VEGF 对大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤的预防作用及其机制研究

目的:研究局灶性脑缺血再灌注后细胞凋亡、HSP70蛋白表达时空规律以及外源VEGF及VEGF抗体对它们的影响,探讨VEGF对缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用及其机制.方法:采用原位末端标记(TUNEL)、免疫组化方法,研究局灶性脑缺血再灌注后细胞凋亡数及HSP70蛋白表达时空分布,采用脑表面使用VEGF及侧脑室注射VEGF抗体,观察内外源VEGF对它们的影响.结果:VEGF抗体能显著增加缺血侧脑组织凋亡细胞数(再灌注12h-7d)及HSP70表达量(再灌注1-3d),而外源VEGF因子能显著减少同侧脑组织凋亡细胞(再灌注全程)及HSP70表达量(再灌注1-3d).结论:VEGF因子可抑制缺血脑组织细胞凋亡及HSP70表达量,提示VEGF参与保护缺血性脑损伤.     

灯盏花总黄酮对沙土鼠短暂性脑缺血再灌注损伤的神经保护作用

目的研究灯盏花总黄酮(EBF)和灯盏花醇提物对沙土鼠短暂性脑缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用.方法采用沙土鼠双侧颈总动脉夹闭10 min再灌注5 d,造成短暂性脑缺血再灌注损伤模型,观察EBF和灯盏花醇提物对沙土鼠死亡率、卒中指数、脑电图(EEG)、脑组织钙、钠、水和脂质过氧化物(LPO)含量的影响.结果EBF和灯盏花醇提物60 mg·kg-1灌胃能明显降低动物的卒中指数,减轻脑缺血再灌注损伤引起的脑水肿和脑缺血所致EEG改变,促进再灌注后EEG电位幅度的恢复,减轻大脑皮层组织钙钠累积及降低脑组织LPO含量.结论EBF和灯盏花醇提物对脑缺血再灌注损伤均具有保护作用,且灯盏花醇提物作用强于EBF.     

促红细胞生成素对脑缺血/再灌注损伤的保护作用

目的:探讨促红细胞生成素(Epo)对大鼠脑缺血/再灌注损伤的保护作用。方法:32只SD大鼠,采用夹闭双侧颈总动脉30min再灌注24h制作脑缺血/再灌注模型。随机分为4组(n=8):假手术组、脑缺血/再灌注组、Epo组及阳性对照组(尼莫地平),观察缺血/再灌注后血清一氧化氮(NO)和脑组织匀浆中超氧化歧化酶(SOD)活性、丙二醛(MDA)含量及脑组织含水量的变化。结果:Epo组血清NO和脑组织匀浆中MDA含量显著下降,SOD活性显著升高,脑组织含水量显著下降,与缺血/再灌注组相比有显著性差异。结论:大鼠脑缺血/再灌注后,Epo能减轻脑组织的含水量,减少自由基的生成,减轻脂质过氧化反应,对脑缺血/再灌注损伤有保护作用。     

三七总皂苷对脑缺血再灌注大鼠神经血管单元超微结构的影响

为了观察脑缺血再灌注(cerebral ischemia reperfusion, CIR)大鼠缺血灶周边脑组织不同时间点神经血管单元(neurovascular unit, NVU)超微结构变化,研究三七总皂苷(Panax notoginseng saponins, PNS)对脑缺血再灌注大鼠脑组织NVU超微结构的影响,本研究采用改良Zea Longa法制作局灶性大脑中动脉闭塞(MCAO)模型,缺血2 h后再灌注;采用Longa法评分标准检测各组大鼠术后4 h神经功能评分,随之各组进行干预,分别在缺血再灌注后24 h、72 h、7 d、3周进行神经功能评分和透射电镜下观察各组大鼠缺血灶周边脑组织的NVU超微结构变化。研究结果表明,干预前即术后4 h治疗组和对照组神经功能评分比较无明显差异;PNS干预后治疗组大鼠神经功能评分逐渐改善,缺血再灌注后24 h与对照组比较,差异无统计学意义(p>0.05),再灌注72 h、7 d、3周的大鼠神经缺损评分与同时间点对照组相比差异具有统计学意义(p<0.05)。电镜观察发现再灌注24 h、72 h、7 d、3周治疗组大鼠脑组织NVU超微结构的病理形态损伤均较同时间点对照组明显减轻。本研究结论认为,PNS通过整合促进脑缺血后NVU的神经元、胶质细胞和微血管的修复,改善神经功能缺损症状,对脑缺血具有保护作用。     

