种子丸粒化包衣处理后氟啶虫胺腈的消解动态及对黄曲条跳甲的防控效果

【目的】明确丸粒化包衣处理后氟啶虫胺腈在菜薹体内的消解动态和对黄曲条跳甲Phyllotreta striolata (Fabricius)的防控效果,为十字花科蔬菜种子丸粒化包衣的科学应用提供参考。【方法】应用高效液相色谱法分析了氟啶虫胺腈在菜薹各营养器官和根系周边土壤中的消解动态。【结果】氟啶虫胺腈在土壤中的浓度呈现先增加后降低的发展趋势,播种后第1天氟啶虫胺腈在土壤中的浓度为17.03mg/kg,第10天升高至33.87 mg/kg,随后缓慢下降,在第31天时下降到0.17 mg/kg。氟啶虫胺腈在菜薹根和叶中的浓度也呈现先增加后降低的发展趋势,播种后第4天根、叶中的浓度分别为82.14 mg/kg和279.67 mg/kg,随后逐渐升高,在第7天达到56.85 mg/kg和325.27 mg/kg,此后缓慢下降,第31天时氟啶虫胺腈在根和叶中的浓度均低于检测限。氟啶虫胺腈在菜薹茎中的浓度呈现下降趋势,播种后第4天茎中氟啶虫胺腈的浓度为81.47 mg/kg,然后一直下降,直至第31天时低于检测限。田间试验结果显示菜薹种子应用氟啶虫胺腈丸粒化包衣技术处理后黄曲条跳甲的田间种群数量和受害株数均显著低于对照组。【结论】本研究证明了氟啶虫胺腈丸粒化包衣在菜薹生产中安全可行,并且对黄曲条跳甲防控效果显著,为黄曲条跳甲的防治和十字花科作物的安全生产提供了一个有效的解决方案。     

防治新入侵害虫蜂巢小甲虫杀虫剂的室内筛选

蜂巢小甲虫Aethina tumida是一种新入侵为害蜜蜂蜂巢的危险性害虫,筛选出具有较高毒力水平的化学药剂防治该虫迫在眉睫。本文采用浸渍法测定了10种杀虫剂对蜂巢小甲虫幼虫的毒力。试验结果表明,10 mg/L高效氯氰菊酯、啶虫脒和功夫菊酯在24 h内对蜂巢小甲虫幼虫的致死率达到36.67%、33.33%和29.39%,而10 mg/L高效氯氰菊酯和功夫菊酯在48 h对蜂巢小甲虫幼虫的致死率均达到100%。啶虫脒、高效氯氰菊酯和功夫菊酯在24 h的LC_(50)分别为10.47 mg/L、16.94 mg/L和19.1 mg/L。其它受试的杀虫剂如多杀菌素、氟虫腈、氟啶脲、虫酰肼、敌百虫、阿维菌素和甲维盐的触杀致死率相对较低。筛选结果显示,啶虫脒、高效氯氰菊酯和功夫菊酯可作为目前防治蜂巢小甲虫的的重要参考防治药剂。     

2%·5亿活孢子/克阿维菌素·淡紫拟青霉粉剂在烟草上的残留检测方法

建立了一种高效液相荧光色谱法(HPLC-FLD)测定烟草基质中阿维菌素残留量的方法。土壤用二氯甲烷直接萃取;烟草经二氯甲烷溶液进行二次提取,经旋转蒸发仪浓缩(45℃)近干,添加乙腈1 mL定容,再加入N-甲基咪唑和三氟醋酸酐各0.3 mL,避光衍生化30 min,再加入无水甲醇1 mL,避光醇化30 min。采用HPLC-FLD检测阿维菌素残留量。阿维菌素的添加浓度为0.005~0.202 mg/kg时,在土壤中的平均回收率为76.89~94.26%,相对标准偏差为5.18~7.09%。在烟叶中的平均回收率为87.32~96.15%,相对标准偏差为5.69~6.75%。     

