茶叶香气的影响因素

香气是茶叶风味和品质的主要影响因子。影响茶叶香气的因素有很多,如茶树品种、自然环境、栽培条件、加工工艺、储藏方式等,文章综述了茶树品种、自然环境和栽培条件对茶叶香气的影响,旨在为茶树品种适制性和优质茶香的研究提供参考。     

蛹虫草菌丝产虫草素液体培养条件的研究

通过对蛹虫草菌丝产虫草素液体培养条件的研究,明确蛹虫草菌丝产虫草素的适宜碳源及浓度,适宜氮源及浓度,最适pH值,最适培养温度,最适转速以及最适培养时间,以便应用于虫草素的工厂化生产。结果表明,蛹虫草菌丝产虫草素的条件：适宜碳源为D-果糖,最适浓度为10g/L;适宜氮源为蛋白胨,最适浓度为15g/L;最适初始pH为7,最适培养温度为24℃,最适转速为180r/min,最适培养时间为9d,其培养液虫草素含量可达到0.537g/L。     

温室栽培对软枣猕猴桃叶片形态及叶绿素荧光特性的影响

【目的】深入研究温室栽培条件下软枣猕猴桃叶片的形态与叶绿素荧光特性,探明温室与露地栽培环境下叶片光形态建成的差异。【方法】以软枣猕猴桃品种‘佳绿’和‘魁绿’的5年生植株为试材,测定温室及露地栽培条件下不同叶龄叶片的叶绿素相对含量及叶绿素荧光参数,分析这些参数在温室与露地栽培条件下的差异。【结果】温室与露地栽培软枣猕猴桃的光形态建成均处于1~40 d叶龄间,不同栽培条件下的同一品种荧光特性趋于一致;花期后,不同栽培条件下的同一品种荧光特性差异较大。温室栽培的软枣猕猴桃叶片叶面积较大,叶绿素b含量较高,趋于阴生叶特性,以吸收光能为基础的性能指数等显著低于露地栽培,对光能的吸收捕获能力较强,但热耗散较高,用于电子传递的能量低于露地栽培,叶绿素荧光参数表现出对环境的适应性变化。【结论】软枣猕猴桃叶片的光形态建成时间为展叶后1~40 d,即在花期之前完成,不同栽培环境无明显差异;温室栽培软枣猕猴桃叶片的光形态建成与露地栽培具显著差异,叶面积明显增大;温室栽培在一定程度上改变了叶片的叶绿素荧光特性,降低了光合性能。     

Intracellular Proteases of Bacillus subtilis

The purpose of this study was to clarify the relationship between various cultivation conditions and the amounts of the rutin (RT) and protodioscin (PD) in asparagus spears. Green and white spears were grown in open culture and under two different blanching conditions. Although RT was detected only in the green spears, PD was detected mainly in white spears produced by covering with soil. The RT and PD contents of cladophylls grown in an open field and in a closed cultivation system were also investigated, and the closed system resulted in cladophylls with low RT and high PD, unlike the open field.     

Effect of cultivation conditions on the adhesive activity of Rhodococcus cells towards n-Hexadecane

The effect of cultivation conditions (the composition, acidity, and salinity of the cultivation medium; temperature; and the hydrodynamic conditions of cultivation) on the adhesion of actinobacteria of the genus Rhodococcus to n-hexadecane has been investigated. A study performed showed that the adhesive activity of rhodococci depends on the composition of the cultivation medium and on the cultivation temperature. The possible mechanisms underlying the effect of growth conditions on the adhesion of rhodococci to liquid hydrocarbons and involving changes in the cell lipid content or the zeta potential of cells are addressed. Rhodococcal strains displaying high adhesive activity (80–90%) at a low temperature (18°C), high salinity (5.0% NaCl), and acidity (pH 6.0) of the cultivation medium have been selected as a result of the present work; these strains have a considerable potential for use in bioremediation of soil and water contaminated by hydrocarbons.     

