矿业废弃地复垦耕地多目标质量评价体系与应用

复垦耕地质量评价是矿业城市管理土地的重要环节, 也是土地复垦监测的关键步骤。采用模糊综合评价、单因子指数、内梅罗指数和灰色关联相结合的方法, 建立了矿业废弃地复垦耕地的多目标评价体系, 并以湖北省某废弃铜矿的复垦耕地为对象进行案例研究。结果表明: (1)案例区复垦耕地生产力总体处于中等水平, 土壤速效磷和土壤有机质的含量为主要限制因素。且速效磷和土壤有机质的变异系数大于40%, 在空间分布上有较大的差异。在复垦后的利用过程中应该注意土壤理化性质的监测和改善; (2)案例区安全利用状况在全区范围内差异较小, 全区均为轻度污染, 主要污染物为重金属砷。各重金属的空间相关性较弱, 表明受人类活动影响程度较大, 需要进一步对重金属污染进行防控; (3)该案例区复垦耕地与参比耕地的关联度均值为0.82, 较接近参比耕地综合质量。关联度的空间分布与耕地生产力的空间格局具有一致性, 耕地综合质量受生产力变化的影响较大。基于以上案例研究结果可以看出, 建立的评价体系可以较好地反映复垦耕地多目标质量, 为矿业废弃地耕地质量评价提供一定的思路。     

Substrate type and microbial interactions as factors affecting ascocarp formation by mangrove fungi

The growth and ascocarp formation of Aigialus parvus, Lignincola laevis and Verruculina enalia in single and mixed cultures on wood of Avicennia alba, Bruguiera cylindrica and Rhizophora apiculata was studied. In pure cultures, these fungi grew well on all three species of wood. Except for Aigialus parvus on B. cylindrica, all three fungi also formed abundant ascocarps. The time needed for ascocarp formation after inoculation ranged from six to eight weeks for L. laevis on all wood species, and for V. enalia on Avicennia alba; to ten weeks for V. enalia on B. cylindrica and R. apiculata; and 12 weeks for Aigialus parvus on Avicennia alba and R. apiculata.Mixed cultures involving two or three of the test fungi delayed the onset of sporulation and affected the abundance of ascocarps formed. Sporulation by Aigialus parvus on Avicennia alba and R. apiculata was markedly reduced by L. laevis alone or in combination with V. enalia. Likewise, sporulation by L. laevis was suppressed by Aigialus parvus and/or V. enalia. In contrast, the presence of L. laevis enhanced ascocarp formation by V. enalia on all types of wood. These observations suggest the presence of interference competition among the test fungi.     

An annotated checklist of mangrove brachyuran crabs from Malaysia and Singapore

The mangrove brachyuran fauna of Singapore and Malaysia is generally regarded as well studied. This is not the case. Over a hundred brachyuran species are now known from mangroves in Peninsular and East Malaysia, a substantial part of the known fauna in these waters. In Singapore, for example, of the approximately 350 brachyurans known, 76 (i.e. ca 22%) are mangal species. The systematics of several groups remain very unsatisfactory. The taxonomy of the Sesarminae, the largest subfamily of the Grapsidae and the dominant group in most mangroves, is still very unstable, with the identities of many ecologically important genera and species still unclear. A revision is still unavailable. Until recently, representatives of the families Hymenosomatidae and Leucosiidae were unknown from mangroves. Detailed collections and studies have resulted in the discovery of new genera and species from areas as purportedly well explored as Singapore. The Sarawak mangrove brachyuran crab fauna is based almost entirely on one paper written 40 years ago whilst that of Sabah is almost unknown. Although the state of mangal brachyuran systematics in Malaysia and Singapore is still in an exploratory phase, the mangroves in these two countries are relatively well-known compared to those of the surrounding regions. The present annotated checklist of mangal brachyuran species is intended to guide future systematic work in these countries, as well as to assist ecologists and other mangrove biologists. This is especially in view of the important role of crabs in mangroves.     