骨髓间充质干细胞治疗脑梗死

目的:研究骨髓间充质干细胞(MSC)对大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤的治疗机制。方法:20只Wistar大鼠随机分为对照组和MSC治疗组。应用GFP阳性MSC,再灌注1d后经尾静脉注射MSC(1×106),对照组则注射PBS。采用线栓法建立脑缺血再灌注模型。术后每天由双盲于试验组的研究人员应用爬杆计分法评定大鼠神经功能。缺血2h再灌注8d取脑组织,用免疫组织化学方法检测脑组织中bFGF的表达。结果:MSC治疗组大鼠的神经功能缺损评分明显低于手术组和对照组(P<0.05)。MSC治疗组缺血侧缺血周边区脑组织中观察到GFP阳性与bFGF免疫组化染色阳性细胞。结论:经尾静脉给予的MSC可促进脑缺血再灌注大鼠的运动功能恢复;bFGF表达升高,可能是MSC脑保护作用机制之一。     

促红细胞生成素对大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注神经元的保护作用及P53蛋白的表达

目的:探讨促红细胞生成素(Epo)对大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注神经细胞的保护作用.方法:60只SD大鼠随机分为缺血再灌注Epo治疗组(又分为高剂量A组、低剂量B组)、缺血再灌注组(C组)及假手术组(D组),采用大脑中动脉线栓法制备大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注模型.参考Longa的5分制法在大鼠麻醉清醒后进行评分,TTC染色法观察线栓侧的梗死体积,并检测脑组织含水量的变化,HE染色法观察脑缺血再灌注后脑组织的病理变化,TUNEL法观察神经细胞凋亡情况,western blot法观察p53蛋白的表达变化.结果:对照组比较,大鼠脑缺血再灌注后出现不同程度的脑梗死,24h后缺血中心区及周围区均可见到p53蛋白表达.缺血再灌注6h内给予Epo可显著改善大鼠神经功能评分,减少梗死体积及脑组织含水量,减轻病理学变化及神经细胞凋亡.结论:Epo通过调控神经细胞凋亡、改善缺血再灌注损伤而发挥脑保护作用,P53蛋白参与缺血再灌注后神经细胞凋亡机制.     

5-脂氧合酶（5-LOX）及代谢产物在异氟醚预处理脑保护作用中的研究进展

缺血性脑血管疾病（Ischemia Cerebral Vascular Disease,ICVD）可造成不同程度的神经功能障碍,以其高发病率、高致残率、高复发率、高死亡率严重威胁着人们的身体健康。而脑组织缺血后再灌注损伤即脑缺血再灌注损伤（ischemia-reperfusion injury）是脑缺血性疾病的最主要的损伤原因之一,因此阐明脑缺血再灌注损伤发生发展的病理生理机制、探寻有效的预防保护措施成为当今研究的重点问题。本文回顾、归纳脑缺血再灌注损伤的相关分子机制及异氟醚预处理对脑缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用,分析5-脂氧合酶及其代谢产物在脑缺血再灌注损伤中的作用及其与其他分子的相互关系,旨在探讨5-脂氧合酶及其代谢产物在异氟醚预处理保护脑缺血再灌注损伤中可能起到的作用。为脑缺血再灌注损伤的防治提供更多的理论依据。     

恩施板党对脑缺血/再灌注损伤大鼠抗氧化作用的研究

目的:探讨恩施板党对脑缺血/再灌注损伤大鼠抗氧化作用。方法:SD大鼠80只随机分为4组(n=20):假手术组、I/R组、恩施板党低剂量组和板党高剂量组。采用结扎双侧颈总动脉制备大鼠急性全脑缺血/再灌注模型,制备脑组织匀浆测定超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量;测定脑组织含水量。结果:恩施板党可使脑缺血/再灌注损伤大鼠脑组织中SOD活性显著增强、LDH活性显著降低、丙二醛(MDA)含量明显减少,降低缺血/再灌注损伤后脑组织含水量。结论:恩施板党对脑缺血/再灌注损伤大鼠有明显的抗氧化作用。     

孕酮对大鼠局灶性脑缺血/再灌注损伤的神经保护作用及其机制

目的:观察孕酮(PROG)对大鼠局灶性脑缺血/再灌注损伤后的神经保护作用,并探讨其作用机制。方法:120只雄性SD大鼠随机分为:假手术组、大脑中动脉栓塞(MCAO)组和PROG+MCAO组(n=40)。线栓法建立大鼠右侧MCAO模型,PROG+MCAO组于建模型前30 min按8 mg/kg腹腔内注射PROG。大鼠脑缺血2 h再灌注0、24、48、72 h,通过Longa评分标准进行神经功能缺陷评分;实时荧光定量聚合酶链反应技术检测大鼠脑组织中双孔道结构域钾离子通道3(TASK3)mRNA的表达。结果:PROG(8 mg/kg)可显著降低大鼠脑缺血2 h再灌注24、48、72 h时的神经功能缺陷评分(P0.05)。与假手术组相比,MCAO组再灌注各时间点脑组织TASK3 mRNA的表达均显著降低(P0.05);与MCAO组相比,PROG+MCAO组再灌注各时间点大鼠脑组织中TASK3 mRNA的表达均显著增多(P0.05)。结论:PROG可改善局灶性脑缺血/再灌注损伤后大鼠神经功能缺陷症状,其作用机制可能与上调脑组织中TASK3 mRNA的表达有关。     

