太白山北坡光资源斑块与独叶草种群分布的耦合关系

独叶草(Kingdonia uniflora)是我国稀有濒危植物,在其分布区内呈斑块状分布。本研究采用数字影像技术、地理信息系统和数字冠层分析系统对太白山北坡独叶草分布地段林下光资源斑块、林冠结构特征、土壤理化性质进行了分析。结果显示:有独叶草分布的样方中光斑数量、光斑面积及光斑指数值均显著低于无独叶草分布的样方;有、无独叶草样方上层林冠结构差异显著,有独叶草分布地段的冠层散射透过系数、直射透过系数和林冠空隙面积均显著小于无独叶草分布地段,而叶面积指数与之相反;两类样方土壤理化性质均无显著差异。因此,推测在太白山北坡林下光斑可能是决定独叶草斑块状分布的主导因子之一。     

独叶草叶片性状表型多样性研究

独叶草是特产于中国的一种珍稀濒危植物.为研究独叶草自然居群的叶片形态变异特征及影响因素,选取分布于陕西、四川、甘肃的9个自然居群,对独叶草叶片的叶面积、叶柄长、总齿数、末级叶脉数、盲脉数、网结脉数等指标进行统计分析.结果表明:(1)独叶草叶片各属性间存在显著相关性,个别性状表现出与地理位置的相关性.(2)主成分分析显示独叶草的末级叶脉数、叶面积、总齿数对变异有较大贡献,而网结脉贡献很小.(3)独叶草叶片性状居群间变异程度大于居群内,其中盲脉数量在各个居群间变异程度最大,而末级叶脉数为最稳定的性状.(4)将本研究中形态变异结果与前期的遗传分析结果对比分析认为独叶草形态变异主要来自生态环境,而非遗传组成.(5)独叶草居群的形态及遗传变异聚类结果都显示独叶草形态变异并不具有地理格局规律,可能由于地质历史变化打断了独叶草原本连续的分布区,遗传保守性使其仍然保持分布区断裂前的遗传特性,但其表型随着生境的变化表现出可塑性.     

基于MaxEnt濒危植物独叶草的中国潜在适生分布区预测

独叶草(Kingdonia uniflora Balf.f.et W.W.Smith)属毛茛科独叶草属多年生草本植物,属国家二级濒危保护植物。近年来,随着森林采伐和人类活动加剧生境的破碎化,独叶草自然分布区迅速缩减,存在濒临灭绝的风险。预测独叶草潜在的适宜分布区,对于合理保护和利用独叶草具有重要意义。本文结合64份独叶草的标本地理信息和14个环境因子参数,应用最大熵模型(Max Ent)和地理信息技术(GIS),对独叶草在中国的潜在适生分布区和影响分布的关键环境因子进行了预测。受试者工作特性曲线(ROC)分析法的AUC值为0.990,表明Max Ent模型预测可靠性极高。预测结果显示,独叶草最适潜在分布区主要在陕西秦岭北坡(眉县,太白县)、四川省的邛崃山(理县,马尔康县)和大凉山(马边彝族自治县),云南东北部和贵州西北部交界的大娄山(金沙县)和乌蒙山(赫章县)部分地区(适生指数0.5)。刀切法检测(Jackknife test)分析表明,影响独叶草适生分布的关键环境因子包括年均降水量(贡献率33.1%)、海拔(22.3%)、温度季节性变化的标准差(11.4%)、降水量变异系数(7.2%)、土壤p H(5.4%)、1月最低温(5.1%)和土壤碎石百分比(4.9%)。适生区环境参数综合统计分析表明,独叶草最适宜生长在高海拔(1646~2810 m)、年均降水量大(856 mm)、1月最低温适中(-7.2℃)和土壤偏酸性(p H 6.89)的地区。上述研究结果将为在最适生区通过合理规划自然保护区来保护独叶草野生资源提供理论依据。     