几种杀虫剂防治荔枝蝽的应用效果及其评价

为了筛选出对荔枝蝽Tessaratoma papillosa高效低毒低投入的药剂,在室内采用喷雾法初步测定了16种常用杀虫剂对荔枝蝽成虫的活性,进一步测定了辛硫磷、丁醚脲和氟啶虫胺腈等3种药剂对荔枝蝽成虫、1龄若虫和2龄若虫的室内毒力,并开展了3种杀虫剂对荔枝蝽的田间防效试验。室内毒力结果表明：甲氰菊酯、杀虫双、阿维菌素、甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐、哒螨灵、茚虫威、虫螨腈、多杀霉素、乙基多杀霉素、灭蝇胺、异丙威等11种药剂对荔枝蝽成虫活性较低,辛硫磷、丁醚脲和氟啶虫胺腈对荔枝蝽有较高的杀虫活性,3种药剂对成虫72 h后的LC₅₀分别为102.32、226.88和207.59 mg/L,对1龄若虫分别为42.41、120.90和87.59 mg/L,对2龄若虫分别为62.65、180.20和148.75 mg/L。在田间防效试验中,辛硫磷对荔枝蝽成虫药后1 d的防效高达82.46%;氟啶虫胺腈对荔枝蝽成虫药后1 d防效达89.23%,药后7 d防效维持在85.03%;丁醚脲对荔枝蝽成虫的最高防效为71.63%,与高效氯氟氰菊酯的防效相当。辛硫磷、丁醚脲和氟啶虫胺腈的防效...     

不同水温下氟甲砜霉素在斑点叉尾鮰体内的药代动力学研究

研究不同水温(18℃和28℃)条件下,单剂量(10mg/kgb·w)强饲氟甲砜霉素,在斑点叉尾鮰(Ictaluruspunc-tatus)体内药代动力学特征.采用高效液相色谱紫外检测法可以同时检测血浆中氟甲砜霉素及其代谢物氟甲砜霉素的浓度.用3p97药代动力学软件处理药时数据.结果表明:在不同水温条件下氟甲砜霉素在斑点叉尾鮰体内的药时数据均符合一室开放式模型.药时规律符合理论方程C血浆=71921(e-0.036t-e-0.18t)和C血浆=91061(e-0.081t-e-0.301t).18℃和28℃的条件下,主要药代动力学参数:吸收半衰期T1/2ka分别为31845h和21301h,消除半衰期T1/2ke分别为191118h和81519h,达峰时间Tpeak分别为111136h和51953h,最大血药浓度Cmax分别为41074μg/mL和41226μg/mL,曲线下面积AUC分别为1741547(μg/mL)/h和811279(μg/mL)/h,平均驻留时间MRT分别为271581h和121290h,相对表观分布容积V/F(c)分别为11580L/kg和115121L/kg.采用氟甲砜霉素防治斑点叉尾鮰细菌性疾病,建议在18℃左右口服10mg/kg体重剂量的氟甲砜霉素,2d给药1次;在28℃左右口服10mg/kg体重剂量的氟甲砜霉素,1d给药1次.试验过程中在斑点叉尾鮰血浆样品中未检测到氟甲砜霉素的主要代谢物氟甲砜霉素胺.       