Effects of various asparagus production methods on rutin and protodioscin contents in spears and cladophylls

The purpose of this study was to clarify the relationship between various cultivation conditions and the amounts of the rutin (RT) and protodioscin (PD) in asparagus spears. Green and white spears were grown in open culture and under two different blanching conditions. Although RT was detected only in the green spears, PD was detected mainly in white spears produced by covering with soil. The RT and PD contents of cladophylls grown in an open field and in a closed cultivation system were also investigated, and the closed system resulted in cladophylls with low RT and high PD, unlike the open field.     

Real-time in situ viability assessment in a 3D bioreactor with liver cells using resazurin assay

Three-dimensional cultivation of human cells is promising especially for long-term maintenance of specific functions and mimicking the in vivo tissue environment. However, direct viability assessment is very difficult in such systems. Commonly applied indirect methods such as glucose consumption, albumin or urea production are greatly affected by culture conditions, stress and time of cultivation and do not reflect the real time viability of the cells. In this study we established a real-time in situ viability assay namely; resazurin assay, in a 3D hollow-fiber bioreactor using human liver cells. Resazurin assay is based on the conversion of resazurin to a fluorescent dye by cytoplasmatic and mitochondrial enzymes. We show that the resazurin reagent in concentrations used in this study is non-toxic and could be rapidly removed out of the system. Moreover, we observed that dead cells do not affect the results of the assay. We optimized the assay on HepG2 cells and tested it with primary human hepatocytes. Moreover, we maintained primary human hepatocytes in the 3D bioreactor system in serum-free conditions and also assessed viability before and after the exposure to amiodarone using the resazurin assay. We show that this approach is applicable during long-term cultivation of cells in bioreactors under different conditions and can moreover be applied to pharmacological studies, e.g. investigation of chronic drug effects in such 3D bioreactors.     

White biotechnology for cellulose manufacturing—The HoLiR concept

A variety of approaches are available for generation of bacteria‐produced nanocellulose (BNC) in different forms. BNC production under static cultivation conditions usually results in fleeces or foils, characterized by a homogeneous, three‐dimensional network of nanofibers and a uniform surface. However, under static cultivation conditions in batch vessels, the widths and the lengths of the BNC sheets cultured are determined by the dimensions of the culture vessel. In this contribution, a novel, efficient process for a (semi‐)continuous cultivation of planar BNC fleeces and foils with a freely selectable length and an adjustable height is presented. By means of comprehensive investigations, the comparability of the BNC harvested to that gained from static cultivation under batch conditions is demonstrated. A first estimation of the production costs further shows that this type of processing allows for significant cost reductions compared to static cultivation of BNC in Erlenmeyer flasks. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2010. 105: 740–747. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Successional dynamics of the cultivated kelp microbiome

Kelp are important primary producers that are colonized by diverse microbes that can have both positive and negative effects on their hosts. The kelp microbiome could support the burgeoning kelp cultivation sector by improving host growth, stress tolerance, and resistance to disease. Fundamental questions about the cultivated kelp microbiome still need to be addressed before microbiome-based approaches can be developed. A critical knowledge gap is how cultivated kelp microbiomes change as hosts grow, particularly following outplanting to sites that vary in abiotic conditions and microbial source pools. In this study we assessed if microbes that colonize kelp in the nursery stage persist after outplanting. We characterized microbiome succession over time on two species of kelp, Alaria marginata and Saccharina latissima, outplanted to open ocean cultivation sites in multiple geographic locations. We tested for host-species specificity of the microbiome and the effect of different abiotic conditions and microbial source pools on kelp microbiome stability during the cultivation process. We found the microbiome of kelp in the nursery is distinct from that of outplanted kelp. Few bacteria persisted on kelp following outplanting. Instead, we identified significant microbiome differences correlated with host species and microbial source pools at each cultivation site. Microbiome variation related to sampling month also indicates that seasonality in host and/or abiotic factors may influence temporal succession and microbiome turnover in cultivated kelps. This study provides a baseline understanding of microbiome dynamics during kelp cultivation and highlights research needs for applying microbiome manipulation to kelp cultivation.     

