共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
Studies on the effects of a variety of exogenous and anthropogenic environmental factors, including endocrine disruptors,
heavy metals, UV light, high temperature, and others, on marine organisms have been presented at the 2nd Bilateral Seminar
Italy–Japan held in November 2006. Reports were discussed in order to reveal the current situation of marine ecosystems, aiming
at evaluation and prediction of environmental risks.
相似文献
V. MatrangaEmail: |
2.
Aricò S 《Cell biology and toxicology》2008,24(6):475-481
Science-based indicators aimed at measuring the sustainability of human activities on the environment have become of prime
importance in the policy arena. At the international level, the Commission on Sustainable Development and the Convention on
Biological Diversity and other Multilateral Environmental Agreements have recognised the need to develop a set of scientific
indicators related to changes in biodiversity and other environmental issues able to direct policy decisions. In the marine
realm, the study of the effects of both ‘top-down’ extractive activities such as fishing is more and more dealt with, in conjunction
with ‘bottom-up’ activities such as nutrient loading and the effects on biogeochemical cycles, marine geochemistry and ecosystem
structure and functioning of other pollutants and contaminants. ‘Conventional’ approaches such as the identification of taxa,
model organisms and related methodologies will continue playing a key role for the monitoring of human-induced changes in
the marine environment. On the other hand, newly developed disciplines such as genomics, proteomics and biodiversity informatics
are increasingly looked at as a source of information and applications that can respond to questions and concerns by the policy
community such as the need to adapt to global and climate change in the marine environment so as to mitigate its societal
implications.
相似文献
Salvatore AricòEmail: |
3.
Ping Wang Kuo-Ming Chao Chi-Chun Lo Chun-Lung Huang Muhammad Younas 《Cluster computing》2007,10(1):47-55
Risk analysis is considered as an important process to identify the known and potential vulnerabilities and threats in the
web services security. It is quite difficult for users to collect adequate events to estimate the full vulnerabilities and
probability of threats in the Web, due to the rapid change of the malicious attacks and the new computer’s vulnerabilities.
In this paper, a fuzzy risk assessment model is developed in order to evaluate the risk of web services in a situation where
complete information is not available. The proposed model extends Pseudo-Order Preference Model (POPM) to estimate the imprecise
risk based on richness of information and to determine their ranking using a weighted additive rule. A case study of a number
of web services is presented in order to test the proposed approach.
相似文献
Muhammad YounasEmail: |
4.
Peter Godfrey-Smith 《Biology & philosophy》2007,22(3):429-437
Jablonka and Lamb's claim that evolutionary biology is undergoing a ‘revolution’ is queried. But the very concept of revolutionary
change has uncertain application to a field organized in the manner of contemporary biology. The explanatory primacy of sequence
properties is also discussed.
相似文献
Peter Godfrey-SmithEmail: |
5.
Debates over adaptationism can be clarified and partially resolved by careful consideration of the ‘grain’ at which evolutionary
processes are described. The framework of ‘adaptive landscapes’ can be used to illustrate and facilitate this investigation.
We argue that natural selection may have special status at an intermediate grain of analysis of evolutionary processes. The
cases of sickle-cell disease and genomic imprinting are used as case studies.
相似文献
Peter Godfrey-SmithEmail: |
6.
The Freshwater Animal Diversity Assessment (FADA) project aims at compiling an overview of genus- and species-level diversity
of animals in the continental, aquatic ecosystems of the world. It is a collective effort of 163 experts, and presents 59
articles treating the diversity and endemism of different animal taxa, ranging from microscopic worms to mammals, at global
and regional scales. Given their structural importance, an article on macrophytes is also added. Here, we give an overview
of the project’s history, and outline the common framework of the various articles, as well as the conventions the experts
agreed to adhere to in their treatises. Furthermore, we briefly introduce future prospects.
相似文献
E. V. BalianEmail: |
7.
