涡虫

涡虫属于扁形动物门涡虫纲,生活在海洋、淡水和潮湿的土壤中。大多数营自由生活,少数为陆栖和寄生生活。在海洋中,涡虫的种类和数目最多,其中大部分在沿海的砂砾、淤泥和藻类中营底栖生活,如旋涡虫Convoluta和平角涡虫Planocera。在淡水环境中,它们常栖息在流水缓慢的池塘、湖泊、泉水以及山脚溪流中的石块、水草和叶片下面,如直口涡虫Stenostornum Leucops(Duges)、大口涡虫Macrostomum Tu和三角真涡虫Dugesia genocephala(Duges)等。     

红螯螯虾体表附生切头涡虫类研究概述

随着红螯螯虾(Cherax quadricarinatus)养殖业的发展,附着于红螯螯虾体表的切头涡虫及其危害已引起养殖业者的广泛关注.本文介绍了切头涡虫的分类地位和分布,详细描述了切头涡虫外部形态和内部构造,并对切头涡虫的共生特性、食性、生活史、运动方式等生物学特点进行了概述,对切头涡虫的危害和防治进行了总结和讨论....     

淡水涡虫的采集和室内长期饲养

东亚三角头涡虫（Ｄｕｇｅｓｉａｊａｐｏｎｉｃａ）因其分布广泛、结构典型,是动物学实验的常用材料。本文介绍一种在室内长期饲养涡虫的简便方法。１三角头涡虫的采集三角头涡虫对水质和水温较敏感,多生活于清凉洁净的淡水溪流中,白天由于喜欢藏于水中石块或其它物体...     

涡虫的采集培养和切割再生方法

迄今,我国的淡水涡虫已发现七种,其中最常见的是东亚三角头涡虫(Dugesis iaponicua),分布于香港、台湾、昆明直到吉林省境内,和细形山地涡虫(Phagocato vivida),分布于大、小兴安岭和长白山一带。七种淡水涡虫都喜生于冷泉溪流的石下。采集涡虫时,途中要防止水温的骤升。制作切片的涡虫采集,需将涡虫用稀酸杀生,鲍氏液固定,然后放酒精中带回。用带盖的塘瓷盘加水培养涡虫,既接近生境,便于实验操作和换水,又能使涡虫较好的生殖和产卵。切割再生实验,既能定向地培育出双头、双尾、多头和多尾的畸型涡虫,又能增加超常数眼涡虫出现的频率。     

鲁中山区东亚三角头涡虫有性生殖过程研究初报

于2005年3-5月、9～11月对生活于鲁中山区的东亚三角头涡虫（Dugesia japonica）的有性生殖过程进行了研究,发现鲁中山区东亚三角头涡虫1年只有1次有性生殖过程。卵囊产出的高峰在4月,卵囊孵化与种群密度最高峰在5月,其有性生殖过程与温度、食物、虫体大小密切相关。经实验观察1个卵囊最多能孵出涡虫幼体10条,最少3条。     

《涡虫》一节的教材和教法探讨

教材分析 (一)本节在扁形动物门中的位置新编初中《动物学》课本突出了进化观点,这在《扁形动物门》一章的教材安排上得到较好的体现。扁形动物门分为涡虫纲、吸虫纲和绦虫纲。教材以涡虫作为自由生活的动物代表,通过形态、结构和生理的讲述,使学生理解本门动物的特征及其在动物界的位置。教材还讲述了猪肉绦虫和血吸虫,它们是营寄生生活的,是危害人畜的寄生虫。通过讲述它们的形态结构和生活史,使学生明确寄生虫对寄生生活的适应;掌握寄生虫的生活规律,理解预防和治疗这两种寄生虫病的科学根据。最后归纳出扁形动物门的主要特征。《涡虫》这节教材是按照涡虫的形态、胚层、消化系统和神经系统等顺序来组织的。通过与水螅的对比,可以知道扁形动物比腔肠动物高等。主要表现在以下几点:     

树枝肠科涡虫和细形山地涡虫在中国首次发现

树枝肠科Dendrocoelidae 中国新纪录。树枝肠科是三肠目Tricladida淡水亚目Paludicola=Probursalia中一个最大的科。在此之前,我国一直没有这个类群的记录。1986年以来,笔者于我国黑龙江省和吉林省多处冷泉溪流中首次发现了这个科的乳白树枝肠涡虫Dendrocoelopsis lactea Ichikawa et Okugawa,1958和一种蛭形头涡虫Bdellocephala sp.。     