独叶草构件生长及其与环境的关系

为探求濒危植物独叶草 (Kingdoniauniflora)种群保护的策略 ,通过样地调查、室内测定和统计分析 ,对太白山地区独叶草种群的营养构件 (根、茎、叶 )的生长发育过程进行了系统的研究 ,并对其所处群落的生境因子进行了分析。结果表明 :不同生境条件下的独叶草各营养构件的生长发育规律均可用方程 y =A B1 x B2 x2 B3x3表示 ( y为构件数量特征 ,A、B为常数 ,x为个体年龄 )。生长于不同群落内的独叶草种群各营养构件生长发育水平具有显著差异 (P <0 .0 5 ) :巴山冷杉 (Abiesfargesii)林下 (海拔 2 70 0～ 2 90 0m)的独叶草种群 ,其营养构件在数量和形态发育指标上最优 ;生长于太白红杉 (Larixpotaniniivar .chinensis)林下 (海拔 2 90 0～ 310 0m)的种群次之 ;生长于牛皮桦 (Betulautilis)林下 (海拔 2 5 0 0～ 2 70 0m)的种群较差。运用主成分分析 (PCA)方法对影响独叶草种群构件结构的 9个环境因子进行了分析 ,发现人为干扰、光照、气温、湿度 ,土壤 pH值、土壤水分是影响独叶草生长发育最主要的因素 ;土壤腐殖质厚度、有机质含量和群落盖度也有一定影响。独叶草种群以无性繁殖为主 ,生存环境特殊 ,应以就地保护为主 ,对其赖以生存的牛皮桦、巴山冷杉和太白红杉群落应重点保护 ,减少人为干扰 ,不提倡引     

独叶草叶宏观形态性状的变异式样的初步研究

根据独叶草分布区内 8个居群的叶的 8个宏观性状在散点图上的表现 ,探讨了独叶草的形态变异式样。结果表明 ,独叶草在叶宏观性状上表现出了一定的变异性 ,这种变异性表现在不同居群间及由不同居群组成的区域上 ,但在居群间或由不同居群组成的区域间在性状上有不同程度的重叠。     

独叶草叶宏观形态状的变异式样的初步研究

根据独叶草分布区内８个居群的叶的８个宏观性状在散点图上的表现,探讨了独叶草的形态变异式样。独叶草在叶宏观性状上表现出了一定的变异性,这种变异性表现在不同居群间及由不同居群组成的区域上,但在居群间或由不同居群组成的区域间在性状上有不同程度的重叠。     

太白山独叶草无性系分株营养元素含量对异质环境的响应

以分布在太白山国家森林公园3个海拔高度的游击型克隆植物独叶草为研究对象,分析测定了不同分株营养器官中C、N、P、K和Mg含量.结果表明：分株年龄、海拔梯度以及分株年龄与海拔梯度的交互作用对独叶草分株各营养器官全碳含量的影响不显著(P>0.05),对全氮、全磷、K和Mg含量的影响程度各不相同,说明独叶草无性系分株通过自身的生理代谢调整了各器官中营养元素的分配.在高海拔生境中,分株年龄显著影响独叶草无性系分株各器官的K含量、根状茎和根中的全氮含量(P<0.05).除了中海拔(2 800～2 900 m) 独叶草无性系分株的K与全氮、全磷和Mg含量相关性不明显外,其他海拔各元素两两间均呈显著相关(P<0.05).这表明高海拔生境中生理可塑性对克隆植物生长的贡献可能比低海拔更大,强的生理可塑性有助于克隆植物在高山环境中有效地利用资源,实现种群扩展、开拓新的生境.这也可能是独叶草在长期演化过程中对异质生境的一种生理响应.     

独叶草营养繁殖方式的研究

对独叶草营养繁殖中根状茎的生长和分枝方式及克隆植株产生方式的研究表明 :( 1 )独叶草的根状茎的生长方式为游击型的 ,新分枝可由顶芽或侧芽产生 ,各分枝与上一级的夹角在 50°～ 1 2 0°之间 ;( 2 )独叶草是通过根状茎断裂的方式来增加克隆植株的 ,这种断裂发生在 3年以上生的根状茎上 ,从内部结构上看 ,根状茎断裂是由于组织破碎引起的。     

独叶草胚乳的早期发育

近年来,由于对独叶草的营养叶和花被片的脉序、初生维管组系统、及染色体形态和数目的研究,引起许多学者对它的系统位置的兴趣。我们报道过独叶草的胚珠结构,雌、雄配子体和受精作用,本文继续描述独叶草胚乳的早期发育,并在此基础上对人们感兴趣的问题谈点看法。材料和方法试验材料固定和制片方法均按前文报道。为了观察胚乳发生的形态细胞学变化和淀粉动态、切片用 Schiff 试剂,甲苯蓝0(~*Toluidine Blue 0(C.I.52040))和铁矾-苏     

