民办高校科研导师制的探索、实践与成效

大学生创新能力的培养是高等教育的重要内容之一。我院开展了基于大学生科技创新项目的科研导师制,以培养学生的创新实践能力和科研的"工匠精神",并帮助学生进行学业规划。科研导师还将项目成果转化为教学案例引入课堂,扩大受益面。科研导师制的实施得到了学生的普遍认可,人才培养质量明显提高。本文还探讨了科研导师制实施中需要关注的问题及解决办法。     

Scientific Integrity in Brazil

This article focuses on scientific integrity and the identification of predisposing factors to scientific misconduct in Brazil. Brazilian scientific production has increased in the last ten years, but the quality of the articles has decreased. Pressure on researchers and students for increasing scientific production may contribute to scientific misconduct. Cases of misconduct in science have been recently denounced in the country. Brazil has important institutions for controlling ethical and safety aspects of human research, but there is a lack of specific offices to investigate suspected cases of misconduct and policies to deal with scientific dishonesty.     

Genes and generalizations: Darden's strategies and the question of context

In her recent book Lindley Darden has endeavored to reclaim for philosophy an active role in the elaboration of good science. She has done this, not by holding up some set of rational standards derived from outside of scientific practice, but rather by delving into the history of science and coming out with a set of scientific strategies. Unconcerned about whether any particular strategy wasin fact employed in a given historical case her project depends upon two claims, first that these strategiescould have been successfully deployed in the particular cases from which they were construed, and second and more importantly, that these strategies can be generalized beyond any particular context and be put to future use. It will be argued that Darden's conception of the possible context independence of scientific strategies is based upon an overly cognitivist misconstrual. An alternative account of the relationship of context dependent and context independent aspects of scientific theory formation will be offered as well as its implications for philosophy.     

Methodological approach to the analysis of the scientific effectiveness of studies with regard to the development and improvement of medical biological preparations

A new methodologic approach to analysis of the scientific effectiveness of investigations aimed at the development and improvement of medical biological preparations has been worked out. This approach comprises the classification of research work and choice of parameters characterizing scientific effectiveness. The use of relative values (percentage) as characteristics of scientific effectiveness has made it possible to compare the results of research on 260 themes, carried out in one of medical research institutes.     

Anatomy and physiology of a scientific paper

Writing and publishing a scientific paper in academic journals is a highly competitive, time-consuming stepwise process. The road to scientific writing and publication is rarely straightforward. Scientific writing has uniform format, which is perplexing for the novice science writers due to its inflexible anatomy (structure) and physiology (functions). Many obstacles are allied with the scientific writing path which can be minimized by applying some simple guidelines and practices. The scientific papers have an almost similar format but, original articles are divided into distinct sections and each segment contains a specific type of information. The basic anatomy of scientific papers is mainly comprised of the structure of the various components of a scientific paper, including title, abstract, introduction, methods, results, discussion, conclusion, acknowledgments and references. However, the physiology of a scientific paper is difficult to understand. Early career researchers and trainees may be less familiar with the various components of scientific papers. In this study, we applied an observational approach to describe the essential steps to facilitate the readers and writers to understand the basic characteristics, anatomy and physiology of writing the various sections of a scientific paper for an academic science journal.     

Using caching and optimization techniques to improve performance of the Ensembl website

Background  

The Ensembl web site has provided access to genomic information for almost 10 years. During this time the amount of data available through Ensembl has grown dramatically. At the same time, the World Wide Web itself has become a dramatically more important component of the scientific workflow and the way that scientists share and access data and scientific information.     

医院科研管理与创新对转化医学实施的推动作用

转化医学是近年来国际医学界推崇的一个重要医学理念,正日益成为生命科学和医学研究关注的热点。转化医学已不仅强 调临床医学与基础医学的结合,而且涉及多个学科之间的融会贯通。因此,医院科研管理的支持和重视程度转化医学实施的主要 动力,而科研项目的创新性、可行性是决定转化医学研究立项的关键。我院自2010 年成立转化医学研究中心以来,已将多项成果 成功转化并应用于临床实践,为生命科学研究领域中人类健康计划的发展提供了借鉴。本文结合我院实际,分析科研管理对转化 医学成果实施的促进作用,为医疗机构的科研管理人员提供参考。     

Prometheus the impostor.

The problem of scientific fraud has been used to indict the whole system of science. The response of the scientific community has been understandably heated but insufficient. The discussion seems to have reached an impasse as both parties in the dispute share mistaken views. A switch is needed to a framework in which the democratic foundation of the scientific society and the free spirit of scientific inquiry can be preserved.     

Biotechnology and the popular press: hype and the selling of science

The popular media has emerged as an important source of scientific information. It has been suggested that the portrayal of genetics by the media is often inaccurate--a phenomenon branded 'genohype'--and, as a result, is having an adverse impact on public understanding and policy development. However, emerging data suggest that, in some circumstances, the media reporting of science is surprisingly accurate and portrays a message created by the scientific community. As such, there are reasons to believe that the hyping of research results might be part of a more systemic problem associated with the increasingly commercial nature of the research environment.     

培育基础医学微生物学专业 研究生人文素养和科学素养方式

微生物学是基础医学和生物学的重要基础学科,微生物学专业培养的研究生是微生物领域科学研究和教学的高级后备人才,随着基础医学的发展,对微生物学专业研究人员的人文素养和科学素养要求越来越高,本专业研究生全面发展培育方式的改革,已成为高等医学教育改革的重要课题。本研究针对基础医学微生物专业研究生培养的现状,根据基础医学微生物学专业研究生的特点,着重探讨其人文素养和科学素养培育方式的改革,为培养具有优良的科研能力、科学素养、健全人格的人才提供一定的思路。     

生态学的科学概念及其演变与当代生态学学科体系之商榷

生态学既是生物学的分支学科,也是环境科学、地球系统科学的重要组成部分,其研究成果可直接服务于植物、动物、微生物的生物多样性保护、生物资源利用及生物产业管理等应用领域.生态系统概念将经典生态学或者基础生态学研究扩展到了生态系统生态学或者生态系统科学的新阶段,奠定了大尺度及全球生态环境科学研究的理论基础,促进了生物学、地理...     

