presynaptic profiles contain a higher number of large dense-core vesicles (averaging 9% and 15%, respectively; up to 37%). For all terminals the synaptic gap is 450–600 Å wide, and postsynaptic folds are absent.Empty synaptic vesicles exist as round or elongated profiles. The proportion of elongated profiles increases by formation from round ones when increasing the molarity of the buffer in the aldehyde fixative. Furthermore, the proportion of elongated vesicle profiles in terminals on Myxine white fibers at different buffer molarities, is identical with that in mammalian motor terminals at similar molarities. On this basis the significance and mode of formation of elongated vesicle profiles is discussed. The conclusion is made that the susceptibility of flattening depends on the osmotic pressure of the vesicle contents once the aldehyde has influenced the vesicle membrane.The different vesicle populations in terminals on different types of muscle fibers are significant. Terminals on red fibers probably contain serotonin (5-HT) either as sole transmitter or in addition to acetylcholine.The author is indebted to Dr. Finn Walvig, Biological Station, University of Oslo, Drøbak, for supply of hagfishes, and to Mrs. Jorunn Line Vaaland for expert technical assistance.     

The cytology of phytophthora infestans

Summary Phytophthora infestans has three kinds of somatic nuclei: an oval shaped nucleus (approx. 3.1×2.7 ) which stains diffusely except for a crescent shaped Feulgen positive cap which stains intensely; a granular nucleus whose contents are organized into a fairly constant number of stained bodies, and, a deeply staining condensed nucleus. The capped nucleus is thought to be metabolic or resting and the granular nucleus is thought to be dividing as it is most commonly found in hyphal tips. Attenuated forms of all three kinds of nuclei are found.Nuclear division is mitotic and intranuclear. Eight—ten chromosomes are seen at metaphase.Sporangia have a mean of 6.3 nuclei which is constant for age and strain of culture. Sporangia become multinucleate as a result of nuclear migration and not by division in the developing sporangium. Zoospores are usually uninucleate.The nuclear cap is persistent throughout nuclear division when it also divides. It is associated with flagella production and nuclear migration and has some of the properties of a blepharoplast.     

Spermatogonia and the cycle of the seminiferous epithelium in the nine-banded armadillo

Summary The cycle of the seminiferous epithelium of the nine-banded armadillo can be divided into ten stages. As in most mammals, only one stage is observed per tubular cross-section. The process of spermiogenesis can be divided into thirteen steps according to the development of the acrosomal system and the flagellum. Four generations of spermatogonia are observed in the germinal epithelium: 1) stem cells, 2) type A, 3) intermediate, and 4) type B spermatogonia. The stem cell is characterized by a highly irregular nucleus and the presence of glycogen in its cytoplasm. The type A spermatogonium contains an oblong nucleus with one or two shallow infoldings of the nuclear membrane. The intermediate spermatogonium contains an ovoid nucleus characterized by one or two nuclei and heterochromatin scattered in the nucleoplasm. The nucleus of the type B spermatogonium is more spherically shaped with a centrally placed nucleolus and heterochromatin associated with the nuclear envelope.The author wishes to acknowledge the technical assistance of Teri Lane     

Histochemical investigations on the human fetal subcommissural organ

Summary A histochemical and ultrastructural study was carried out on subcommissura organs from 42 human embryos and fetuses in order to characterize some large granulesTypical granules make their appearance in the rostral hypendymal region of the subcommissural organ (SCO) in fetuses of about 50 mm CRL. Although they appear in other SCO-regions later, the highest number of granules is always located towards the pineal gland.Typical granules are of spherical shape with a diameter of about 2 microns. The various histochemical reactions reveal a reactivity which differentiates the shell of the granules from the granule interior. Nucleoproteins are present in the shell together with phospholipids and/or lipoproteins. The interior of the granules can contain different materials such as glycogen or lipid or neurosecretory substance. Ultrastructural observations show that a granule consists of whorls of endoplasmic reticulum sparsely studded with ribosomes surrounding an interior containing either lipid or lipoprotein inclusions, large amounts of glycogen or simply cytoplasm.It is suggested that the concentric lamellar organelle (CLO) is a morphological entity that might be involved in secretory processes rather than being the secretory granules themselves.This work was supported by a grant from Statens almindelige Videnskabsfond, Copenhagen.     

Dense-core vesicles in motor nerve terminals

Summary Motor nerve terminals on white and intermediate muscle fibers of the Atlantic hagfish (Myxine glutinosa, L.) contain translucent synpatic vesicles and about 1–2% dense-core vesicles. Terminals on red muscle fibers contain up to 40% dense-core vesicles with diameter 800–1100 Å. Examinations for formaldehyde-induced fluorescence indicate yellow fluorescence (5-HT ?) apparently corresponding with terminal axons on red muscle fibers in craniovelar muscles. Possibly red muscle fibers of Myxine receive monoaminergic innervation.The author is indebted to Dr. Finn Walvig, Biological station, University of Oslo, Drøbak, for supply of hagfishes.     