The effect of the trophic and temperature conditions of cultivation on lipid synthesis by Yersinia pseudotuberculosis

The comparative study of the synthesis lipids in Y. pseudotuberculosis, depending on the conditions of their cultivation (at different temperatures in mineral media and in media, containing organic compounds), has been carried out. As demonstrated in this study, temperature in the main inducing factor, affecting the synthesis of lipids of definite classes and fatty acids, incorporated into these lipids. During the cultivation of Y. pseudotuberculosis in mineral and organic media under the conditions of low temperature their lipid composition remains unchanged, but at 6 degrees C the synthesis of unsaturated fatty acids prevails, while at 37 degrees C saturated fatty acids are mainly synthesized. On mineral media at 37 degrees C bacteria synthesize mostly nonpolar lipids in the form of reserve substances, represented by triglycerides and free fatty acids.     

Proteomics analysis of chinese hamster ovary cells undergoing apoptosis during prolonged cultivation

The degradation of environmental conditions, such as nutrient depletion and accumulation of toxic waste products over time, often lead to premature apoptotic cell death in mammalian cell cultures and suboptimal protein yield. Although apoptosis has been extensively researched, the changes in the whole cell proteome during prolonged cultivation, where apoptosis is a major mode of cell death, have not been examined. To our knowledge, the work presented here is the first whole cell proteome analysis of non-induced apoptosis in mammalian cells. Flow cytometry analyses of various activated caspases demonstrated the onset of apoptosis in Chinese hamster ovary cells during prolonged cultivation was primarily through the intrinsic pathway. Differential in gel electrophoresis proteomic study comparing protein samples collected during cultivation resulted in the identification of 40 differentially expressed proteins, including four cytoskeletal proteins, ten chaperone and folding proteins, seven metabolic enzymes and seven other proteins of varied functions. The induction of seven ER chaperones and foldases is a solid indication of the onset of the unfolded protein response, which is triggered by cellular and ER stresses, many of which occur during prolonged batch cultures. In addition, the upregulation of six glycolytic enzymes and another metabolic protein emphasizes that a change in the energy metabolism likely occurred as culture conditions degraded and apoptosis advanced. By identifying the intracellular changes during cultivation, this study provides a foundation for optimizing cell line-specific cultivation processes, prolonging longevity and maximizing protein production.     

The regulating action of oxygen on the nutritional requirements of Neisseria meningitidis

The study has revealed regularities in changing nutritional requirements of Neisseria meningitidis with changes in the degree of the oxygen saturation of the culture medium in a fermenter under the conditions of the controlled cultivation of N. meningitidis in a synthetic culture medium in the process of batch, semicontinuous and continuous flow cultivation. As shown in this study, when oxygen supply is limited, the consumption of carbohydrates prevails, while in the presence of surplus oxygen the prevalence of the consumption of amino nitrogen is observed.     

Cultivation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in cell culture

The method of the cultivation of M .tuberculosis in cell subcultures was tested. Five consecutive passages of 2 M. tuberculosis strains were carried out with similar inoculation and cultivation conditions. Mycobacterial cells preserved their morphological characteristics in the course of all passages. The method of M. tuberculosis cultivation in subcultured cells made it possible to study of the physiology of M. tuberculosis under conditions, most approximated to the natural tuberculosis infection in humans.     