玫瑰红巨孢囊霉对烟草抗Cd能力的影响

丛枝菌根真菌(Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,AMF)能提高植物抗重金属毒性。为评价镉(Cd)胁迫条件下AMF对烟草生长和抗Cd毒性的影响,对烟苗(Nicotiana tabaccum L.)进行0、5、20、40 mg/kg Cd处理,接种和不接种AMF玫瑰红巨孢囊霉Gigaspora rosea的双因子试验。培养90 d后测定植株的营养生长量、渗透调节物质和叶片保护酶活性。0~5 mg/kg Cd处理下,无论接种或不接种AMF,烟草的营养生长、渗透调节物质含量、叶片保护酶活性都上升。5 mg/kg Cd处理下,接种与不接种AMF的烟草各项指标均达到各处理的最高值,并显著高于0 mg/kg的对照组;Cd浓度继续升高时,烟草的营养生长、渗透调节物质含量、叶片保护酶活性均下降。在0~40 mg/kg Cd浓度处理范围内,各项检测指标的总体趋势是先升后降;在相同Cd浓度处理中,接种AMF烟草,其营养生长、渗透调节物质含量和叶片保护酶活性均高于不接种的烟草。结果表明:低于或等于5 mg/kg Cd浓度处理,能促进烟草的营养生长和抗重金镉毒性能力的提高,高于5 mg/kg Cd浓度处理时,Cd对烟草植株产生毒害,且随着浓度的升高毒性加重,用AMF Gigaspora rosea接种烟苗,可以减轻烟苗受Cd胁迫的毒性。     

三种杀虫剂对皂角豆象的致死效果

【目的】筛选对皂角豆象Megabruchidius dorsalis(Fahraeus)致死效果最好的杀虫剂。【方法】采用氟啶脲、毒死蜱和灭多威3种常用类型杀虫剂的常规剂量对皂角豆象成虫、初孵幼虫和卵进行防治试验。【结果】3种杀虫剂都可以有效的杀死皂角豆象初孵幼虫,接触氟啶脲、毒死蜱和灭多威3种杀虫剂后皂角豆象幼虫72 h死亡率分别为96.59%、100.00%和100.00%,灭多威和毒死蜱对皂角豆象成虫致死效果72 h为100.00%,灭多威对皂角豆象卵的效果最为明显,致死率达94.38%,氟啶脲对皂角豆象卵和成虫无明显致死效果。【结论】灭多威对皂角豆象的致死效果最好。     

11种不同类型杀虫剂对卷蛾分索赤眼蜂繁殖的亚致死效应

在实验室条件下通过药膜法研究了11种不同类型的杀虫剂对卷蛾分索赤眼蜂Trichogrammatoidea bactrae Nagaraja成蜂的毒性, 并研究了杀虫剂对其繁殖的亚致死效应, 旨在评估各药剂对卷蛾分索赤眼蜂成蜂的安全性, 为小菜蛾Plutella xylostella防治过程中杀虫剂的合理施用提供科学依据。研究结果表明, 卷蛾分索赤眼蜂成蜂对阿维菌素最敏感, 致死中浓度LC₅₀和亚致死浓度LC₃₀分别为0.1984和0.1660 mg/L, 其次为氟虫腈（0.2027和0.1903 mg/L）、溴虫腈（0.3069和0.2038 mg/L）、多杀霉素（1.3630和1.0481 mg/L）、杀螟丹（8.1042 和6.7891 mg/L）、高效氯氰菊酯（10.3647和5.8035 mg/L）和丁醚脲（11.5318 和9.9212 mg/L）。经亚致死浓度LC₃₀的阿维菌素、溴虫腈、杀螟丹、丁醚脲、多杀霉素和氟虫腈处理后, 卷蛾分索赤眼蜂的寿命（1.00~1.67 d）显著缩短, 寄生卵量（0~21.70粒/雌）明显降低, 种群参数（净生殖力R₀、内禀增长率r_m、周限增长率λ和世代平均历期T）明显低于对照（P<0.05）。田间推荐浓度的茚虫威、氟啶脲、苏云金杆菌Bacillus thuringiensis、虫酰肼对卷蛾分索赤眼蜂寿命及产卵量均没有不利影响, 但能通过缩短其世代平均历期T, 从而使净生殖力R₀、内禀增长率r_m和周限增长率λ增加。而经亚致死浓度LC₃₀的高效氯氰菊酯处理后, 卷蛾分索赤眼蜂的寿命（3.77 d）显著延长, 寄生卵量（55.47粒/雌）明显提高, 种群参数明显高于对照(P<0.05)。结果说明, 氟啶脲、茚虫威、苏云金杆菌和虫酰肼对卷蛾分索赤眼蜂较安全; 丁醚脲对卷蛾分索赤眼蜂成蜂的寄生能力影响极大, 在田间施用时应当尽量避开卷蛾分索赤眼蜂成蜂的盛发期。     