Chinyere Ohiri-Aniche 《Dialectical Anthropology》2007,31(4):423-436
The paper deplores the increasing practice whereby individuals and groups write Igbo with orthographic conventions that deviate
from those of the official Igbo (Ọnwụ) Orthography. It warns that these divergent acts are steadily dragging Igbo Orthography
into a state of anarchy whose consequences could be more disastrous than those of the earlier orthography controversy of 1929–1961.
The paper briefly traces the history of Igbo orthography from the earliest mention of Igbo in the sixteenth century writings
of European travelers to the present times. Among its recommendations for the restoration of sanity in Igbo orthography are:
the respect of the present official one until new conventions are officially agreed to and sanctioned; the revival of the
Igbo Standardization Committee which formerly regulated and supervised developments in the language; the convening of an international
workshop on Igbo orthography and the production of an enlarged Pan Igbo orthography for writing in dialects while the present
official (Ọnwụ) orthography serves for Standard Igbo.
相似文献
Chinyere Ohiri-AnicheEmail: |
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Patrick Forber 《Biology & philosophy》2009,24(2):247-266
Evolutionary biology, indeed any science that attempts to reconstruct prehistory, faces practical limitations on available
data. These limitations create the problem of contrast failure: specific observations may fail to discriminate between rival evolutionary hypotheses. Assessing the risk of contrast failure
provides a way to evaluate testing protocols in evolutionary science. Here I will argue that part of the methodological critique
in the Spandrels paper involves diagnosing contrast failure problems. I then distinguish the problem of contrast failure from the more familiar
philosophical problem of underdetermination, and demonstrate how contrast failure arises in scientific practice with an investigation
into Lewontin and White’s (Evolution 14:116–129, 1960) estimation of an adaptive landscape.
相似文献
Patrick ForberEmail: |
12.
Anya Plutynski 《Biology & philosophy》2008,23(5):605-623
The discussion of the adaptive landscape in the philosophical literature appears to be divided along the following lines.
On the one hand, some claim that the adaptive landscape is either “uninterpretable” or incoherent. On the other hand, some
argue that the adaptive landscape has been an important heuristic, or tool in the service of explaining, as well as proposing
and testing hypotheses about evolutionary change. This paper attempts to reconcile these two views.
相似文献
Anya PlutynskiEmail: |
13.
Niles Eldredge 《Evolution》2008,1(1):10-15
Evolutionary biology presents a bewildering array of phenomena to scientists and students alike—ranging from molecules to
species and ecosystems; and embracing 3.8 billion years of life’s history on earth. Biological systems are arranged hierarchically,
with smaller units forming the components of larger systems. The evolutionary hierarchy, based on replication of genetic information
and reproduction, is a complex of genes/organisms/demes/species and higher taxa. The ecological hierarchy, based on patterns
of matter–energy transfer, is a complex of proteins/organisms/avatars/local ecosystems/regional ecosystems. All organisms
are simultaneously parts of both hierarchical systems. Darwin’s original formulation of natural selection maps smoothly onto
a diagram where the two hierarchical systems are placed side-by-side. The “sloshing bucket” theory of evolution emerges from
empirical cases in biological history mapped onto this dual hierarchy scheme: little phenotypically discernible evolution
occurs with minor ecological disturbance; conversely, greatest concentrations of change in evolutionary history follow mass
extinctions, themselves based on physical perturbations of global extent. Most evolution occurs in intermediate-level regional
“turnovers,” when species extinction leads to rapid evolution of new species. Hierarchy theory provides a way of integrating
all fields of evolutionary biology into an easily understood—and taught—rubric.
相似文献
Niles EldredgeEmail: |
14.
Event-related brain potentials (ERP) are important neural correlates of cognitive processes. In the domain of language processing,
the N400 and P600 reflect lexical-semantic integration and syntactic processing problems, respectively. We suggest an interpretation
of these markers in terms of dynamical system theory and present two nonlinear dynamical models for syntactic computations
where different processing strategies correspond to functionally different regions in the system’s phase space.
相似文献
Peter beim GrabenEmail: |
15.