亚低温联合镁剂对脑缺血再灌注大鼠保护作用的研究

目的:rt-PA溶栓为缺血性卒中最有效的治疗方法,脑血流再通后挽救濒临死亡的神经细胞同时,也可能发生更为严重而持久的脑缺血再灌注损伤。本研究探讨联合应用局部亚低温(32-35℃)及硫酸镁对局灶性脑缺血再灌注大鼠的保护作用及其可能机制。方法:通过线栓法建立大鼠大脑中动脉阻塞(MCAO)及再通模型,将50只雄性Wistar大鼠随机分为假手术组、常温组、亚低温组、硫酸镁组、亚低温+硫酸镁组,每组10例,采用Longa神经功能评分、TTC染色、干湿重法、TUNEL技术,检测和比较各组脑缺血再灌注后大鼠的神经功能、脑梗死体积、脑组织含水量及凋亡细胞数。结果:与常温组相比,亚低温组与亚低温+硫酸镁组的梗死体积、神经功能评分、脑组织含水量、凋亡细胞数均明显降低,差异有显著意义(P0.05);而与亚低温组相比,亚低温+硫酸镁组局灶脑缺血大鼠的脑梗死体积、神经功能评分、脑组织含水量、凋亡细胞数均显著减少,差异有显著意义(P0.05)。结论:与单独应用亚低温相比,局部亚低温与硫酸镁联合应用,对局灶性脑缺血再灌注大鼠可发挥更有效的脑保护作用。其机制可能与抑制脑缺血再灌注后凋亡及减轻脑水肿有关。二者联用可能为缺血性卒中患者提供一种减轻溶栓后再灌注损伤的有效脑保护方法。     

壳聚糖酶的克隆表达与壳寡糖的制备分析

目的:克隆壳聚糖酶基因于大肠杆菌中实现高表达,制备壳寡糖。方法:以枯草芽孢杆菌总DNA为模板扩增壳聚糖酶基因(CSN),克隆至载体pET23a(+)上,转化菌株BL21(DE3)。重组子经0.5 mmol/L IPTG诱导后,SDS-PAGE和质谱检测与鉴定重组酶。酶纯化后水解壳聚糖,薄层色谱分析其水解产物。结果:质谱证明壳聚糖酶(31.5kDa)成功表达,表达量占菌体总蛋白的45%左右。纯化后重组酶浓度为900 mg/L,纯度95%、回收率85%,酶活力为10 000 U/mg。壳聚糖降解产物为壳二糖至壳四糖。结论:原核表达载体pET23a(+)-CSN构建正确,壳聚糖酶表达量与活性高,适用于水解壳聚糖制备壳寡糖。     

国内外蝗害治理技术现状与展望

本文首先概述了国内外蝗虫发生与为害的态势,总结了现阶段我国蝗虫发生与为害的主要特点:即农田飞蝗暴发频繁而且严重,草原土蝗的发生时常造成严重的经济损失,而且侵入城市干扰市民生活,我国与周边国家之间蝗虫过境迁移频繁,使用化学农药污染环境和农产品;分析了国内外蝗虫防治对策与技术的发展现状,重点介绍了应急防治和可持续治理对策、...     

Synthesis and turnover of cerebrosides and phosphatidylserine of myelin and microsomal fractions of adult and developing rat brain.

The synthesis and turnover of cerebrosides and phospholipids was followed in microsomal and myelin fractions of developing and adult rat brains after an intracerebral injection of [U-14C]serine. The kinetics of incorporation of radioactivity into microsomal and myelin cerebrosides indicate the possibility of a precursor-product relationship between cerebrosides of these membranes. The specific radioactivity of myelin cerebrosides was corrected for the deposition of newly formed cerebrosides in myelin. Multiphasic curves were obtained for the decline in specific radioactivity of myelin and microsomal cerebrosides, suggesting different cerebroside pools in these membranes. The half-life of the fast turning-over pool of cerebrosides of myelin was 7 and 22 days for the developing and adult rat brain respectively. The half-life of the slowly turning-over pool of myelin cerebrosides was about 145 days for both groups of animals. The half-life of the rapidly turning-over microsomal cerebrosides was calculated to be 20 and 40 h for the developing and adult animals respectively. The half-life of the intermediate and slowly turning-over microsomal cerebrosides was 11 and 60 days respectively, for both groups of animals. The amount of incorporation of radioactivity into microsomal cerebrosides from L-serine was greatly decreased in the adult animals, and greater amounts of the precursor were directed towards the synthesis of phosphatidylserine. In the developing animals, considerable amounts of cerebrosides were synthesized from L-serine, besides phosphatidylserine. The time-course of incorporation indicated that a precursor-product relationship exists between microsomal and myelin phosphatidylserine. The half-life of microsomal phosphatidylserine was calculated to be about 8 h for the fast turning-over pool in both groups of animals.     

