Development of T. aestivum L.-H. californicum Alien Chromosome Lines and Assignment of Homoeologous Groups of Hordeum californicum Chromosomes

Hordeum californicum （2n = 2x = 14, HH） is resistant to several wheat diseases and tolerant to lower nitrogen. In this study, a molecular karyotype of H. californicum chromosomes in the Triticum aestivum L. cv. Chinese Spring （CS）-H. californicum amphidiploid （2n = 6x = 56, AABBDDHH） was established. By genomic in situ hybridization （GISH） and multicolor fluorescent in situ hybridization （FISH） using repetitive DNA clones （pTa71, pTa794 and pSc119.2） as probes, the H. californicum chromosomes could be differentiated from each other and from the wheat chromosomes unequivocally. Based on molecular karyotype and marker analyses, 12 wheat--alien chromosome lines, including four disomic addition lines （DAH1, DAH3, DAH5 and DAH6）, five telosomic addition lines （MtH7L, MtHIS, MtH1L, DtH6S and DtH6L）, one multiple addition line involving H. californicum chromosome H2, one disomic substitution line （DSH4） and one translocation line （TH7S/1BL）, were identified from the progenies derived from the crosses of CS-H. californicum amphidiploid with common wheat varieties. A total of 482 EST （expressed sequence tag） or SSR （simple sequence repeat） markers specific for individual H. californicum chromosomes were identified, and 47, 50, 45, 49, 21, 51 and 40 markers were assigned to chromosomes H1, H2, H3, H4, H5, H6 and H7, respectively. According to the chromosome allocation of these markers, chromosomes H2, H3, H4, H5, and H7 of H. californicum have relationship with wheat homoeologous groups 5, 2, 6, 3, and 1, and hence could be designated as 5Hc, 2He, 6Hc, 3Hc and 1Hc, respectively. The chromosomes H1 and H6 were designated as 7Hc and 4Hc, respectively, by referring to SSR markers located on rye chromosomes.     

Characterization of T.aestivum-H.californicum chromosome addition lines DA2H and MA5H

In order to transfer useful genes of Hordeum californicum into common wheat(Triticum aestivum L.),the T.aestivum c.v.Chinese Spring(CS)-H.californicum amphiploid was crossed to CS,and its backcrossing and self-fertilized progenies were analyzed by morphological observation,cytological,biochemical and molecular marker techniques.Alien addition lines with two H.californicum chromosomes were identified and their genetic constitution was characterized.STS-PCR analysis using chromosome 2B specific markers indica...     

Characterization of T. aestivum-H, californicum chromosome addition lines DA2H and MA5H

In order to transfer useful genes of Hordeum californicum into common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), the T. aestivum c.v. Chinese Spring (CS)-H. californicum amphiploid was crossed to CS, and its backcrossing and self-fertilized progenies were analyzed by morpho-logical observation, cytological, biochemical and molecular marker techniques. Alien addition lines with two H. californicum chromo-somes were identified and their genetic constitution was characterized. STS-PCR analysis using chromosome 2B specific markers indi-cated that chromosome H3 of 1t. califomicum belongs to homoeologous group 2, and was thus designated 2H. SDS-PAGE showed that chromosome H2 of H. californicum belongs to homoeologous group 5, and was designated 5H. The CS-H. californicum amphiploid and the chromosome addition lines (DA2H and MA5H) identified were evaluated for powdery mildew (Erysiphe graminis f. sp. triticii) resis-tance in field. The preliminary results indicated that the amphiploid showed higher powdery mildew resistance than CS. However, chro-mosome addition lines DA2H and MA5H were highly susceptible to powdery mildew, indicating that major powdery mildew resistant genes of H. californicum should be located on chromosomes other than 2H and 5H.     

Homoeologous pairing and recombination in backcross derivatives of tomato somatic hybrids [Lycopersicon esculentum (+) L. peruvianum]

 Genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) was used to examine genome interactions in two allohexa ploid (2n=6x=72) Lycopersicon esculentum (+) L. peruvianum somatic hybrids and their seed progenies originated from subsequent backcrosses to L. esculentum. The ability of GISH to distinguish between chromatin derived from two closely related species, L. esculentum and L. peruvianum (both 2n=2x=24), allowed the precise chromosomal constitution of somatic hybrids and their backcross progenies to be unequivocally established. This enabled the interaction of species genomes to be observed at meiosis, providing clear evidence of strictly regular homoeologous pairing and the high degree of homoeologous recombination in allodiploid plants (2n=2x=24) of the BC₁ generation. In segmental allodiploids of the BC₂ and BC₃ generations, the recombinant chromosomes continued to pair with a homoeologous partner (in the absence of a homologous one), and therefore could be stably incorporated into gametes. Chiasmata were found almost exclusively in more distal, rather subterminal, chromosome segments. A considerable proportion of meiotic recombination was detected in subterminal heterochromatic regions, often involving distal euchromatin, located in close proximity. GISH also supplied information on the extent of the overall sequence homology between the genomes of L. esculentum and L. peruvianum, indicating that despite their different breeding systems, these species may not be differentiated to a high degree genetically. The present study has demonstrated that somatic hybridization between two such closely related, but sexually incompatible or difficult to cross species, provides a way of transferring genes, via homoloeogous crossing-over and recombination, across the incompatibility barriers. Indeed, such hybrids may offer the preferred route for gene transfer, which subsequently results in more stable gene introgression than other methods. Received: 22 July 1996 / Accepted: 23 August 1996     

抗白粉病小麦-中间偃麦草二体异附加系与杀配子材料杂交后代的细胞遗传学研究

利用已选育的抗白粉病烟农15-中间偃麦草二体异附加系与农林26-离果山羊草3C染色体附加系杂交．对其F1、F2、F3的细胞遗传学进行研究．结果表明：F1花粉母细胞减数分裂中期Ⅰ染色体构型紊乱,在39．48％的细胞中发现染色体断片、单价体,后期Ⅰ、后期Ⅱ出现落后染色体、染色体桥．四分体期微核出现频率达48．65％,说明杀配子染色体可有效诱导染色体发生断裂等结构变异;F2代在细胞学方面仍不稳定,表现为染色体数目发生变异,花粉母细胞减数分裂染色体构型紊乱。多价体、落后染色体、染色体桥及微核的普遍出现．说明染色体问可能发生断裂、重接、交换或易位等现象,F2代白粉病抗性也出现分离;F3代虽然染色体数日和白粉病抗性仍在分离,但花粉母细胞减数分裂中期Ⅰ染色体构型较F2稳定,相对紊乱系数下降．从F3代鉴定出了染色体数目为42、构型稳定且对白粉病表现免疫的单株。     

Development of monosomic alien addition lines and introgression of genes from Oryza australiensis Domin. to cultivated rice O. sativa L.

Oryza australiensis, a diploid wild relative of cultivated rice, is an important source of resistance to brown planthopper (BPH) and bacterial blight (BB). Interspecific hybrids between three breeding lines of O. sativa (2n=24, AA) and four accessions of O. australiensis (2n=24, EE) were obtained through embryo rescue. The crossability ranged from 0.25% to 0.90%. The mean frequency of bivalents at diakinesis/metaphase I in F₁ hybrids (AE) was 2.29 to 4.85 with a range of 0–8 bivalents. F₁ hybrids were completely male sterile. We did not obtain any BC₁ progenies even after pollinating 20,234 spikelets of AE hybrids with O. sativa pollen. We crossed the artificially induced autotetraploid of an elite breeding line (IR31917-45-3-2) with O. australiensis (Acc. 100882) and, following embryo rescue, produced six F₁ hybrid plants (AAE). These triploid hybrids were backcrossed to O. sativa. The chromosome number of 16 BC₁ plants varied from 28 to 31, and all were male sterile. BC₂ plants had 24–28 chromosomes. Eight monosomic alien addition lines (MAALs) having a 2n chromosome complement of O. sativa and one chromosome of O. australiensis were selected from the BC₂ F₂ progenies. The MAALs resembled the primary trisomies of O. sativa in morphology, and on the basis of this morphological similarity the MAALs were designated as MAAL-1, -4, -5, -7, -9, -10, -11, and -12. The identity of the alien chromosome was verified at the pachytene stage of meiosis. The alien chromosomes paired with the homoeologous pairs to form trivalents at a frequency of 13.2% to 24.0% at diakinesis and 7.5% to 18.5% at metaphase I. The female transmission rates of alien chromosomes varied from 4.2% to 37.2%, whereas three of the eight MAALs transmitted the alien chromosome through the male gametes. BC₂ progenies consisting of disomic and aneuploid plants were examined for the presence of O. australiensis traits. Alien introgression was detected for morphological traits, such as long awns, earliness, and Amp-3 and Est-2 allozymes. Of the 600 BC₂ F₄ progenies 4 were resistant to BPH and 1 to race 6 of BB. F₃ segregation data suggest that earliness is a recessive trait and that BPH resistance is monogenic recessive in two of the four lines but controlled by a dominant gene in the other two lines.