气候变化对5种植物分布的潜在影响

利用CART(分类和回归树Classification and regression tree)模型,采用A2和B2气候情景,模拟分析了气候变化对观光木(Tsoongiodendron odorum)、鹅掌楸(Liriodendron chinense)、独叶草(Kingdonia uniflora)、草苁蓉(Boschniakia rossica)和刺五加(Acanthopanax senticosus)分布范围及空间格局的影响。结果表明:与目前适宜分布范围相比,气候发生变化后,观光木的分布范围变化不大,其它植物则缩小;观光木的新适宜与总适宜分布范围扩大,而其它植物缩小;草丛蓉和刺五加的目前适宜、新适宜及总适宜分布范围缩小幅度较大,鹅掌楸和独叶草次之;观光木和鹅掌楸向目前适宜分布区北部区域扩展,独叶草向西南区域扩展,草丛蓉和刺五加的适宜范围在2081～2100年会散失。气候变化下,这些植物的适宜分布范围随年降水量和年均气温的变化不一致,观光木的目前适宜、独叶草的新适宜及总适宜分布范围与年降水量和年均气温,以及草苁蓉的分布范围与降水量的相关性不显著(P0.05)。这些植物的空间分布格局将随气候变化而发生变化。     

The power comparison of the haplotype-based collapsing tests and the variant-based collapsing tests for detecting rare variants in pedigrees

Background

Both common and rare genetic variants have been shown to contribute to the etiology of complex diseases. Recent genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have successfully investigated how common variants contribute to the genetic factors associated with common human diseases. However, understanding the impact of rare variants, which are abundant in the human population (one in every 17 bases), remains challenging. A number of statistical tests have been developed to analyze collapsed rare variants identified by association tests. Here, we propose a haplotype-based approach. This work inspired by an existing statistical framework of the pedigree disequilibrium test (PDT), which uses genetic data to assess the effects of variants in general pedigrees. We aim to compare the performance between the haplotype-based approach and the rare variant-based approach for detecting rare causal variants in pedigrees.

Results

Extensive simulations in the sequencing setting were carried out to evaluate and compare the haplotype-based approach with the rare variant methods that drew on a more conventional collapsing strategy. As assessed through a variety of scenarios, the haplotype-based pedigree tests had enhanced statistical power compared with the rare variants based pedigree tests when the disease of interest was mainly caused by rare haplotypes (with multiple rare alleles), and vice versa when disease was caused by rare variants acting independently. For most of other situations when disease was caused both by haplotypes with multiple rare alleles and by rare variants with similar effects, these two approaches provided similar power in testing for association.

Conclusions

The haplotype-based approach was designed to assess the role of rare and potentially causal haplotypes. The proposed rare variants-based pedigree tests were designed to assess the role of rare and potentially causal variants. This study clearly documented the situations under which either method performs better than the other. All tests have been implemented in a software, which was submitted to the Comprehensive R Archive Network (CRAN) for general use as a computer program named rvHPDT.     

稀土抗菌效应及应用的研究进展

稀土元素具有多种生物效应, 除了对农作物的增产作用外, 在医药方面还具有抗菌的作用, 近年来, 不少学者针对稀土元素的抗菌效应展开了相关的研究。本文介绍了稀土在抗菌领域的研究及应用, 包括稀土化合物对微生物生长的Hormesis效应、稀土化合物与抗生素的协同作用、稀土配合物的合成、以及稀土在抗菌材料上的应用等几个方面的内容, 并对稀土化合物及其配合物的抗菌机理进行了探讨, 最后, 展望了稀土化合物及配合物在抗菌领域的应用前景及研究重要性。     

植物群落稀有种维持机制与土壤反馈的研究进展

自Janzen-Connell (J-C)假说提出后半个世纪以来, 生态学家在热带及亚热带森林对该假说开展的大量实证研究表明, 由专性天敌导致的J-C效应所引起的负密度制约是维持森林多样性和决定群落组成的重要驱动力, 该假说成功地解释了热带及亚热带森林的丰富多样性。土壤病原真菌所引起的植物-土壤负反馈是J-C效应最主要的表现形式。然而, 对于植物-土壤负反馈是否能够维持森林群落中的大量稀有种仍然存在许多争议。基于当代物种共存理论的“稀有种优势”假说认为, 只有在满足“可入侵准则” (即物种在稀有时具有种群增加的趋势)的前提下, 稀有种才能在群落中与其他物种长期共存。然而, 当前基于土壤反馈的实验结果与该理论预测相悖, 因此在稀有种的维持机制方面仍存在较大的分歧。本文通过介绍植物-土壤反馈理论, 整合了可能对稀有种维持有较大影响的因素, 包括共生菌根真菌、土壤养分以及植物细根性状等在影响土壤负反馈方面的相关研究, 并对这些因素如何影响群落中物种多度和稀有种在群落中的维持进行了探讨。最后, 我们也从其他角度探讨了一些对稀有种维持的研究。我们认为在未来对稀有种的研究中, 探讨使其长期存续的“优势”和制约其种群扩大的“限制”同等重要, 将当代物种共存理论与新技术、新方法相结合对于探究稀有种的维持机制具有重要的意义, 可为稀有种保护提供理论依据。     