杀虫剂对三角新小卷蛾的毒力与田间防效

研究了常用杀虫剂对三角新小卷蛾Olethreutes leucaspis Meyrick的室内毒力与田间防效.按照毒力降低的顺序,所测定杀虫剂对三角新小卷蛾毒力顺序为甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐>氟虫腈>三氟氯氰菊酯>溴氰菊酯>阿维菌素>、高效氯氰菊酯>氟虫脲>氰戊菊酯>氟啶脲>毒死蜱>敌百虫.但在田间条件下,各试验药剂均能有效控制三角新小卷蛾的为害.结果表明,敌百虫对三角新小卷蛾的毒力最低,LC50为186.16 mg·L-1,甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐和氟虫腈的毒力最高,LC50分别为0.67、0.83 mg·L-1,是敌百虫毒力的279.52、224.86倍;三氟氯氰菊酯、溴氰菊酯、阿维菌素、高效氯氰菊酯、氟虫脲和氰戊菊酯亦具有较高的毒力,LC50分别为1.24、1.37、1.60、3.75、5.17、6.71 mg·L-1;毒死蜱和氟啶脲的毒力低于其它药剂.各试验药剂均能有效控制三角新小卷蛾的为害.     

氯虫苯甲酰胺对苹果树桃小食心虫及金纹细蛾的控制作用

2006～2007年,对35%氯虫苯甲酰胺水分散粒剂进行田间药效试验。结果表明,35%氯虫苯甲酰胺水分散粒剂是防治苹果树桃小食心虫Carposina niponensisi Walsingham和金纹细蛾Lithocolletis ringoniella Mats的有效药剂。其有效成分为35～50mg/kg处理防治桃小食心虫,药后5d的防效在83%～100%之间,药后35d防效在77%以上,整体防效不及对照药剂4.5%高效氯氰菊酯乳油30mg/kg处理;10～20mg/kg处理防治金纹细蛾,药后5～15d防效在58%～100%之间,各期防效优于生产常用药剂25%灭幼脲悬浮剂125mg/kg处理。     

定虫隆对锈赤扁谷盗生长发育影响及其作用机理初探

定虫隆是一种昆虫生长调节抑制剂,研究其对锈赤扁谷盗的控制作用,将为锈赤扁谷盗的综合防治提供理论基础。本研究以锈赤扁谷盗幼虫为研究对象,用定虫隆拌粮进行饲喂,观察定虫隆对锈赤扁谷盗的亚致死效应,并利用实时荧光定量PCR(qPCR)技术,测定经定虫隆处理后锈赤扁谷盗幼虫几丁质合成酶1(CfCHS1)和几丁质合成酶2(CfCHS2)基因表达量的变化。结果表明:定虫隆对锈赤扁谷盗的毒力回归方程为y=7.514+1.81x(r=0.974),LD 10、LD 20、LD 30分别为0.008 mg/kg、0.014 mg/kg、0.021 mg/kg,亚致死剂量定虫隆可使锈赤扁谷盗幼虫发育历期明显延长(P<0.05),体重和几丁质含量明显降低(P<0.05),这说明了定虫隆对锈赤扁谷盗的生长发育有明显的抑制作用,可以有效控制锈赤扁谷盗的为害。qPCR结果显示,与对照组相比,LD 30处理后的锈赤扁谷盗幼虫的CfCHS 1基因表达量提高了74.7%,CfCHS 2基因的表达量提高了27.4%,均差异显著(P<0.05)。CfCHS 1和CfCHS2基因表达量的上调,可能是几丁质合成酶受到了抑制,锈赤扁谷盗为了维持机体的稳定,提高几丁质合成酶基因的表达量,从而形成一种代偿性增加的反馈机制,由此推测定虫隆可能作用于几丁质合成酶。     