Injury to potato leaves exposed to subzero temperatures in the absence of freezing

Electrolyte leakage was measured in hardened and nonhardened leaves of three potato species, Solanum tuberosum L., S. acaule Bitt. and S. commersonii Dun., and one interspecific cross, Alaska Frostless (S. acaule x S. tuberosum) when exposed to various subzero temperatures. The leaves were undercooled (no ice present) from 0°C to -12.5°C for 45 min and to-4°C for up to 10 d. Regardless of the degree of undercooling no injury was observed in any of the potatoes, hardened or nonhardened, for up to 12 h. After 5 d, however, electrolyte leakage was observed in hardened S. tuberosum, S. acaule and S. commersonii, and in nonhardened Alaska Frostless. After 10 d exposure all potatoes, hardened and nonhardened, showed a significant amount of electrolyte leakage as compared to their controls kept at 0°C for 10 d.Scientific Journal Series Paper No. 13842 of the Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station, St. Paul, Minn     

Gender,emotion, and physical distress: The Sicilian-Canadian “nerves” complex

Researchers identify nerves as an idiom of distress, an illness category, a metaphorical device capable of communicating social distress, and a technique for impression management. Much of the literature, however, links nerves to women. In this paper, I address two aspects of the phenomenon which have received limited attention. First, I discuss nerves within the context of Sicilian-Canadian conceptions of anatomy and physiology. Sicilian-Canadians regard nerves as essential components of the human anatomy which, in some cases, may be linked to both physical and psychic distress. Second, I build on this discussion to examine how Sicilian-Canadian males make use of the nerves idiom. The implications of my work include the need to: (1) modify our definition of nerves to recognize formally that we are dealing with a dynamiccomplex consisting of multiple, variable, and ambiguousmeanings — meanings that enable people to confront or cope with a variety of situations; (2) direct greater attention to nerves as an idiom ofphysical distress; and, (3) examine further the role of physical nerves in the social construction of gender.Glossary of terms Battuti Tired or exhausted - Duluri Pain - Gruppata Knotted - Musculidda Little muscle (often used to describe a small lump caused by muscle damage) - Nierbu (s),nierbi (pl) Nerves (depending on the context, however, the term can take on a variety of meanings) - Nierbi abbattuti Tired or Exhausted nerves (e.g., muscles) - Nierbi agruppati Knotted nerves (e.g., muscles). - Nierbi ammollanu Nerves (e.g., muscles) become soft and lax - Nierbi cunsumati Worn or frayed nerve-tissue (e.g., muscles) - Nierbi ngravaccati Entangled nerves (e.g., muscles) - Nirbatura The arrangement or system of nerves (muscles, tendons, ligaments, and other connective tissues) that extend throughout the body - Nirbusu This term can refer to either an emotional state or a folk illness involving a disruption of the nerves and other physiological processes (such as the circulation of the blood) - Nucidda ni lu saccu A small nut [trapped] in a sack. Metaphor used to convey one's frustration and powerlessness - Omertà Manliness. Conducting oneself with respect and honor - Pena Sadness, sorrow, grief - Sangu Blood - Sangu si guasta The blood spoils - Scicata A rub or massage - Spavientu Fright - Spilatura In some cases the term is used to refer simply to strained muscles or tendons. However, it often refers to more serious muscle or sinew damage that involves an accumulation of fluid - Spuvari Release of emotional tension - Suggittata di nierbi Subdued or subjugated by one's nerves. - Tremulu Shaking or trembling sensation     

NADH dehydrogenase: a new molecular marker for homoeology group 4 in Triticeae. A map of the 4RS chromosome arm in rye

Summary Structural gene loci encoding the monomeric isozymes nicotin adenin dinucleotide dehydrogenase (NADH dehydrogenase or NDH) have been located on the 4AL, 4B, and 4DS chromosome arms of Triticum aestivum cv Chinese Spring, on the 4RS chromosome arm of Secale cereale cultivars Imperial, King II, Dakold, and Ailes, on the 4S¹ S/7S¹ chromosome of Aegilops longissima, the 4E of Elytrigia elongata, and the CSU-A of Aegilops umbellulata. All the results support the homoeologous relationships among these chromosomes in the five species studied. In addition, a map of the 4RS chromosome arm in cv Ailes has been realized, linking loci Pgm-1 (located on the 4RS chromosome arm) and Ndh-1 (17.91 cM), with an estimated distance between both loci and the centromere of 20.00 cM and 32.12 cM, respectively.     