Industrial wetlands as refuges for bird biodiversity conservation in the forest-steppe zone

The rare bird fauna of industrial wetlands has been studied in the forest-steppe zone of European Russia during the nesting period. A total of 146 species have been recorded, including 40 rare species listed in the regional Red Data Books. Facts of their nesting (in many cases, exceptional in the region) have been revealed. Evidence is presented for the significance of industrial wetlands for the conservation and propagation of rare bird species.     

Rare plant species of Tunkinskii National Park: New sites, state of the art and prospects of protection

The list of rare plants conserved in the Tunkinskii National Park includes 44 species. Exact locations and brief characteristisc of habitats are presented for these species. The sites of rare species have been compared with the existing functional zones of the park. The protection of rare plants is quite effective.     

Focus: Vaccines: Erythema Multiforme Following Hepatitis A and Pneumococcal Vaccinations

Erythema multiforme (EM) is a rare cell-mediated immune response characterized by target or iris patches or plaques that present symmetrically on the extremities. This condition may be associated with pruritus but is usually self-limited and spontaneously resolves within 5 weeks of onset; prodromal symptoms are rare. Several known cases have been linked to vaccination, but many vaccines used in pediatric care have been reported as causative agents of EM. This case study offers an association of EM following administration of the hepatitis A and pneumococcal vaccines.     

Trigger finger secondary to anomalous lumbrical insertion: a case report and review of the literature

Trigger finger is a relatively common clinical entity, most frequently caused by stenosing tenosynovitis. Several other conditions not related to tenosynovitis also have been described as a cause of triggering, and these have been reviewed. We present a rare anomaly of the fourth lumbrical muscle insertion as a cause of triggering of the right little finger. This was completely relieved following excision of the anomalous muscle. This rare anatomic variant should be added to the list of potential causes of trigger finger.     

CCRaVAT and QuTie - enabling analysis of rare variants in large-scale case control and quantitative trait association studies

Background  

Genome-wide association studies have been successful in finding common variants influencing common traits. However, these associations only account for a fraction of trait heritability. There has been a shift in the field towards studying low frequency and rare variants, which are now widely recognised as putative complex trait determinants. Despite this increasing focus on examining the role of low frequency and rare variants in complex disease susceptibility, there is a lack of user-friendly analytical packages implementing powerful association tests for the analysis of rare variants.     

To identify associations with rare variants, just WHaIT: Weighted haplotype and imputation-based tests

Empirical evidences suggest that both common and rare variants contribute to complex disease etiology. Although the effects of common variants have been thoroughly assessed in recent genome-wide association studies (GWAS), our knowledge of the impact of rare variants on complex diseases remains limited. A number of methods have been proposed to test for rare variant association in sequencing-based studies, a study design that is becoming popular but is still not economically feasible. On the contrary, few (if any) methods exist to detect rare variants in GWAS data, the data we have collected on thousands of individuals. Here we propose two methods, a weighted haplotype-based approach and an imputation-based approach, to test for the effect of rare variants with GWAS data. Both methods can incorporate external sequencing data when available. We evaluated our methods and compared them with methods proposed in the sequencing setting through extensive simulations. Our methods clearly show enhanced statistical power over existing methods for a wide range of population-attributable risk, percentage of disease-contributing rare variants, and proportion of rare alleles working in different directions. We also applied our methods to the IFIH1 region for the type 1 diabetes GWAS data collected by the Wellcome Trust Case-Control Consortium. Our methods yield p values in the order of 10⁻³, whereas the most significant p value from the existing methods is greater than 0.17. We thus demonstrate that the evaluation of rare variants with GWAS data is possible, particularly when public sequencing data are incorporated.     

浙江丽水地区珍稀濒危植物区系研究与保护

浙江丽水地区有珍稀濒危植物 42种 ,隶属于 3 7属 2 5科。其中国家二级珍稀濒危植物 1 8种 ,三级珍稀濒危植物 2 4种 ,大致可分划为 1 0个分布类型 5个变型 ,以木本植物占优势 ,中国特有属、单型属较多。本文根据丽水珍稀濒危植物的现状提出了一些具体的保护措施。