Interaction of treatment of both adult and immature Coleoptera with a chitin synthesis inhibitor affects mortality and development time of their progeny

Chitin synthesis inhibitors, like many other insect growth regulating insecticides, do not kill adult insects but cause mortality of the immature stages. Pre-exposure of adult stored grain Coleoptera, Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) (Bostrichidae) and Sitophilus oryzae (L.) (Curculionidae) and development of their progeny in grain treated with the chitin synthesis inhibitor, chlorfluazuron, influenced the mortality and development rate of the progeny. Hatch rate of eggs from R. dominica adults that had both developed and laid on wheat treated with 0.75 mg kg–1 chlorfluazuron was reduced by almost 50% compared with untreated eggs, with an LC50 of 0.84 mg kg–1 . Eggs laid on treated wheat by R. dominica adults that had been exposed only to treated wheat for 2 weeks before oviposition showed greater reduction in hatch: 75% reduction of normal hatch rate at 0.25 mg kg–1 and almost 100% reduction at 2 mg kg–1 chlorfluazuron, with an LC50 of 0.19 mg kg–1 chlorfluazuron. X-rays were used to monitor the development and mortality of the immature stages of S. oryzae that developed within the wheat grains. Numbers of eggs laid were not affected by chlorfluazuron treatment. The combination of pre-exposure of adults and chlorfluazuron concentration had an additive effect on mortality of immature S. oryzae. Pre-exposure of adults caused most mortality in the first three weeks of development (eggs and larvae), whereas development in treated wheat caused mortality from weeks 3 to 8 (pupae and adults); higher concentrations of chlorfluazuron caused higher mortality. Development in wheat treated with 1 mg kg–1 chlorfluazuron caused 12% corrected overall mortality of progeny while pre-exposure to the same concentration and development in untreated wheat caused 29% corrected mortality. Pre-exposure combined with development in wheat treated with 1 mg kg–1 caused 30% corrected mortality. Thus, pre-exposure of adults appears to have a greater effect on mortality of S. oryzae progeny than development of immature stages in treated grain. Development on treated grain had no effect on development rate. Pre-exposure of adults did not appear to affect the rate of immature development, as assessed by X-rays, but did slow the emergence of adults, lengthening development time by about 2 days. This significant, additive effect of pre-exposure of adults on the mortality of their progeny will enhance the toxicity of chitin synthesis inhibitors such as chlorfluazuron, since most adults receive treatment when the immature stages are treated in crops either before they are harvested or in storage. Assessing the proportion of eggs that hatch from pre-exposed adults would be a simpler bioassay for CSIs.     

Susceptibility of last instar red flour beetles and confused flour beetles (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) to hydroprene.

Last instar larvae of the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), and the confused flour beetle, Tribolium confusum Jacquelin du Val, were either exposed for 8-144 h on concrete treated with 1.9 x 10(-3) mg(AI)/per cm2 hydroprene, or continually exposed on concrete treated with 9.8 x 10(-4) to 1.9 x 10(-3) mg[AI]/per cm2 hydroprene. In both tests, larvae were exposed and held at 27 or 32 degrees C and 40, 57, or 75% RH. When larvae were exposed with no food to hydroprene for different time intervals, then transferred to untreated concrete containing flour, consistent effects were produced only at 144 h. At this exposure interval, the percentage of beetles arrested in the larval stage after 3-4 wk was generally greater at 75% RH compared with 40 and 57% RH, but there were no differences between species or temperature. The percentages of dead adult red flour beetles and live adults with morphological deformities were also greatest at 75% RH, and defects were more prevalent in red flour beetles than in confused flour beetles. When larvae were continually exposed to different concentrations of hydroprene on concrete that contained flour, the percentage of arrested larvae, dead adults, and live adults of both species generally increased with concentration. There were more deleterious effects at 75% RH compared with either 40 or 57% RH, and effects were more pronounced in the red flour beetle compared with the confused flour beetle. In both experiments, temperature effects were variable and inconclusive. Results indicate that continual exposure of last instar red flour beetle and confused flour beetle to hydroprene can limit population development, but exposure intervals of >6 d may be required for maximum effectiveness.     