我国三角头涡虫的种名为何要更正

“我国的淡水涡虫”一文(见《生物学通报》1989年第9期)发表后,有的读者对我国三角头涡虫的种名更改问题尚不理解。本文就此进一步说明。三角头涡虫属涡虫是一类种类最多和分布最广泛的三肠目淡水亚目涡虫,迄今全世界已经发现该属涡虫79种,它们遍布于南北两半球的大多数地区。欧洲三角头涡虫(Dugesia gonocephala(Duges,1830))是欧美动物学家较早在欧洲和非洲发现的一种涡虫。历史上有一段时间,人们曾经以为世界许多地方的其它种三角头涡虫也是欧洲三角头涡虫,这种情况也发生在亚洲。日本涡虫专家饭岛魁和镝木外岐     

我国涡虫纲分类学的研究

我国涡虫纲分类学的研究李光鹏（黑龙江省科学院自然资源研究所哈尔滨１５００４０）关键词涡虫，涡虫纲，分类学扁形动物门涡虫纲动物生活在海洋、淡水和潮湿的土壤中。多数营自由生活，少数为共生或寄生生活。是一类种类繁多，形态、大小、色泽和栖息环境多样性的动物［...     

淡水三肠目涡虫的染色体研究进展

三肠目(Tricladida)淡水亚目(Paludi-cola)属于扁形动物门涡虫纲,共分四个科:三角头涡虫科(Dugesiidae)、扁平涡虫科(Planariidae)、树枝肠涡虫科(Dendrocoe-lidae)和洞穴涡虫科(Kenkiidae)。全世界已经发现35个属387种。除洞穴科涡虫尚未     

中国水栖寡毛类的研究 Ⅳ.仙女虫科和颤蚓科的新记录和稀有种

本文共记载仙女虫科和颤蚓科的9个种,其中6个种是国内新记录,即森珀头鳃虫（Branchiodrilussemperi）、三齿尾盘虫（Derotrifida）、平叉吻盲虫（Pristinasynclites）、坦氏泥蚓（Ilyodrilustempletoni）、美洲管水蚓（Aulodrilusamericanus）、维氏沼丝蚓（Telmetodrilusvejdovskyi）;同时将一亚种［昌都两栖吻盲虫（Pristinaamphibiorticachangtuensis）］提升为种［昌都小吻盲虫（Pristinellachangtuenssisstat．etcomb．nov．）］。     

A revised synonymy for Syrrhopodon trachyphyllus (Calymperaceae,Musci) and some related old world taxa

Several taxa erroneously regarded as conspecific with Syrrhopodon trachyphyllus Mont. are reinstated. These include Syrrhopodon cavifolius Sande Lac., S. planifolius P. de la Varde, S. semperi Müll. Hal., S. tosaensis Cardot and Calymperopsis katemensis Zanten (=Syrrhopodon katemensis (Zanten) L.T. Ellis, comb. nov.). Syrrhopodon ludovicae Broth. & Paris is recognized as a synonym of S. mammillosus Müll. Hal., Syrrhopodon orientalis W. D. Reese & P. J. Lin as conspecific with S. cavifolius Sande Lac., Syrrhopodon cambodiensis Tixier as synonymous with S. semperi, S. calymperoides Cardot & P. de la Varde as conspecific with Syrrhopodon prolifer Schwägr., and S. prolifer var. mossmanensis W. D. Reese is placed in synonymy with S. katemensis (Zanten) L.T. Ellis. Varieties of Syrrhopodon prolifer Schwägr. occurring in the palaeotropics are discussed.     

Application of the membrane filter technique to bromodeoxyuridine immunochemistry for exfoliative cytology

The membrane filter technique for smear specimens of tumors in bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) immunochemistry is described. The staining results of Raji cells processed using the filter technique was compared with that obtained by the conventional cytospin method. Although the BrdU mean labeling index (LI) for in cytospin specimens was almost the same as the LI in membrane filter specimens, filter specimens showed excellent staining and less cell destruction compared with those processed by cytospin. Small amounts of tumor specimens such as squamous cell carcinoma and polymorphous low-grade adenocarcinoma also were processed using the membrane filter appliance. For squamous cell carcinoma, the LI for the filter specimens was 5.36 ± 0.38 and that of the paraffin sections was 5.56 ± 0.38. The membrane filter technique provided relatively undamaged specimens for exfoliative cytology and will be useful for immunohistochemical evaluation of tumor cells and for routine, noninvasive cytological screening.     

