黄海大气中的孢粉及其对海底沉积物中孢粉组合的影响

１９７８—１９７９ 年在黄海上空共收集到孢粉３２１ 粒,属２３ 个属种。春季大气中所含孢粉数量最多,秋季次之,夏季和冬季较少。大气中木本花粉含量达７４％ ,草本花粉２３％ ,孢子３％ 。通过大气中孢粉与１９９０ 年黄海表层沉积物中孢粉组合的对比,反映出大气中孢粉与海洋沉积物中孢粉属种具有明显的对应关系。海洋沉积物中的孢粉分布显现近岸草本花粉含量高,远海木本花粉含量高的规律     

11000年以来太湖地区的植被与气候变化

根据太湖盆地３个钻孔、约自１１０００年以来的孢粉分析结果将其划分为３个阶段：１）１１０００—９０００ａＢ．Ｐ,该段虽以Ｐｉｎｕｓ为主的针叶植物占有一定的优势,但起主导作用的仍以壳斗科为主的阔叶乔木种类,尤其是其间尚含有不少的亚热带成分,推测当时该区地带性植被已为亚热带落叶常绿阔叶林,鉴于植被中尚含有少量耐寒的Ａｂｉｅｓ和Ｐｉｃｅａ,推测当时气温可能较今略低;２）９０００—５０００（５４００）ａＢ．Ｐ,该段为常绿阔叶林大发展时期,气候温暖适宜,为全新世最佳期,气温约较今高１—２Ｃ;３）５０００？ａＢ．Ｐ．－现在,孢粉组合特征显示,阔叶木本植物就总的来说呈下降趋势,尤其是亚热带成分,与其相反,针叶和一些暖温带成分的含量则略有上升,表明该段气温较前一阶段有所下降,但该阶段的植被受人类活动的影响较大。     

河流搬运花粉的初步研究

为进一步认识华北平原不同沉积相的孢粉组合特征和冲积物孢粉的沉积机制,作者对华北平原两条较大的河流——黄河、滦河的表层水样进行了孢粉分析１　材料和方法１．１　取样工具为容积１０００ｍＬ的塑料桶。将河流表层水灌入桶内,加盖封好带回实验室。将水样倒入２０００ｍＬ烧杯内,滴入现代石松孢子１３０００粒,以进行孢粉浓度计算［１］,同时加入少许冰醋酸,加速沉淀。将沉淀物置于离心杯中,用２．１和１．９的重液进行浮选,最后制成活动片在显微镜下进行鉴定、统计。１．２　冲积物的采集用一个圆筒形的铲,拴上绳子抛入河底,…     

中国晚三叠世孢粉植物群地理分区

我国晚三叠世孢粉化石十分丰富,经研究划分为南北两个孢粉植物群地理区,南方孢粉植物群自上而下由３个组合带构成：１）Ｍｉｃｒｈｙｓｔｒｄｉｕｍ－Ｚｅｂｒａｓｐｏｒｉｔｅｓ组合带,２）Ａｒａｔｒｉｓｐｏｒｉｔｅｓ－Ｔａｅｎｉａｅｓｐｏｒｉｔｅｓ组合带,３）Ｋｙｒｔｏｍｉｓｐｏｒｉｓ－Ｏｖａｌｉｐｏｌｌｉｓ组合带;北方孢粉植物群由２个组合带构成：１）Ｄｕｐｌｅｘｉｓｐｏｒｉｔｅｓ－Ｐａｒａｔａｅｎｉａｅｓ     

黄土孢粉HF处理方法

黄土孢粉提取是黄土孢粉分析的关键,到目前为止,虽然有一些比较好的工作方法,但是都存在一定的问题。本文主要提出HF法处理黄土孢粉的一些应该注意之处。由于黄土中有大量碳酸盐以及胶结物,且SiO2含量也较高,需要对标准的HF法进行相应的调整,在处理过程中多次进行HCI和HF处理。对甘肃静宁酸刺沟剖面261个黄土孢粉样品的进行HF法处理的结果表明,运用这种改进过的方法可以更加有效地提取孢粉。     

小鼠骨髓 内皮细胞无血清条件培养液及其超滤组分对粒巨噬系祖细胞？…

本研究通过传代培养小鼠骨髓内皮细胞系细胞,惧无血清条件培养液（ｍＢＭＥＣ－ＣＭ）,将其作多级串联超滤,获得分子量大于１０、３￣１０、１￣３、０．５￣１ｋＤ和小于０．５ｋＤ超滤组分。进行粒巨噬系造血祖细胞集落形成试验。检测了它们的ｍＢＭＥＣ－ＣＭ和３￣１０组分对粒巨噬系祖细胞（ＣＦＵ－ＧＭ）生长未见明显影响,而分子量大于１０ｋＤ和０．５￣１ｋＤ组分促进ＣＦＵ－ＧＭ的增殖,分子量１￣３ｋＤ和小于０．５     