不同有机废弃物改良新复垦耕地的综合效果评价

由废弃地整理复垦形成的耕地存在土壤有机质和有效养分低、土壤板结、微生物活性弱和土壤耕作性状不良等问题,快速、有效地提高土壤肥力质量是全面提升该类耕地质量和生产性能的重要组成部分.本文通过田间小区试验研究了城郊有机废弃物对新复垦耕地土壤培肥的综合效果,并比较了不同类型城郊有机废弃物在培育耕地质量方面的差异.试验设置了施用等量猪粪、鸡粪、水稻秸秆、蔬菜收获残留物、城市污泥、沼渣、猪粪/水稻秸秆堆肥、生活垃圾堆肥和对照（不施有机肥）9个处理（年用量30 t·hm^-2）,连续进行3年的定点试验.结果表明： 施用任何有机物对改善土壤肥力均有明显的作用.其中,提升土壤碳库管理指数以施用猪粪、鸡粪、猪粪/水稻秸秆堆肥、水稻秸秆和沼渣的效果最为显著;增加土壤水稳定性团聚体和降低土壤容重以施用猪粪/水稻秸秆堆肥和沼渣的效果最佳;施用污泥、猪粪/水稻秸秆堆肥和生活垃圾堆肥可增强土壤保蓄能力;施用猪粪、鸡粪和猪粪/水稻秸秆堆肥对增加土壤有效态养分的效果最为明显;各类有机物均显著提高了土壤微生物数量和酶活性.长期施用污泥、生活垃圾堆肥及畜禽粪存在着土壤重金属污染的风险,但短期施用对土壤环境质量影响不明显.总体上,对土壤肥力的改善效果由大至小依次为：猪粪/水稻秸秆堆肥>鸡粪>猪粪>沼渣>生活垃圾堆肥>水稻秸秆>城市污泥>蔬菜收获残留物;对土壤的相对污染程度由大至小为：城市污泥>生活垃圾堆肥>猪粪>鸡粪>沼渣>猪粪/水稻秸秆堆肥>蔬菜收获残留物>水稻秸秆.     

Effect of wastewater discharge on nutrient contamination of mangrove soils and plants

The ecological impact of sewage discharges to a mangrove wetland in Futian National Nature Reserve, the People's Republic of China was assessed by comparing the plant community, plant growth and nutrient status of soils and vegetation of a site treated with settled municipal wastewater (Site A) with those of a control adjacent site (Site B) which did not receive sewage. During the one year study, the total and available N and P, and organic carbon concentrations of mangrove soils in Site A did not significantly differ from those of Site B. In both sites, the soil organic C, total N, NH₄ ^}-N and total P content exhibited a descending trend from landward to seaward regions, with the lowest measurements obtained from the most foreshore location. Seasonal variation in N content of soil samples was more obvious than any difference between wastewater treated and the control sites. The soil N content was lower in spring and summer. This was attributed to the higher temperature in these seasons which facilitated degradation of organic matter and absorption of nitrogen by the plants for growth. No significant difference in plant community structure, plant growth (in terms of tree height and diameter) and biomass was found between Sites A and B. Leaf samples of the two dominant plant species, Kandelia candel and Aegiceras corniculatum collected from Site A had comparable content of organic carbon, N, P and K to those Site B. These preliminary results indicated that the discharge of a total volume of 2600 m³ municipal wastewater to an area of 1800 m² mangrove plants over the period of a year did not produce any apparent impact on growth of the plants. The soils and plant leaves of Site A were not contaminated, in terms of nutrient content, by the discharged sewage.     

Phenotypical traits and gonadal development in mangrove land crab,Ucides cordatus (Decapoda: Ocypodidae)

Castilho, G.G., Ostrensky, A., Pie, M.R. and Boeger, W.A. 2010. Phenotypical traits and gonadal development in mangrove land crab, Ucides cordatus (Decapoda: Ocypodidae). —Acta Zoologica (Stockholm) 92 : 393–397. The association between phenotypical and reproductive traits has been the focus of considerable research in decapod crustaceans, particularly with the goal of facilitating the management and sustainable use of natural stocks of commercial interest. The goal of the present study is to evaluate the existence of a relationship between ovarian maturation and the coloration of the ovary and carapace of Ucides cordatus using histological methods and macroscopic observation. Monthly samples of adult females were obtained between October 2002 and March 2005 in mangroves of the Baía de Antonina, Southern Brazil (25º25′S; 48º42′W). A total of 367 specimens were collected throughout the study. Each specimen was classified subjectively into five ovarian colorations (whitish, yellow, orange, brown, and purple) and five carapace colorations (yellow, blue, dark gray, brown, and purple). Although substantial differences in ovarian development were found among females with different carapace and ovarian colorations, the variability within each class precluded their use as reliable indicators of ovarian development.     