Fleck and the social constitution of scientific objectivity

Ludwik Fleck’s theory of thought-styles has been hailed as a pioneer of constructivist science studies and sociology of scientific knowledge. But this consensus ignores an important feature of Fleck’s epistemology. At the core of his account is the ideal of ‘objective truth, clarity, and accuracy’. I begin with Fleck’s account of modern natural science, locating the ideal of scientific objectivity within his general social epistemology. I then draw on Fleck’s view of scientific objectivity to improve upon reflexive accounts of the origin and development of the theory of thought-styles, and reply to objections that Fleck’s epistemological stance is self-undermining or inconsistent. Explicating the role of scientific objectivity in Fleck’s epistemology reveals his view to be an internally consistent alternative to recent social accounts of scientific objectivity by Harding, Daston and Galison. I use these contrasts to indicate the strengths and weaknesses of Fleck’s innovative social epistemology, and propose modifications to address the latter. The result is a renewed version of Fleck’s social epistemology, which reconciles commitment to scientific objectivity with integrated sociology, history and philosophy of science.     

A New Paradigm for Developmental Science: Relationism and Relational-Developmental Systems

The Cartesian-Split-Mechanistic scientific paradigm that until recently functioned as the standard conceptual framework for sub-fields of developmental science (including inheritance, evolution, and organismic—pre-natal, cognitive, emotional, motivational, socio-cultural—development) has been progressively failing as a scientific research program. An alternative scientific paradigm composed of nested meta-theories with Relationism at the broadest level and Relational-Developmental-Systems as a mid-range meta-theory is offered as a more progressive conceptual framework for developmental science. Termed broadly the Relational-Developmental-Systems paradigm, this framework accounts for the findings that are anomalies for the old paradigm, accounts for the emergence of new findings, and points the way to future scientific productivity—and a more optimistic approach to evaluate-evidence-based applications aimed at promoting positive human development and social justice.     

Interacting and paradoxical forces in neuroscience and society

Discoveries in the field of neuroscience are a natural source of discourse among scientists and have long been disseminated to the public. Historically, as news of findings has travelled between communities, it has elicited both expected and unusual reactions. What scientific landmarks promote discourse within the professional community? Do the same findings achieve a place in the public eye? How does the media choose what is newsworthy, and why does the public react the way it does? Drawing on examples of past challenges at the crossroads of neuroscience and society and on a case study of trends in one neurogenetic disease, autism, we explore the dialectical forces interacting in scientific and public discourse.     

Environment and Social Values

This paper suggests three fundamental influences that have led to the development of a socially embedded view of the environment in the United States. While our social relationship to the environment has changed over our history, from one primarily of exploitation to one primarily of stewardship, the natural world continues to be central to the American sense of self. Epistemological evolution also has clearly affected how we understand and relate to the environment, particularly as scientific and other epistemologies have evolved in the context of a country whose people and history are tightly connected to its natural resources. Finally, our society has developed a sense of ethical responsibility to the environment. These three strands have created the intellectual environment within which the scientific tools used to understand the natural world are exercised.     

环糊精糖基转移酶产物专一性改造：难题与挑战

生产环糊精所必需的环糊精糖基转移酶与其产物专一性进化研究已经成为当今的研究热点。这项研究中的进展不仅会使环糊精糖基转移酶的应用取得突破结果,还会对其它酶的改造提供帮助。目前,人们对这类酶的性质已经有了较为深入的认识,但还存在着一些尚未解决的问题,如酶产物专一性的决定因素尚未系统阐明等。通过对环糊精糖基转移酶各个方面,尤其是其产物专一性进化方面研究的回顾,指出并分析了研究中尚未解决的问题,并对将来这一研究领域的前景进行了展望。     

环糊精糖基转移酶产物专一性改造：难题与挑战

生产环糊精所必需的环糊精糖基转移酶与其产物专一性进化研究已经成为当今的研究热点。这项研究中的进展不仅会使环糊精糖基转移酶的应用取得突破结果,还会对其它酶的改造提供帮助。目前,人们对这类酶的性质已经有了较为深入的认识,但还存在着一些尚未解决的问题,如酶产物专一性的决定因素尚未系统阐明等。通过对环糊精糖基转移酶各个方面,尤其是其产物专一性进化方面研究的回顾,指出并分析了研究中尚未解决的问题,并对将来这一研究领域的前景进行了展望。     

The history of science and the introduction of plant genetics in Mexico

The emergence and development of 'national sciences' in Latin American countries were not, until very recently, part of the agenda of historians of science because the 'traditional' history of sciences was not interested in the scientific activity of peripheral areas. The history of science is a recent discipline in Mexican historiographic studies. The methodological interest in the history of science, the creation of schools and institutes that deal with it, the establishment of particular chairs, the organization of national societies, and the publication of books and periodicals are all very recent. It is important to carry out studies in the history of science that examine the development of Mexican science introducing the 'local' context, and study how this development has influenced the formation of scientific societies and the development of scientific disciplines in the country. We want to explore the introduction of genetics in Mexico as applied to agriculture between 1930 and 1960. This matter has not been investigated in Mexico and therefore this work would represent one of the first studies of this subject and one of the first studies in the general field of Mexican scientific history.