Identification and composition of the tonsillar and anal enterococcal and streptococcal flora of dogs and cats

Enterococcus faecalis was the most frequently isolated enterococcal species from anal swabs and tonsils of dogs and cats, although in the anal samples from dogs Ent. hirae was found almost as often as Ent. faecalis. Most Ent.faecium strains from dog tonsils differed from those associated with humans and other animals in that they fermented sorbitol. Typical Ent. avium as well as atypical Ent. avium -like strains were seen in dogs, while the related species Ent. raffinosus was associated with cat tonsils. Enterococcus cecorum also occurred mainly in cats. Certain atypical strains, presumptively identified as Ent. cecorum , shared characteristics with Ent. columbae.
The most frequent streptococcal species in tonsils of cats and dogs were Streptococcus suis and Strep. canis. Streptococcus canis and Strep. bovis predominated in anal swabs. The canine Strep. suis differed from the common porcine strains in fermenting mannitol.
Forty-seven of the 288 isolates examined could not be identified or related to known species. The characteristics of two groups of these bacteria, provisionally called 'Ton 31 group' and 'O7 group' are described.     

Molecular characterisation of species and genotypes of Cryptosporidium and Giardia and assessment of zoonotic transmission

The molecular characterisation of species and genotypes of Cryptosporidium and Giardia is essential for accurately identifying organisms and assessing zoonotic transmission. Results of recent molecular epidemiological studies strongly suggest that zoonotic transmission plays an important role in cryptosporidiosis epidemiology. In such cases the most prevalent zoonotic species is Cryptosporidium parvum. Genotyping and subtyping data suggest that zoonotic transmission is not as prevalent in the epidemiology of giardiasis. Molecular characterisation of Cryptosporidium and Giardia is a relatively recent application that is evolving as new genes are found that increase the accuracy of identification while discovering a greater diversity of species and yet unnamed taxa within these two important genera. As molecular data accumulate, our understanding of the role of zoonotic transmission in epidemiology and clinical manifestations is becoming clearer.     

白术同源四倍体的诱导和鉴定及其与二倍体过氧化物酶的比较

以白术（Atractylodes macrooephala Koidz.）二倍体组培苗为材料,对其四倍体诱导方法进行研究,共获得45个白术同源四倍体株系,为优良株系的选育提供了材料。此外,还分析比较了其中8个白术四倍体株系与二倍体的过氧化物酶同工酶（POD）的酶谱差异,发现四倍体各株系过氧化物酶同工酶谱比二倍体的均多了Rf0.310的谱带,且总过氧化物酶比活力也发生了很大改变,对探讨白术四倍体优良株系的生理生化机理具有一定的参考价值。     

Comparison of BMI and percentage of body fat of Indian and German children and adolescents

Today, serious health problems as overweight and obesity are not just constricted to the developed world, but also increase in the developing countries (Prentice 2006, Ramachandram et al. 2002). Focusing on this issue, BMI and percentage of body fat were compared in 2094 schoolchildren from two cross-sectional studies from India and Germany investigated in 2008 and 2009. The German children are in all age groups significantly taller, whereas the Indian children show higher values in BMI (e.g. 12 years: Indian: around 22 kg/m2; German: around 19 kg/m2) and in the percentage of body fat (e.g. 12 years: Indian: around 27%; German: around 18-20%) in most of the investigated age groups. The Indian children have significantly higher BMI between 10 and 13 (boys) respectively 14 years (girls). Indian children showed significant higher percentage of body fat between 10 and 15 years (boys) and between 8 and 16 years (girls). The difference in overweight between Indian and German children was strongest at 11 (boys) and 12 (girls) years: 70% of the Indian but 20% of the German children were classified as overweight. In countries such as India that undergo nutritional transition, a rapid increase in obesity and overweight is observed. In contrast to the industrialized countries, the risk of overweight in developing countries is associated with high socioeconomic status. Other reasons of the rapid increase of overweight in the developing countries caused by different environmental or genetic factors are discussed.