Gap creation and regenerative processes driving diversity and structure of mangrove ecosystems

Turnover within both mangrove and terrestrial forests is driven by standdevelopment in conjunction with factors influencing tree death andreplacement at various temporal and spatial scales. Development interrestrial forests appears comparable with that in mangroves but turnoverseems to differ considerably between these broad forest types. The mostimportant difference is in the character of small forest gaps. Gaps arecommon in terrestrial forests but those in mangroves rarely involve falls oflarge older trees in the first instance. Instead, mangrove trees usually diestanding in small clusters of mixed age cohorts. Identifying a common causefor gap creation in mangroves might be important towards understandingwhat drives forest turnover but there is a greater need to quantify thisprocess. Small-scale disturbance in mangrove forests is poorly quantified butpreliminary evidence implies that its' importance may have been greatlyunder-estimated. Based on available observations, a conceptual model ofmangrove forest development and gap regeneration is proposed. The modelhelps explain the peculiar characteristics and structure of mangrove forestsand how these forests might respond to changing environmental conditionsand disturbance at various landscape scales.     

矿区不同复垦措施对土壤碳矿化和酶活性的影响

矿区废弃地生态退化形势严峻,生态修复已成为矿区可持续发展的主要措施,目前关于矿区复垦后土壤碳矿化和酶活性变化的研究较少。以山西省孝义市露天矿区复垦区为研究对象,植被恢复类型包括了百脉根、苜蓿、油松和柳树-圆柏混交林,并对其分别进行不施肥(对照)、无机肥、复合肥和有机肥处理,从而研究植被类型与施肥方式对矿区土壤碳矿化和酶活性的影响。结果表明,乔本比草本恢复类型的土壤有机碳矿化潜势大,不同施肥条件的土壤有机碳矿化潜势和累积量趋势基本为:对照无机肥复合肥有机肥;4种土壤酶活性因植被恢复类型和施肥处理的不同而差异显著,不同土壤酶与降解特性不同的有机碳间相关性有所不同。土壤碳矿化累积量和酶活性均受植被恢复类型、施肥处理及两者交互作用的显著影响,因此对复垦措施敏感的土壤有机碳矿化和酶活性可作为评价复垦措施的指标。     

Diurnal variation in physical-chemical properties and primary production in the interconnected marine,mangrove and freshwater biotopes of Kakinada coast,Andhra Pradesh,India

Diurnal variation in hydrological variables and dissolved inorganic nutrients such as PO _inf4 ^sup3– -P, N O _inf2 ^sup– -N, NO _inf3 ^sup– -N and NH _inf4 ^sup+ -N were studied in three interconnected biotopes including freshwater, marine and mangrove brackish water of the Kakinada coastal zone, Andhra Pradesh. Samples were collected at intervals of 3 hours, for a period of 24 hours. In the marine environment salinity varied from 26 to 32 whereas in the mangrove waters it fluctuated from 12 to 20 and in both biotopes salinity showed bimodal type of oscillation. Dissolved oxygen content was high in the mangrove waters during day time but decreased rapidly during the night hours. In the marine environment PO_f4 ^p3–-P concentration varied from 0.345 to 1.195 g at l^–1, NO _inf3 ^sup– -N from 1.03 to 6.62 g at l^–1 and NO _inf2 ^sup– -N from 0.086 to 0.506 g at l^–1. The highest and the lowest concentrations of PO _inf4 ^sup3– -P, NO _inf3 ^sup– -N, NO _inf2 ^sup– -N recorded in the mangrove waters were 0.790 and 0.325 g at l^–1, 7.10 and 1.60 g at l^–1 and 0.278 and 0.060 g at l^–1, respectively. The concentration of PO _inf4 ^sup3– -P, NO _inf3 ^sup– -N and NO _inf2 ^sup– -N were high in the freshwater canal, the maximum and minimum values being 1.110 and 0.730 g at l^–1, 26.40 and 9.98 g at l^–1 and 0.520 and 0.252 g at l^–1 respectively. The concentration of ammonia was relatively high in the mangrove water. Gross and net primary production in the mangrove water was 4 times higher than in the marine biotope. There was no export of dissolved nutrients from the mangrove environment to the adjacent marine waters.     