Ultrahigh-cell-density heterotrophic cultivation of the unicellular green microalga Scenedesmus acuminatus and application of the cells to photoautotrophic culture enhance biomass and lipid production

Although production of biodiesels from microalgae is proved to be technically feasible, a commercially viable system has yet to emerge. High-cell-density fermentation of microalgae can be coupled with photoautotrophic cultivation to produce oils. In this study, by optimizing culturing conditions and employing a sophisticated substrate feed control strategy, ultrahigh-cell-density of 286 and 283.5 g/L was achieved for the unicellular alga Scenedesmus acuminatus grown in 7.5-L bench-scale and 1,000-L pilot-scale fermenters, respectively. The outdoor scale-up experiments indicated that heterotrophically grown S. acuminatus cells are more productive in terms of both biomass and lipid accumulation when they are inoculated in photobioreactors for lipid production as compared to the cells originally grown under photoautotrophic conditions. Technoeconomic analysis based on the pilot-scale data indicated that the cost of heterotrophic cultivation of microalgae for biomass production is comparable with that of the open-pond system and much lower than that of tubular PBR, if the biomass yield was higher than 200 g/L. This study demonstrated the economic viability of heterotrophic cultivation on large-scale microalgal inocula production, but ultrahigh-productivity fermentation is a prerequisite. Moreover, the advantages of the combined heterotrophic and photoautotrophic cultivation of microalgae for biofuels production were also verified in the pilot-scale.     

重要藏药川西獐牙菜种子萌发的研究

比较了温度、生长素(赤霉素GA3)和储藏条件对川西獐牙菜(SwertiamussotiiFranch)高海拔野生自然种群和低海拔栽培后种子发芽率的影响。未经任何处理的高海拔野生自然种群种子的发芽率明显高于低海拔栽培种群。无论是赤霉素处理还是低温处理对种子的发芽率都有显著提高。经过处理后,两种来源的种子最终发芽率没有明显的变化。结果表明:(i)野生的或栽培的川西獐牙菜种子都存在休眠现象;(ii)通过引种栽培不能打破川西獐牙菜种子的休眠,该机制可能是受遗传因素的控制;(iii)赤霉素处理和4℃低温冷藏对打破种子的休眠具有重要作用。     

Dynamic cultivation of human mesenchymal stem cells in a rotating bed bioreactor system based on the Z®RP platform

Because the regeneration of large bone defects is limited by quantitative restrictions and risks of infections, the development of bioartificial bone substitutes is of great importance. To obtain a three‐dimensional functional tissue‐like graft, static cultivation is inexpedient due to limitations in cell density, nutrition and oxygen support. Dynamic cultivation in a bioreactor system can overcome these restrictions and furthermore provide the possibility to control the environment with regard to pH, oxygen content, and temperature. In this study, a three‐dimensional bone construct was engineered by the use of dynamic bioreactor technology. Human adipose tissue derived mesenchymal stem cells were cultivated on a macroporous zirconium dioxide based ceramic disc called Sponceram®. Furthermore, hydroxyapatite coated Sponceram® was used. The cells were cultivated under dynamic conditions and compared with statically cultivated cells. The differentiation into osteoblasts was initiated by osteogenic supplements. Cellular proliferation during static and dynamic cultivation was compared measuring glucose and lactate concentration. The differentiation process was analysed determining AP‐expression and using different specific staining methods. Our results demonstrate much higher proliferation rates during dynamic conditions in the bioreactor system compared to static cultivation measured by glucose consumption and lactate production. Cell densities on the scaffolds indicated higher proliferation on native Sponceram® compared to hydroxyapatite coated Sponceram®. With this study, we present an excellent method to enhance cellular proliferation and bone lineage specific growth of tissue like structures comprising fibrous (collagen) and globular (mineral) extracellular components. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2009     

杏鲍菇菌丝体水溶性多糖提取及培养条件优化

以马铃薯葡萄糖综合培养基(PDP)为基础培养基,采用正交试验法优化杏鲍菇菌丝体多糖发酵条件,对接种量、摇床转速和培养时间等因素对多糖含量的影响进行了研究。采用水提醇沉法提取多糖,苯酚—浓硫酸法进行多糖含量测定。结果表明,最佳培养条件:接种量为每瓶1块直径为1cm的菌块,转速为140r/min,培养时间为8d。此时杏鲍菇菌丝体多糖含量最高,为75.1mg/g。     

Maximum virginiamycin production by optimization of cultivation conditions in batch culture with autoregulator addition