Recovery and Enhancement of Faded Cleared and Double Stained Specimens

Cleared and stained specimens may become faded and/or opaque after long periods in preservative solutions. We developed a technique to revitalize faded and/or destained specimens regardless of their age. By adapting and revising Wassersug's procedure for differential staining of bone and cartilage, we successfully cleared and restained numerous small amphibian specimens of various ages. After rehydrating, specimens were bleached in potassium hydroxide and hydrogen peroxide, stained with alcian blue, and macerated with trypsin as needed. Alizarin red stain was applied or reapplied, although staining occasionally was unsuccessful in old formalin fixed specimens. After restaining, the specimens were dehydrated and placed in glycerol.     

Angiogenesis in non-small cell lung cancer: microvessel area in needle biopsy in vascular tumor density

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate angiogenesis in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) through immunohistochemistry with CD34 and computerized image analysis comparing the microvessel area in needle biopsies and surgical specimens. STUDY DESIGN: Core biopsies and surgical specimens from 28 patients with NSCLC were reviewed. Microvessels were highlighted by immunohistochemistry with anti-CD34. Tumor microvessel area was measured in digital photographs from hot spots of all samples. RESULTS: Average microvessel area among core samples was 5,093.6 microm2 (range, 233.4-17,916.8) and among surgical specimens was 3,599.3 microm2 (range, 376.9-9,514.0). There was strong correlation between overall microvascular area in biopsies and surgical specimens (r = 0.7; p = 0.0001). Mean area of core specimens was used to divide cases into groups of low and high vascular areas. A slightly stronger correlation was observed between biopsies and surgical specimens with low vascular areas (r = 0.84; p = 0.0001). CONCLUSION: There is strong correlation of microvessel area in core biopsies and respective surgical specimens in NSCLC. These data indicate that core specimens could be used to assess the extent of angiogenesis in NSCLC in the pretreatment phase.     

细胞松弛素B对多头绒泡菌有丝分裂的影响

将细胞松弛素Ｂ（Ｃｙｔｏｃｈａｌａｓｉｎ Ｂ,ＣＢ）注入同步化的多头绒泡菌原质团,在光镜和电镜下跟踪观察有有丝分裂进程,发现多头绒泡菌进入有丝分裂的时间推迟,与未经ＣＢ处理的样品相比,在Ｓ期注入ＣＢ的样品进入有丝分裂的时间推迟３５ｍｉｎ,在Ｇ２早期注入ＣＢ的样品则推迟２０ｍｉｎ;在Ｇ２中期注入的推迟４５ｍｉｎ;在Ｇ２晚期注入的推迟６０ｍｉｎ,说明抑制肌动蛋白的功能则使有丝分裂受到明显影响。ＣＢ处理     

Recovery and Enhancement of Faded Cleared and Double Stained Specimens

Cleared and stained specimens may become faded and/or opaque after long periods in preservative solutions. We developed a technique to revitalize faded and/or destained specimens regardless of their age. By adapting and revising Wassersug's procedure for differential staining of bone and cartilage, we successfully cleared and restained numerous small amphibian specimens of various ages. After rehydrating, specimens were bleached in potassium hydroxide and hydrogen peroxide, stained with alcian blue, and macerated with trypsin as needed. Alizarin red stain was applied or reapplied, although staining occasionally was unsuccessful in old formalin fixed specimens. After restaining, the specimens were dehydrated and placed in glycerol.     

Standardization of fine needle aspiration cytology of the breast – comparison of Auto Cyto Fix and conventional smears

In Japan, there are some problems with fine needle aspiration (FNA) cytology of the breast, such as insufficient smeared cells, air-drying artefact and excessive erythrocytes. Liquid-based cytology has been found to solve these problems. Equipment for such preparations has been developed, but can be expensive to purchase and operate. We developed Auto Cyto Fix 1000 (ACF), which is inexpensive and automatically smears and fixes cells. The purpose of this study was to compare the various cytological features of conventional and ACF specimens. We evaluated whether the ACF method would be able to replace the conventional method. Forty-eight FNA specimens of breast were studied. All specimens were prepared by the direct smeared (DS) and ACF methods and evaluated for unsatisfactory cell collection, air-drying artefacts, background findings and epithelial cell findings. Although ACF specimens were prepared using the cells remaining in the needle and syringe after preparing DS specimens, the cellularity of two of the ACF specimens was better than that of the corresponding DS specimens. ACF specimens never showed air-drying artefact. Unlike DS specimens, which have many erythrocytes in the background, erythrocytes were filtered out and the background of ACF specimens was clean. We believe that many problems attributable to conventional FNA specimen preparation have been solved in this study. Preparation using the ACF apparatus can reduce running costs and can be used to prepare FNA specimens of the breast for cytological examination as an alternative to the conventional method.