雷州半岛红树林鱼类群落结构及其与人类活动强度的关系

水产养殖、城镇建设等引起的土地利用变化使红树林生态系统遭受严重破坏,是红树林生物多样性面临的主要威胁之一。了解雷州半岛红树林鱼类群落结构,探究人类活动强度对鱼类群落结构的影响,对红树林鱼类资源保护至关重要。基于2021—2022年雷州半岛7片红树林共21条潮沟的鱼类数据,结合周边土地利用数据,研究鱼类群落结构及其与土地利用类型的关系。结果显示,共采集鉴定鱼类49种,隶属于8目25科,鲈形目鱼类最多,共33种占总种类数的75.5%,其中,虾虎鱼科种数最多,共15种占30.6%;食性上,主要为杂食性和肉食性鱼类,分别为53.06%和44.90%;各红树林Shannon-Wiener多样性指数在秋冬春三季的变化范围均为0—2.5,Simpson多样性指数均为0—0.9;各红树林鱼类个体数、物种数和生物量均存在显著差异(P>0.05);除秋季北潭与流沙湾的鱼类群落无显著差异(P>0.05)外,其余红树林间的鱼类群落在三个季度均有显著差异(P<0.05);人类活动强度、红树林面积和东西岸对鱼类多样性指数、个体数、物种数和生物量均有显著的主效应和交互效应(P<0.05);青...     

再生水浇灌方式对芦苇地土壤水文生态特性的影响

为提高再生水资源在芦苇群落生态恢复中的高效利用,采用温室内模拟实验的方法,以未灌溉(CK)为对照,对再生水(FS)、再生水清水轮灌(QF)及清水灌溉(QS)等3种浇灌方式下的芦苇地盐碱含量及水文物理参数进行测定分析,以其阐明不同浇灌方式下芦苇地的土壤水文生态效应。结果表明:清水灌溉、清废轮灌降盐压碱效果显著(P0.001),而再生水灌溉后土壤含盐量增加12.8%。与未灌溉相比,3种浇灌方式均使土壤容重减小,孔隙度增大,改善土壤水文物理效果表现为清废轮灌清水灌溉再生水灌溉。Horton模型比较适合描述灌溉后芦苇地土壤水分入渗过程,清水灌溉、清废轮灌改善了土壤水分的渗透性能,初渗率和稳渗率均比未灌溉增加,而再生水灌溉后初渗率下降15.0%。3种浇灌方式均能增强芦苇地贮蓄和保持土壤水分的能力,清废轮灌、清水灌溉、再生水灌溉的饱和蓄水量分别比未灌溉增加11.5%、4.3%、2.4%,涵蓄降水和供植物生长有效水分贮存能力表现为清废轮灌最好,其次为清水灌溉,而再生水灌溉则较差。     

Interference between Salmonella serotypes in intestinal colonisation of chickens: correlation with in vitro behaviour

Abstract The effect of colonisation of the alimentary tract of newly hatched chicks by different Salmonella serotypes on the establishment in the gut by other Salmonella strains inoculated afterwards was assessed. Although profound inhibition of colonisation had been found previously to be genus-specific, considerable variation was found within the Salmonella genus. Some strains were found to be much more inhibitory than others and some were more easily inhibited than were others. There was not an absolute relationship between inhibitory activity and colonisation ability. No relationship was seen between inhibition and serotype or phage types within serotypes. There was no correlation between in vivo inhibition and the extent of inhibition that occurred in early stationary phase cultures in rich, undefined broth cultures.     