As the pace of ecosystem restoration increases, more attention has been directed towards understanding public preferences
for ecosystem restoration projects. This paper utilizes a choice experiments technique to evaluate the restoration project
of an endangered species, Nymphoides peltata (known locally as asaza) in Lake Kasumigaura, Japan. The restoration project evaluated in this paper consists of two attributes: an extinction risk
and a lakeshore ecosystem. First, we observe a positive willingness-to-pay for the vegetation restoration project: the mean
willingness-to-pay for restoring the endangered specie and avoiding extinction was about JPY6,800 and the mean willingness-to-pay
for restoring the covering area to the ideal condition that the species originally inhabited in 1996 was about JPY1,600. Second,
we clarify what kinds of individual characteristics affect preferences for restoration projects compared with preferences
for the status quo. The results show that respondents who have strong environmental attitudes, visit experience, high income,
and are female are more likely to prefer restoration projects to the status quo. Third, we investigate whether knowledge and
comprehension of ecological information have any influence on respondents’ value formations. We find that respondents’ comprehension
of ecological information is positively related to their willingness-to-pay for the avoidable level of extinction risk attribute,
while respondents’ knowledge of ecological terms has no effect. Overall, our findings suggest that the public strongly desires
the avoidance of extinction of endangered species, and indicates that researchers should be careful about how ecological information
is given.
相似文献
Yohei MitaniEmail: |
16.
Sub-Antarctic Marion Island has had a permanent research station for 50 years and the islands Wandering Albatrosses have been intensively studied for 20 years. The reactions of breeding birds to approaches by a human on foot were recorded. Three response variables were calculated: intensity of vocal reaction (IVR), intensity of non-vocal reaction (INR) and overall response index (ORI). At 5 m from the nest, twice as many birds stood and/or vocalised as at 15 m. Nearest neighbour distance, age and gender did not explain individual variability of responses. Study colony birds had higher IVR scores than non-study colony birds; birds at colonies closest to the station had the highest ORI scores. A better breeding record was associated with lower IVR and ORI scores, but a causative relationship remains to be demonstrated. A minimum viewing distance of 25 m is recommended for breeding Wandering Albatrosses.
相似文献
Marienne S. de VilliersEmail: Fax: +27-21-6503434 |
John CooperEmail: |
Peter G. RyanEmail: |
17.
Philip Richard Sullivan 《Biology & philosophy》2009,24(1):65-79
This paper demonstrates that the human visual system, the primary sensory conduit for primates, processes ambient energy in
a way that obligatorily constructs the objects that we ineluctably perceive. And since our perceptual apparatus processes
information only in terms of objects (along with the properties and movements of objects), we are limited in our ability to comprehend ‘what
is’ when we move beyond our ordinary world of midsize objects—as, for example, when we address the micro microworld of quantum
physics.
相似文献
Philip Richard SullivanEmail: |
18.
This paper is an attempt to combine the results and conclusions of two independently designed research projects, in order
to achieve a more complete understanding of the degree of exploitation of living marine resources by a small Tongan coastal
fishing community. Results of a socioeconomic resource-driven survey and an anthropological study adopting a commons dilemma
approach, agree substantially on the impact of tradition and changes, but disagree with regard to the driving forces. The
socioeconomic study argues that dynamics between traditional and modern economic values best explain the state of the community’s
coastal fisheries; while the anthropological study argues that social values and obligations still determine to a great extent
the goals people pursue with their economic activities. Current fishing pressure, the marine tenure system, and present and
future marketing potentials are all factors which may result in conflict between the traditional Tongan system and the modern
cash-based, remittance sustained system. These will ultimately affect the current and future status of coastal resources and
the social cohesion of the community.
相似文献
Andrea BenderEmail: |
19.
20.
Coral reef marine protected areas (MPA) are widely distributed around the globe for social and ecological reasons. Relatively
few of these MPAs are well managed. This review examines the governance of coral reef MPAs and the means to improve coral
reef MPA management. It highlights common governance challenges, such as confused goals, conflict, and unrealistic attempts
to scale up beyond institutional capacity. Recommendations, based on field experience and empirical evidence from around the
world, are made for best practices at various stages of MPA implementation.
相似文献
A. T. WhiteEmail: |