Effectiveness of spinosad on four classes of wheat against five stored-product insects

Spinosad is a commercial reduced-risk pesticide that is naturally derived. Spinosad's performance was evaluated on four classes of wheat (hard red winter, hard red spring, soft red winter, and durum wheats) against adults of the lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica (F.); rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae (L.); sawtoothed grain beetle, Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.); red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst); and larvae of the Indianmeal moth, Plodia interpunctella (Hübner). Beetle adults (25) or P. interpunctella eggs (50) were exposed to untreated wheat and wheat treated with spinosad at 0.1 and 1 mg (AI)/kg of grain. On all untreated wheat classes, adult beetle mortality ranged from 0 to 6%, and P. interpunctella larval mortality ranged from 10 to 19%. The effects of spinosad on R. dominica and P. interpunctella were consistent across all wheat classes. Spinosad killed all exposed R. dominica adults and significantly suppressed progeny production (84-100%) and kernel damage (66-100%) at both rates compared with untreated wheat. Spinosad was extremely effective against P. interpunctella on all wheat classes at 1 mg/kg, based on larval mortality (97.6-99.6%), suppression of egg-to-adult emergence (93-100%), and kernel damage (95-100%), relative to similar effects on untreated wheats. The effects of spinosad on S. oryzae varied among wheat classes and between spinosad rates. Spinosad was effective against S. oryzae, O. surinamensis and T. castaneun only on durum wheat at 1 mg/kg. Our results suggest spinosad to be a potential grain protectant for R. dominica and P. interpunctella management in stored wheat.     

Reduction in egg hatch after a sublethal dose of chlorfluazuron to larvae of the common cutworm, Spodoptera litura

Abstract.  The effects of a sublethal dose of chlorfluazuron on egg hatching in Spodoptera litura are examined under laboratory conditions. When LD₁₀ of chlorfluazuron is topically applied to newly moulted fifth-instar larvae of either sex, a significant reduction in both the number of eggs laid and subsequent hatching is observed after mating but no significant differences in daily of oviposition are observed when compared with the controls. In addition, examination of the unhatched eggs reveals that the number of unfertilized eggs is greater than those that were fertilized but there are significantly more unfertilized eggs laid by treated insects. Interference by chlorfluazuron, transferred by copulation through sperm fluids or ova, appears improbable. All the fertilized unhatched eggs in the treated crosses die at an earlier stage than those of the controls. In the female-treated crosses, the egg size is significantly reduced compared with the control or male-treated crosses. During mating, the treated-males transferred significantly lower-weight spermatophores into the females. The weight of spermatophores transferred by untreated males is the same to both treated and untreated females. The duration of mating is not affected by chlorfluazuron treatment.     

Diatomaceous earth increases the efficacy of Beauveria bassiana against Tribolium castaneum larvae and increases conidia attachment