The relative importance of lethal and non-lethal effects of fish on insect colonisation of ponds

1. We hypothesised that adult insects actively monitor potential habitats for the presence of fish by means of chemical cues and avoid sites that pose significant risks. This was examined by quantifying colonisation of insects in outdoor pools with no fish (controls), fish (direct predation effect) or caged fish (chemical predator cues).
2. A significant direct effect of predation was found, but no indirect effect (avoidance of chemical cue pools), on the total biomass of colonising insects. However, predatory insects avoided fish-cue pools, thus releasing non-predatory insects from predation. This resulted in significantly greater biomass of non-predatory insects in fish-cue pools than control pools.
3. Fish reduced the number of species of colonising insects in pools through predation. This negative influence of fish implies that caution is necessary when stocking wetlands and ponds with fish if the goal is to maximise biodiversity.
4. Our data suggest that although predatory aquatic insects may use chemical signals to assess the quality of potential habitats with respect to predation risk, direct predation is the main method by which fish affect insect assemblages in ponds. Because fish and invertebrate predators may both have strong effects on prey mortality, behavioural adjustment by insects to the actual predator regime within a habitat should be more important than avoiding colonisation of habitats with fish.     

A review on the present status and management of mangrove wetland habitat resources in Bangladesh with emphasis on mangrove fisheries and aquaculture

The mangrove forest of Bangladesh, the largest continuous mangrove bulk, is one of the most important features of the coastal area of the country. The existence of the mangrove has increased the values of other coastal and marine resources such as the coastal and marine fisheries by increasing productivity and supporting a wide biological diversity. The deltaic mangrove of Bangladesh is ecologically different from the other, mostly nondeltaic mangroves of the world and is unique also in its floral and faunal assemblage; therefore, a number of endangered plants and animals that are extinct from other parts of the world, are existing in Bangladesh mangrove. However, the mangrove has been under intensive pressure of exploitation for the last few decades which, in addition to direct clearance and conversion have placed the mangrove under extreme threat. Shrimp farming is the most destructive form of resource use the mangrove has been converted to, which contributed significantly to mangrove destruction with a corresponding loss of biological resources. Concerns have been raised among the ecologists, biologists, managers and policy makers since the early 1990s; deliberate destruction of mangrove and unplanned development of coastal aquaculture particularly shrimp aquaculture have been put under extreme criticism and the sustainability has been questioned. The present status of the mangrove resources including mangrove fisheries and aquaculture and management practices have been reviewed in this paper; impacts of different forms of human interventions and resource use have also been discussed. It is suggested that the management options and the policy aspects should be critically reviewed and amended accordingly; beneficiaries and stakeholders at all levels of resource exploitation must take part and contribute to conservation and management. An immediate need for mangrove conservation has been identified.     

Studies on Australian mangrove algae. III. Victorian communities: Structure and recolonization in western port bay

The algal communities associated with Avicennia pneumatophores in Western Port Bay, Victoria, Australia (145°E:38°S) are composed primarily of the red algae Bostrychia, Caloglossa and Catenella. Trends from seaward to landward indicate a decrease in frequency of occurrence, relative cover, and mean absolute biomass for all algal genera but differing trends occur for each genus in terms of relative biomass, and this is reflected in associated pattern analyses. In terms of vertical community structure, all algae occur most frequently in the 5–10 cm segment above mudline, whereas above 20 cm, values for all measured parameters decline. Vertical structure in the seaward and landward regions is compared, but pattern analyses indicate that no biologically distinctive pattern is present. Deliberately denuded pneumatophores quickly become recolonized; greater algal development occurs above 10 cm above the mudline than below 10 cm, and the new community is differently structured.     

红树林与水产养殖系统初步研究

为研究红树林对养殖水体的净化效应,选择3种红树植物海桑、秋茄和桐花树,每种分别按45％、30％和15％的面积比例种植于滩涂海水养殖塘,塘中养殖美国红鱼和星洲红鱼1年后收获,养殖期间通过对水质和鱼的生长情况进行监测,结果显示,种植红树植物的养殖塘水质均有不同程度的改善,可以减少鱼类病害。其中以种植比例为45％的桐花树养殖塘水质最好,鱼类生长速度最快。     