Determination of the apparent K mfor oxygen of Beneckea natriegens using the respirograph technique

The affinity for oxygen of the marine bacterium Beneckea natriegens was mesured using the Respirograph technique of Degn and Wohlrab. Values between 0.15 and 0.25 M oxygen were obtained for the apparent K _mfor oxygen regardless of the nature of the respiratory substrate. These values are an order of magnitude lower than those previously reported for B. natriegens using the conventional closed oxygen electrode system.     

Protoplasmic streaming in the giant unicellular green algaAcetabularia mediterranea

Summary Protoplasmic Streaming inAcetabularia mediteranea has been studied by microcinematography in 1. germinating zygotes, 2. germlings before the differentiation of rhizoids and apices, 3. young cells with rhizoids and apices, 4. vegetative cells-several centimeters in length, 5. cells with a maximum sized cap, containing secondary nuclei, and 6. cells after cyst formation. Intracellular transport is found to occur at a network-system of thin filaments and at a different system of headed streaming bands. At the network of filaments chloroplasts are found to move at a velocity of 1–2 m/sec. Headed streaming bands move along the filaments and may lead without interruption from the rhizoid to the apex of the cell andvice versa. The front zone of the streaming bands is occupied by a leading cytoplasmic head-structure. Small vesicles, polyphosphate granula and secondary nuclei are the predominant moving structures in headed streaming bands. The velocity of these particles is found to be 3–11 m/sec. The filament system is found during all developmental stages. Headed streaming bands are undetectable in germinating zygotes and develop from small cytoplasmic droplets in germlings to broad heavily loaded bands in the huge vegetative cell.Transport of secondary nuclei by headed streaming bands is not observed during mitotic divisions and after cyst formation, though moving bands are still present for several weeks after cyst formation.     

Electrophoretic variation between class II molecules expressed on HLA-DRw8 homozygous typing cells reveals multiple distinct haplotypes

Two-dimensional (2D) gel electrophoresis of immunoprecipitated HLA-DR antigens from eight homozygous typing cells (HTC) expressing the HLA-DRw8 specificity revealed a clustering of polymorphic chain patterns into distinct electrophoretic variants. The variant patterns correlate with three discrete HLA-D clusters that are defined in the mixed leukocyte culture reaction (MLR) using DRw8-positive HTC. These HLA-D clusters have been provisionally designated Dw8.1, detected primarily in Caucasoids, Dw8.2, detected primarily in American Indians, and Dw8.3, detected predominantly in Orientals. All three HLA-Dw8.1 cell lines express a single DR-locus product as defined by immunoprecipitation with a DR-specific monoclonal antibody, P4.1. This DR chain is identical among the Dw8.1 cell lines and different from the DR chains of the Dw8.2 and Dw8.3 cell lines. Two separate Dw8.2 HTC express a shared DR chain that is slightly more basic than the 8.1 DR molecule; interestingly, one of these lines also expresses an additional DR-like chain not found in the other cells. Thus, the two lines defining the Dw8.2 cluster share one distinct class 11 molecule, but differ in another and therefore are not biochemically HLA-identical. Cells from the Dw8.3 cluster are likewise distinct from all other Dw8 clusters. One additional DRw8-positive HTC has been analyzed and found to be distinct from the Dw8.1, 8.2 and 8.3 clusters by both MLR and 2D gels. lmmunoprecipitates using monoclonal antibody 1B5 [anti-DR and anti-DQ(DS)] identify additional polymorphic class II variants among the cell lines tested. These data indicate that HLA-DRw8 is a public serologic specificity present on class II molecules expressed on multiple distinct haplotypes. These haplotypes differ from each other in expression of polymorphic class II molecules encoded by at least two HLA loci. They also differ in HLA-D, even though they all type as HLA-DRw8 homozygous. In Dw8.2, variation in expressed chains is not reflected in variation in HLA-D, indicating that MLR, as well as serologic typing, does not detect the full degree of allelic polymorphism within HLA.     

Interpretation of metameric architecture in dominant shrubs of the Chilean matorral

Summary The seasonal progression of phenophases in 21 shrub species of the Chilean matorral was analyzed. Five modules or basic units that are responsible for the aboveground architecture of the plants were characterized. These modules appear to be organized in seven different spatial arrangements. In drought-deciduous species a module type with an absolute short shoot with limited apical growth, leafy or spiny, predominated. In evergreen species long shoot and temporal leafy short shoot module types were more frequent. The spatial arrangement of morphologically different modules and the temporal sequence of their formation allow a dynamic interpretation of the modular architecture of the plants.