This research tested the suppressive ability of Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin alone and in combination with diatomaceous earth against the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst). Adults did not show a dose response to B. bassiana, and the addition of diatomaceous earth (DE) did not result in a significant increase in mortality. Against larvae, however, DE at 190 mg/kg grain enhanced the efficacy of B. bassiana at all concentrations ranging from 33 to 2,700 mg of conidia per kilogram of grain. The presence of DE resulted in 17- and 16-fold decreases in the median lethal concentration of B. bassiana at 56 and 75% RH, respectively. No significant differences in larval mortality in response to B. bassiana and diatomaceous earth alone or in combination were found between 56 and 75% RH. Conidial attachment to larvae was significantly greater with 190 mg/kg DE than without it. The partial analysis of lipids taken up by DE from the larvae revealed the removal of phospholipids and long-chain fatty acids. These results support the hypothesis that diatomaceous earth enhances the efficacy of B. bassiana against larval T. castaneum, at least in part by damaging the insect cuticle, thus increasing conidial attachment and making nutrients more available to conidia for their germination.     

Treatment of adult Coleoptera with a chitin synthesis inhibitor affects mortality and development time of their progeny

A group of insect growth regulators, the chitin synthesis inhibitors (CSIs), are being more widely used as many insects have become resistant to broad-spectrum insecticides. This study investigated the mode of action of one CSI, particularly looking at the delayed effect of treating adult insects on the survival and development of their progeny. The study describes the responses of adult stored grain beetles Sitophilus oryzae (L.) (Curculionidae) and Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) (Bostrichidae) to wheat treated with chlorfluazuron. For both species, wheat treated with chlorfluazuron reduced progeny survival at a constant rate from 1 day to 8 weeks after it had been treated. There was a direct, negative concentration-time relationship between the treatment of the adults with chlorfluazuron-treated wheat and the survival and developmental rate of their progeny. Adults that were pre-exposed for one or more weeks before oviposition to wheat treated with chlorfluazuron had significantly lower progeny survival than adults that were not pre-exposed. The EC₉₅ values were 16-fold higher for R. dominica and 40-fold higher for S. oryzae from assays without pre-exposure, than with pre-exposure. Pre-exposure of R. dominica with 0.1 mg kg^-1 and of S. oryzae with 0.4 mg kg^-1 of chlorfluazuron reduced progeny survival by 95%. Higher concentrations of chlorfluazuron produced a reduction in mean population developmental time of several days. These findings have important implications for bioassays of CSIs, since pre-exposure of the adults can significantly reduce the numbers of F1 progeny. Therefore standard bioassays may seriously underestimate the efficacy of the CSI being assayed.     

Host immune response against homologous challenge infection of Ancylostoma caninum larvae after application of effective anthelmintics

The development of immunity against Ancylostoma caninum larval reinfection has been investigated in mice after the primary infection has been treated with an effective anthelmintics. Experimentally A, caninum larvae infected mice treated with levamisole (5 x 40 mg/kg), thiabendazole (5 x 200 mg/kg), oxfendazole (5 x 100 mg/kg), or albendazole (5 x 100 mg/kg) when challenged with A. caninum larvae showed 47.77 to 55.81% larval reduction from the challenge dose indicating thereby the development of partial immunity.     

十一种农药对小菜蛾的毒力及其天敌草间小黑蛛的安全性

通过室内试验,评价了11种农药对3龄小菜蛾Plutella xylostella(L.)幼虫的毒性及其天敌草间小黑蛛的安全性。研究结果表明,苏云金杆菌、氟虫腈、溴虫腈、多杀菌素和丁醚脲对小菜蛾3龄幼虫的杀虫效果最好,致死率达100%;啶虫隆和巴丹效果次之,致死率分别为90.0%和87.5%。对于草间小黑蛛Erigonidium graminicolum(Sunderall)幼蛛,丁醚脲、苏云金杆菌、虫酰肼、啶虫隆的初始毒性和持续毒性均较低,接触药膜48h后致死率都低于30%;而对于草间小黑蛛成蛛,除阿维菌素、高效氯氰菊酯和巴丹外,其余8种农药毒性较低,死亡率低于20%;综合11种农药对小菜蛾和蜘蛛的毒性,苏云金杆菌、丁醚脲、多杀菌素的选择毒性最好,优先推荐在蜘蛛等天敌多的季节使用。