钦州湾红树林丛枝菌根初步研究

海漆 (Excoecaria agallocha)、桐花树 (Aegiceras corniculatum)、秋茄 (Kandlia candel)、白骨壤 (Avi-cennia marina)是钦州湾分布广、生长量大的 4种红树植物 ,该项研究初步调查了丛枝菌根真菌在这四种植物根系的定居情况。在这四种植物的根际土壤均分离到丛枝菌根真菌孢子 ,其孢子密度以海漆根际的最高 ,其次为桐花树、秋茄、白骨壤。同时 ,海漆根系的侵染率和物种丰富度也最高 ,但在所取的白骨壤根样中没有观察到丛枝菌根的侵染。菌根侵染主要是以根内菌丝、胞内菌丝膨大扭曲、泡囊等形态出现。海水和土壤质地是影响菌根侵染率的主要因素。在所采土样中仅发现球囊霉属 (Glomus)、无梗囊霉属 (Acaulospora)丛枝菌根真菌 ,计有 1 7种和多个未确定种。     

Dispersal and colonisation of plants in lowland streams: success rates and bottlenecks

Plant dispersal and colonisation, including rates of dispersal, retention, colonisation and survival of dispersed propagules (shoots and seeds), were studied in a 300-m stream reach in a macrophyte-rich lowland stream during one growing season. Relationships between colonisation processes and simple flow parameters were tested. Each fortnight during a growing season, the number of dispersed plant propagules and the number of new and lost plant colonisations since the last sampling day were recorded. The retention of dispersing shoots was tested on two occasions during the growing season by releasing plant shoots and subsequently re-collecting the retained shoots in the study reach. The main bottleneck for plant colonisation in macrophyte-rich lowland streams is the primary colonisation (development of attached roots in the sediment from vegetative propagules or seedlings) of retained shoots and seeds, due in part to low retention success (1% of the dispersed shoots per 100-m reach) and to unsuccessful colonisation of retained shoots (3.4% of retained shoots colonised). The number of drifting shoots and seeds per day during the growing season were 650–6,950 and 2,970–62,780, respectively, and caused no constraint to colonisation. The survival rate of primary colonists was high with 80% surviving during the first growing season and about 50% surviving the first winter. There was no relationship between number of drifting shoots and flow, but the number of drifting seeds increased with flow. The number of colonisations between two consecutive sampling days correlated to the extent of low flow in the period. The loss rate of colonisations correlated to high flow events, but was low overall. My study strongly indicates that the number of propagules is not a constraint to colonisation in macrophyte-rich lowland streams. Rather, I conclude that primary colonisation is the main constraint to regaining vegetation in lowland streams in general and in vegetation-free rehabilitated streams in particular. Therefore, if plant colonisation is a target for stream rehabilitation, it is important to enhance retention and colonisation of propagules by creating areas of low flow and by providing physical obstacles to work as retention agents in the stream. Handling editor: L. M. Bini     

Mass loss and macroinvertebrate colonisation of Pacific salmon carcasses in south-eastern Alaskan streams

1. We examined the spatial and temporal dynamics of pink salmon ( Oncorhynchus gorbuscha ) carcass decomposition (mass loss and macroinvertebrate colonisation) in south-eastern Alaskan streams. Dry mass and macroinvertebrate fauna of carcasses placed in streams were measured every two weeks over two months in six artificial streams and once after six weeks in four natural streams. We also surveyed the macroinvertebrate fauna and wet mass of naturally occurring salmon carcasses.
2. Carcass mass loss in artificial streams was initially rapid and then declined over time ( k =–0.033 day^–1), and no significant differences were found among natural streams.
3. Several macroinvertebrate taxa colonised carcasses, but chironomid midge (Diptera: Chironomidae) and Zapada (Plecoptera: Nemouridae) larvae were found consistently and were the most abundant (on average 95 and 2%, respectively, of the invertebrates found). Chironomid abundance and biomass increased over time, whereas Zapada abundance and biomass did not. Significant differences in abundance were found among natural streams for Baetis (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae) and Sweltsa (Plecoptera: Chloroperlidae) larvae, while no significant differences were found for chironomid and Zapada abundance or biomass.
4. Our results suggest that salmon carcasses initially undergo a high rate of mass loss that tapers off with time. Chironomid and Zapada larvae are likely to be important in mediating nutrient and energy transfer between salmon carcasses and other components of the freshwater-riparian food web in south-eastern Alaskan streams.