海南岛东部近海新第三纪孢粉植物群

根据ＢＤ２３－１－１井与孢子花粉共生的海相浮游有孔虫和钙质超微化石,论述了中国海南岛东部近海新第三纪各个时期的孢粉植物群特征。建立了４个孢粉组合,它们是：１．Ｑｕｅｒｃｏｉｄｉｔｅｓ－Ｃｕｐｕｌｉｆｅｒｏｉｐｏｌｅｎｉｔｅｓ－Ｆｌｏｒｓｈｕｅｔｚｉａ－Ｄｉｃｏｌｐｏｐｏｌｉｓ组合（早中新世晚期）;２．Ｄｉｃｏｌｐｏｐｏｌｉｓ－Ｅｘｔｒａ－ｐｕｎｃｔａｔｏｓｐｏｒｉｔｅｓ－Ｔａｘｏｄｉａｃｅａｅｐｏｌｅｎｉｔｅｓ组合（中中新世早期）;３．Ａｂｉｅｔｉｎｅａｅｐｏｌｅｎｉｔｅｓ－Ｐｏｌｙｐｏｄｉ－ａｃｅａｅｓｐｏｒｉｔｅｓ－Ｌｉｑｕｉｄａｍｂａｒｐｏｌｅｎｉｔｅｓ组合（中中新世晚期至晚中新世）;４．Ａｂｉｅｔｉｎｅａｅｐｏｌｅｎｉｔｅｓ－Ｐｅｒｓｉｃａｒｉｏｉｐｏｌｉｓ组合（晚中新世晚期至早上新世）。孢粉植物群反映了海南岛东部近海新第三纪的气候基本上一直比较温暖湿润,并且逐渐降温的历程。     

深圳湾大弹涂鱼种群结构与生殖特征

本文探讨了深圳湾大弹涂鱼种群结构和生殖特征。结果表明：该种群以１、２龄鱼组成为主,３龄鱼极少,表明种群结构简单,体长与体重的相关曲线方程为Ｗ＝４．１６１８×１０－５Ｌ２．７４５１（ｒ＝０．９５７６）。雌雄性比为３：２。一龄鱼开始性成熟。雌鱼性成熟最小生物学体长为６２ｍｍ,雄鱼为５９ｍｍ。个体绝对生殖力波动于１９５６—１４０５３粒,平均７２９３粒;个体相对生殖力Ｆ／Ｌ：２９．５—１００．５粒／ｍｍ,平均７９粒／ｍｍ;Ｆ／Ｗ：５１１．０—８０４．９粒／ｇ,平均７５２粒／ｇ。４—６月为繁殖盛期,７—８月为繁殖末期。雌性周年月平均成熟系数（ＧＳＩ）变动范围为０．２７％—４．３６％。大弹涂鱼在一个生殖季节中只能产卵一次,属于一次性排卵类型。     

洋葱细胞核中类胀泡结构的数目,体积和分布

在电镜下观察了洋葱（Ａｌｌｉｕｍ ｃｅｐａ Ｌ．）根端分生组织细胞核的连续切片并进行了三维重组。发现：１． 类胀泡结构在细胞核中的数目与二倍染色体数有较大差异。在所观察的Ｓ期细胞核中,该结构数为４—１０ 个;在所观察的Ｇ２ 期细胞核中,该结构数为４—９ 个。２． 类胀泡结构的体积变化比较大,大多数的体积在０．１—０．４ μｍ ３ 之间。不同的Ｓ期细胞核中,类胀泡结构总体积较大者是总体积较小者的１．８ 倍;不同的Ｇ２ 期细胞核中,类胀泡结构总体积较大者是总体积较小者的２．１ 倍。３． 类胀泡结构有集中分布在细胞核内一定区域的倾向。讨论了类胀泡结构是否为着丝粒等问题     

中国早第三纪孢粉植物群纲要

简要地叙述中国大陆及陆架区早第三纪孢粉植物群的纵向演变和横向分异，将纵向演变归纳为６个主要的孢粉植物群发展时期。即：１）早古新世榆科花粉发育期；２）晚古新世正型粉扩展期；３）早始新世榆科－桦科－胡桃科花粉繁盛期；４）中始新世壳外科花粉发育期；５）晚始新世蒺藜科花粉扩展期；６）渐新世松科花粉发育期。据横向地区差异，将中国大陆及陆架区划分为７个早第三纪孢粉植物地理区，为：１）东北暖温带至亚热带湿生孢粉植物区，２）华北暖温带至亚热带中生孢粉植物区，３）西北暖温带至亚热带旱生孢粉植物区，４）中南亚热带中生孢粉植物区，５）东海南部陆架亚热带湿生孢粉植物区，６）南方亚热带、热带中生至湿生孢粉植物区，７）西藏亚热带中生孢粉植物区。对以上各期的孢粉植物区的主要特征和各地理区范围，代表性的孢粉和特征分别进行叙述，并以此对中国早第三纪的主要含孢粉地层列表进行了对比。     