A strategy for optimization of non-growth-associated production in batch culture employing an empirical approach was developed through the study of virginiamycin production. The strategy is formulated with two aims: attaining a high cell concentration at the beginning of the production phase without decrease in production activity; and enhancing the production activity during the production phase. As a practical example, the goal of a maximum virginiamycin (M and S) production in the batch culture of Streptomyces virginiae was set. To attain a high cell concentration in the production phase of the batch culture, that is, to extend the growth phase for as long as possible, the optimum composition and concentration of the complex medium, especially the yeast extract (YE) concentration, were first investigated. Dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration control was also a parameter considered in maintaining the production activity during the production phase. In addition, to enhance the production activity, an optimum addition strategy of an autoregulator, virginiae butanolide-C (VB-C), was investigated. Combining these measures, the optimum cultivation conditions were found to be an initial YE concentration in the complex medium of 45 g/L, the shot addition of 300 mug/L of VB-C 11.5 h after the start of the batch culture, and a DO concentration maintained above 2 mg/L. The maximum concentrations of virginiamycin M and S were about ninefold those obtained under nonoptimum cultivation conditions. Nonoptimum cultivation conditions consisted of an initial YE concentration one sixth (7.5 g/L) that of the optimum cultivation conditions, and no VB-C addition. These conditions were used as representative of the standard cultivation of virginiamycin in this study. The strategy developed here will be applicable to the production of other antibiotics, especially to the cultivation of Streptomyces species, in which a hormonelike signal material (an autoregulator) plays an important role in antibiotic production. (c) 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Biocatalytic decolourisation of molasses by Phanerochaete chrysosporium

Bioremediation potential of Phanerochaete chrysosporium strains NCIM 1073, NCIM 1106 and NCIM 1197 to decolourise molasses in solid and liquid molasses media was studied. Strains varied in the pattern of molasses decolourisation on solid medium by Giant colony method. Under submerged cultivation conditions, strain NCIM 1073 did not decolourise molasses while, strains NCIM 1106 and NCIM 1197 could decolourise molasses up to 82% and 76%, respectively. Under stationary cultivation conditions, none of the strains could decolourise molasses. This was overcome by increasing the surface area of the culture in flat bottom glass bottles under stationary cultivation conditions. Under submerged cultivation conditions, growth was more or less same in all strains. However, the lignin peroxidase and manganese peroxidase activities were significantly less in the strain NCIM 1073. Under stationary cultivation conditions, none of the strains could produce enzymes lignin peroxidase, manganese peroxidase and laccase. However, all of them could produce lignin peroxidase and manganese peroxidase when cultivated in flat bottom glass bottles under stationary cultivation conditions.     

Progress in physicochemical parameters of microalgae cultivation for biofuel production

Microalgae have been exploited for biofuel generation in the current era due to its enormous energy content, fast cellular growth rate, inexpensive culture approaches, accumulation of inorganic compounds, and CO₂ sequestration. Currently, research is ongoing towards the advancement of the microalgae cultivation parameters to enhance the biomass yield. The main objective of this study was to delineate the progress of physicochemical parameters for microalgae cultivation such as gaseous transfer, mixing, light demand, temperature, pH, nutrients and the culture period. This review demonstrates the latest research trends on mass transfer coefficient of different microalgae culturing reactors, gas velocity optimization, light intensity, retention time, and radiance effects on microalgae cellular growth, temperature impact on chlorophyll production, and nutrient dosage ratios for cellulosic metabolism to avoid nutrient deprivation. Besides that, cultivation approaches for microalgae associated with mathematical modeling for different parameters, mechanisms of microalgal growth rate and doubling time have been elaborately described. Along with that, this review also documents potential lipid-carbohydrate-protein enriched microalgae candidates for biofuel, biomass productivity, and different cultivation conditions including open-pond cultivation, closed-loop cultivation, and photobioreactors. Various photobioreactor types, the microalgae strain, productivity, advantages, and limitations were tabulated. In line with microalgae cultivation, this study also outlines in detail numerous biofuels from microalgae.