A Method of Pollen Spore Analysis in Loess

A systematic and effective method has been worked out for pollen-spore analysis in loess. In this method, both chemical and physical treatment was appropriately employed according to the loess characteristics, such as its chemical composition, etc. So the pollenspores could be sorted out of loess to the highest limit. Abundnat pollen-spores have been obtained in more than 90 samples taken from seven sections in Shaanxi and Gansu provinces where the loess is best developed. Observed 1 to 3 pieces of glasses, the total pollen-spores could be sorted out more than 204 to 594, and 39 to 551 thousand particles of 250 g of loess sample.     

The relationship between airborne pollen and fungal spore concentrations and seasonal pollen allergy symptoms in Cracow in 1997–1999

The investigation of airborne pollen and fungalspore concentrations was carried out in Cracowbetween 1997–1999. For this study thevolumetric method has been employed (Burkard).At the same time the clinical diagnosis ofpollen allergy in 40 patients was obtained onthe basis of an interview, positive skin pricktests with pollen extracts and increasedspecific IgE level. An increase in seasonalallergy symptoms in all patients occurred fromthe middle of May to the middle of August.Eighty eight percent of the patients (35 out of40) were sensitive to Poaceae pollen and about50% of them were additionally sensitive totree and herb pollen excluding grasses. Forpatients with additional allergy to tree pollenthe seasonal symptoms started at the end ofMarch (Betula) while for patients withadditional allergy to herb pollen it wasextended to the middle of September (Artemisia).Five people out of 40 revealed positive skinreactions to Alternaria spores and anincrease in specific IgE level. Positive skinreaction to Cladosporium spores with noincrease in specific IgE level occurred in 2patients. The increase in seasonal allergysymptoms in people sensitive to Alternariaspores noted in July and August could becaused not only by these spores but also byPoaceae pollen.     

Characterizing Aeroallergens by Infrared Spectroscopy of Fungal Spores and Pollen

Background

Fungal spores and plant pollen cause respiratory diseases in susceptible individuals, such as asthma, allergic rhinitis and hypersensitivity pneumonitis. Aeroallergen monitoring networks are an important part of treatment strategies, but unfortunately traditional analysis is time consuming and expensive. We have explored the use of infrared spectroscopy of pollen and spores for an inexpensive and rapid characterization of aeroallergens.

Methodology

The study is based on measurement of spore and pollen samples by single reflectance attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (SR-ATR FTIR). The experimental set includes 71 spore (Basidiomycota) and 121 pollen (Pinales, Fagales and Poales) samples. Along with fresh basidiospores, the study has been conducted on the archived samples collected within the last 50 years.

Results

The spectroscopic-based methodology enables clear spectral differentiation between pollen and spores, as well as the separation of confamiliar and congeneric species. In addition, the analysis of the scattering signals inherent in the infrared spectra indicates that the FTIR methodology offers indirect estimation of morphology of pollen and spores. The analysis of fresh and archived spores shows that chemical composition of spores is well preserved even after decades of storage, including the characteristic taxonomy-related signals. Therefore, biochemical analysis of fungal spores by FTIR could provide economical, reliable and timely methodologies for improving fungal taxonomy, as well as for fungal identification and monitoring. This proof of principle study shows the potential for using FTIR as a rapid tool in aeroallergen studies. In addition, the presented method is ready to be immediately implemented in biological and ecological studies for direct measurement of pollen and spores from flowers and sporocarps.     

Contribution to the study of fungal spores in honeys of Galicia (NW Spain)

We analysed 30 samples of Galician honey with the aim of quantifying and identifying the fungal spores contained in them. Using an optical microscope, we could identify 40 different types, among them Cladosporium, Penicillium/Aspergillus and the Basidiospores, which were identified in more than 80% of the samples. We calculated the relationship between fungal spores and amount of pollen grains in the samples. The maximum values were obtained in samples 21 (more than 208/100 grains of pollen) and 5 (153 spores/100 grains of pollen).     

Methods for absolute diatom frequency analysis and combined diatom and pollen analysis in sediments

Earlier methods for absolute diatom frequency analysis were timeconsuming. In pollen analysis the use of indicator pollen and spores is well established. This method has been tested for absolute diatom analysis and proved to simplify the work. A detailed preparation procedure is given. A method for combined pollen and diatom analysis has been worked out to check the diatom production curves in sediments where the deposition rates can not be measured by ¹⁴C–dates or yearly laminated sediments. Diatom frequencies are here compared with synchronous terrestrial pollen frequencies. This gives an independent picture of changes in diatom productivity.     

Pollen and Mold Spores—An Atmospheric and Field Survey in Los Angeles

A two-year survey of pollen and mold spores by the gravity slide method revealed that there are no clear-cut tree, grass or weed pollen seasons in California.Pollen counts should be correlated with field studies to distinguish the various plants whose pollen have a similar appearance.Spores of Alternaria and Hormodendrum, whose importance in allergic disease of the respiratory tract has been well established for many years, were found all during the year. More hormodendrum spores were collected than the total of all other pollens combined.     

The effect of pollen grains on infections caused by Botrytis cinerea Fr

The addition of pollen to spores of Botrytis cinerea Fr. in droplets of distilled water stimulates spore germination, growth of germ tubes and lesion development. Aqueous diffusate from pollen is as effective as pollen grains, and frozen pollen is more stimulatory than freshly collected pollen. The presence of pollen grains reduces considerably the number of spores needed to allow infection to occur. The lost germination ability and infectivity of old spores is restored by pollen. The stimulatory effect of the presence of pollen has been demonstrated both in vitro and on the surfaces of strawberry petals, strawberry fruits and broad bean leaves. Complete removal of the source of pollen, the anthers from strawberry fruits, markedly affected the speed and severity of infections of strawberry fruits. On broad bean leaves the addition of pollen grains to spores induced the development of spreading aggressive lesions. Preliminary work indicates that the effective principle in pollen is water-soluble, dialysable and heat-stable. Although glucose and fructose are important components of diffusate, neither glucose solution nor fructose solution nor a mixture of the two showed as marked effects as did pollen. Orange juice produces similar effects.     

Forensic Palynology as Classroom Inquiry

This activity introduces the science of forensic palynology: the use of microscopic pollen and spores (also called palynomorphs) to solve criminal cases. Plants produce large amounts of pollen or spores during reproductive cycles. Because of their chemical resistance, small size, and morphology, pollen and spores can be used to link individuals or objects to specific locations where the parent plants grow. Students will use a digital pollen database and Google Earth to link pollen trace evidence to a specific crime scene. The methods presented are based on those used in criminal cases and palynological techniques used by forensic scientists. Step-by-step instructions for a hands-on investigation and a case simulation are presented.     

Fluorescence microscopy of pollen and spores: a tool for investigating environmental change

Fluorescence microscopy of fossil pollen and spores has only been exploited by palynologists for geological time scales. A reconstruction of ecological change, blanket peat erosion and consequent sediment flux within an area of moorland in the north of England during the late Holocene has provided an opportunity to evaluate whether fluorescence microscopy of pollen and spores can be used as a tool for reconstructing environmental change at shorter and more recent timescales.The fluorescence properties of pollen and spores in samples of blanket peat (sediment source) and reservoir sediments (sediment sink) were assessed during routine pollen counts. Fluorescence varied with taxon. Bog surface processes such as moorland fire and dessication were observed to have no visible effect on fluorescence, but air pollution deposition (indicated by Pb) did have an effect, although exactly which pollutant(s) is responsible is unclear.The effect on fluorescence of the physical processes associated with peat erosion and re-sedimentation in reservoirs was examined. Spores of lower plants found in reservoir sediment samples with a high content of eroded peat were well preserved (fluorescing at blue-green wavelengths), suggesting that the eroded peat was transported from the bog surface to the reservoir as peat fragments containing pollen and spores. There is a direct correlation between the proportions of pollen and spores with extinguished fluorescence (very poor preservation state) in sediment samples, and sediment accumulation rate. This relationship is probably not applicable for quantitatively estimating sedimentation rate at other sites due to the effect of local factors. However, the relationship can provide the basis for a simple, quick and relatively inexpensive method of examining qualitative shifts in sediment flux, which can be conducted during routine pollen counts.     

An aerobiological study of pollen grains and fungal spores of Barcelona (Spain)

Summary A study of concentration of airborne pollen grains and fungal spores has been carried out in Barcelona (Spain) during 1989–90. The volumetric method of filtration, previously described for airborne pollen analysis (Suarez-Cervera and Seoane-Camba, 1983) has been used. In this case, the filters have also been cultivated in Czapecdox-agar, Sabouraud-agar and Sabouraud-agar with streptomycin for the identification of the fungal colonies. Analysis of the number of fungal spores growing on the filter shows that the maxima of colonies of spores developed in culture per m³ of air filtered, correspond to September–December. Pollen and spore concentrations start from November–December, reach a maximum in March–April and decline progressively until September–October. Therefore, in the city of Barcelona, the greatest concentration occurs in spring and the lowest in autumn.